渭河氮素非点源污染与流域人类活动的关系
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摘要
渭河的污染严重制约了陕西经济、社会的发展。在污染的河流中，氮素污染占有相当大的比重，这些氮污染基本都是由人类活动因素造成的。要有效控制和治理渭河水质污染，就必须了解哪些人类活动因素影响氮素非点源污染。本文以此为宗旨，结合渭河流域实际情况及资料条件，在选择合适的污染物负荷估算方法，分析河流氮污染特征及来源，研究污染物负荷合理分割方法的基础上，进一步分析渭河总氮非点源污染的主要人类活动影响因素，从而制订合理治理措施。论文的主要研究内容及取得研究成果如下：
(1)选取八种估算污染物负荷方法，分析它们的结构特点，并用含沙量实测资料进行检验，选出较适合非点源占优的污染物年负荷估算方法。
(2)分析渭河华县站1976～2000年期间三氮、总氮各年丰平枯季和年际平均浓度和平均负荷，以及总氮的点源、非点源负荷变化趋势，得出渭河干流氮素污染特征；运用线性相关和逐步回归等方法，分析氮素污染特征的成因。
(3)污染物总负荷由点源和非点源负荷组成。本文在获得少量实测总氮点源负荷资料，已知总氮年总负荷的前提下，尝试利用国民生产总值的增长率模拟点源负荷资料缺失年份的总氮点源负荷，以推算总氮非点源负荷，并与平割法得来的总氮非点源负荷进行比较，结果表明，这种分割方法是可行的。
(4)用多元同归的方法，分析推算的总氮非点源负荷与流域内有关人类活动因子的关系，发现渭河流域内总氮非点源负荷影响较强烈的因素都是农业及农村生产
西安理工大学硕士学位论文
活动因子，尤其是农村养殖大牲畜最强烈。针对这种污染状况，本文提出了控制和
治理氮素污染的合理措施。
The development of economy and society in Shaanxi province has been restricted seriously by the pollution in Weihe river. The nitrogen pollution which accounts for a large proportion in the polluted river mainly caused by human activities. In order to reasonably and effectively control and alleviate the water quality pollution of the Weihe river, it is necessary to make clear the factors of human activities which affect the non-point nitrogen pollution. For this purpose, combining with the practical situation and the data condition of the Weihe basin, on the basis of selecting the reasonable method that estimates the pollutant loads, analyzing the characteristics and source of nitrogen pollution, and studying the methods of pollutant load division, the author further analyzed the major human activity factors which affect non-point TN pollution to formulate some reasonable measures to alleviate the water quality pollution of the Weihe river. The main findings are as follows:
(1) In order to select the reasonable method for estimating non-point pollution load, eight load estimation methods were selected, their structure characteristics were analyzed, and tested by the monitoring data of sediment.
(2) The characteristics of nitrogen pollution in the mainstream of Weihe river were carried out by analyzing the annual mean concentration and load of three nitrogen components and TN, and that in wet season, normal season and dry season, and the change trend of the point and non-point source TN load at Huaxian station from 1976 to 2000. The linear correlation and the stepwise regression methods were used to analyze the cause of formation of the characteristics of the nitrogen pollution.
(3) The total load of pollution is composed of point source and non-point source load. On the premise of obtaining a little monitoring data of point source TN
load and the total annual TN load, the author attempted to utilize the increasing rate of GDP to estimate the point source TN annual loads for the period of no monitoring data. And the results were compared with the non-point TN loads that were calculated by the runoff division method. The result showed that this method is feasible.
(4) Multi-regression method was used to analyze the relationships between the nitrogen non-point TN loads which were calculated by the simulated point TN loads and the indexes of human activities in Weihe basin. The result showed that the factors which greatly affect the change of the non-point source TN load are agriculture and farming activities in Weihe basin, and the number of big live-stock is the projecting factor. On the basis of pollution condition in Weihe, some reasonable measures that control and alleviate the nitrogen pollution in the Weihe river were proposed.
(1)选取八种估算污染物负荷方法，分析它们的结构特点，并用含沙量实测资料进行检验，选出较适合非点源占优的污染物年负荷估算方法。
(2)分析渭河华县站1976～2000年期间三氮、总氮各年丰平枯季和年际平均浓度和平均负荷，以及总氮的点源、非点源负荷变化趋势，得出渭河干流氮素污染特征；运用线性相关和逐步回归等方法，分析氮素污染特征的成因。
(3)污染物总负荷由点源和非点源负荷组成。本文在获得少量实测总氮点源负荷资料，已知总氮年总负荷的前提下，尝试利用国民生产总值的增长率模拟点源负荷资料缺失年份的总氮点源负荷，以推算总氮非点源负荷，并与平割法得来的总氮非点源负荷进行比较，结果表明，这种分割方法是可行的。
(4)用多元同归的方法，分析推算的总氮非点源负荷与流域内有关人类活动因子的关系，发现渭河流域内总氮非点源负荷影响较强烈的因素都是农业及农村生产
西安理工大学硕士学位论文
活动因子，尤其是农村养殖大牲畜最强烈。针对这种污染状况，本文提出了控制和
治理氮素污染的合理措施。
The development of economy and society in Shaanxi province has been restricted seriously by the pollution in Weihe river. The nitrogen pollution which accounts for a large proportion in the polluted river mainly caused by human activities. In order to reasonably and effectively control and alleviate the water quality pollution of the Weihe river, it is necessary to make clear the factors of human activities which affect the non-point nitrogen pollution. For this purpose, combining with the practical situation and the data condition of the Weihe basin, on the basis of selecting the reasonable method that estimates the pollutant loads, analyzing the characteristics and source of nitrogen pollution, and studying the methods of pollutant load division, the author further analyzed the major human activity factors which affect non-point TN pollution to formulate some reasonable measures to alleviate the water quality pollution of the Weihe river. The main findings are as follows:
(1) In order to select the reasonable method for estimating non-point pollution load, eight load estimation methods were selected, their structure characteristics were analyzed, and tested by the monitoring data of sediment.
(2) The characteristics of nitrogen pollution in the mainstream of Weihe river were carried out by analyzing the annual mean concentration and load of three nitrogen components and TN, and that in wet season, normal season and dry season, and the change trend of the point and non-point source TN load at Huaxian station from 1976 to 2000. The linear correlation and the stepwise regression methods were used to analyze the cause of formation of the characteristics of the nitrogen pollution.
(3) The total load of pollution is composed of point source and non-point source load. On the premise of obtaining a little monitoring data of point source TN
load and the total annual TN load, the author attempted to utilize the increasing rate of GDP to estimate the point source TN annual loads for the period of no monitoring data. And the results were compared with the non-point TN loads that were calculated by the runoff division method. The result showed that this method is feasible.
(4) Multi-regression method was used to analyze the relationships between the nitrogen non-point TN loads which were calculated by the simulated point TN loads and the indexes of human activities in Weihe basin. The result showed that the factors which greatly affect the change of the non-point source TN load are agriculture and farming activities in Weihe basin, and the number of big live-stock is the projecting factor. On the basis of pollution condition in Weihe, some reasonable measures that control and alleviate the nitrogen pollution in the Weihe river were proposed.
引文
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[7] Donigian A.S., Crawford N.H., Water Quality Model for Agricultural Runoff.in Modeling of Rivers, ed. Shen, H. W. 1979.12-1～12—81
[8] DeCoursey D.G..Mathematical Models for Nonpoint Water Pollution ControI.J.of Soil and Water Conservation, 1985(5): 408～413
[9] Beyerlein D.G., Donigian A.S.Moldeling Soil and Water Conservation Practices in R.C.Loehr etal.(editor), Best Management Practices for Agriculture and Silviculture. Ann Arbor Science Publisher, 1979. 687～714
[10] Ritter W.F.,Jensen P.A.Water Quality Modeling in the Delaware Coastal Plain Region,in R.C.Loehr etal(editor), Best Management Pratices for Agriculture and Silviculture. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1979.507～524
[11] Beasley D.B.,Applying Distributed Parameter Modeling Techniques to Watershed Hydrology and Nonpoint Source PollutionProc.13~(th)Conf.Modeling and Simulation, Vol.4, April 1982
[12] Knisel W.G.,CREAMS: A Field-scale Modele for Chemicals,Runoff, and Erosion
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[13] Young R.A.,etal., AGINPS: A Nonpoint-source Pollution Model for Evaluating Agriculture Watersheds.J.of Soil and Water Conservation,March-April, 1989
[14] Gilliland M.W., Baxter-Potter W.,A Geographic Information System to Predict Non-point Source Pollution Potential. Water Resource Bulletin, Vol.23, No.2, 1987
[15] Verworn H.R.Determing Nutrient Loading from Rainfall and Runoff in Small Rivers.Wat.Tech., Vol.10, Pergamon Press, 1978
[16] Zingalese F.,etal., A Conceptual Model of Unit-Mass Response Function for Nonpoint Source Pollution Runoff. Ecological Modeling, Vol.26,1984
[17] Rinaldo A.,Marani A., Basin Scale Model of Solute Transport Water Resource Reseach Vol.23, No. 11,1987
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