光纤高温测量的研究
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摘要
目前，在炼钢、炼铁的行业中，钢水或铁液的温度是决定炼钢或炼铁的重要参数之一。目前世界上广泛采用的是消耗性热电偶来测量该温度，这种技术在世界上已经十分的成熟，测量的精度也十分理想。但是，用消耗型热电偶测温也存在着如下几个问题：
(1)测温探头为一次性，测温费用较高。每年在这一测量成本的方面就花费几十甚至几百万元人民币。
(2)每次测量后必须更换探头，难以实现自动化。
(3)不能连续的高频率测温。
现在，开发的消耗型光纤高温计是一种全新的测量熔融金属温度的方法。它的测温精度与消耗型热电偶相同，完全可以取代目前使用的消耗型热电偶测温的方法。
本文详细的阐述了辐射测温的基本原理，其中包括有辐射的基本理论和黑体辐射定律。这里面最为重要的是普朗克定律和维恩位移定律，也正是这两个十分重要的辐射定律成为了本课题的基本理论和最初依据。
文中详细的叙述了消耗型光纤高温计的理论以及应用。根据普朗克定律和维恩位移定律推导出了比色测温的理论公式，并分析了该方法的优点：该系统能大大降低发射率对测温结果的影响，在最佳条件下，该影响可降至零。并在文中分类介绍了几种光电比色温度计。
消耗型光纤高温计的设计方案共分为三大部分：高温探头的设计研究、光电转换和电信号的放大、信号的处理以及显示。具体的步骤是先将消耗型光纤插入熔融金属提取光信号，在将光信号转换为电信号并作放大，放大后的信号经过采样滤波等处理后经单片机进行显示，得到钢水内部的真实温度。
鉴于目前普遍采用的热电偶测量钢水的温度，在技术上比较成熟，对本系统有很大的参考作用，故本文也给出了一例热电偶测温的实例，与本系统作了对比，其对比的结果在文中给出。
总之，消耗型光纤高温计可以克服许多测温方法上的缺点，其测温精度与消耗型热电偶相同，测温费用也可大幅降低，具有良好的性价比。该系统不仅在炼钢和炼铁的行业大有前景，而且有望向铸造和汽车领域进军。
During smelting steel and iron, the temperature of molten steel and liquid iron is one of the most important parameters in steel trade. At present, its temperature measurement is extensively adopted consumptive thermocouple in the world, but adopting consumptive thermocouple has the following problems:
(1) Every thermocouple can just be used for one time, so the expense is very high.
(2) After every measurement finished, the thermocouple must be replaced. So it is difficult to realize automation.
(3) It can not measure the temperature continually or in a high frequency. Now , the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer is a new method
for the temperature measurement of the molten metal. Its accuracy of the temperature measurement is identical with that of the consumptive thermocouple. It can totally take place of the consumptive thermocouple.
In this text , the principles of the radiation temperature measurement are related in detail. And some basic theories and the law on the black object radiation are included.
This text relates the colorimetry in detail and specially explain its advantages. The colorimetry can greatly lower the blast-off rate which influence the result of the temperature measurement. Under the best term, the influence can decline to zero.
This text also introduce some optic-electric colorimetry thermometer in detail by different classification.
The design of this system can be divided into 3 parts: the structure design for detector ; optic signal transform into electric signal; convert signal into data and display . We stretch a consumptive optic fiber into the molten metal and take the light signal from it, then transform the optic signal into electric signal and amplify the signal. Send the signal into SCM , use the SCM to convert the signal into data and display the true temperature of the molten metal.
Considering that now the consumptive thermocouple measurement method is widespread in the world, and the technique is comparative mature . So the thermocouple technique has very high reference value to our system , and accordingly, in this text, we give an example of thermocouple to make a contrast with the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer.
In conclusion, the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer can overcome many defects of many other method of temperature measurement. Its accuracy of the temperature measurement is identical with that of the
consumptive thermocouple. At the same time , it can reduce the expense of the temperature measurement greatly. It will spread not only in the steel and iron industry but also in the foundry and automobile.
(1)测温探头为一次性，测温费用较高。每年在这一测量成本的方面就花费几十甚至几百万元人民币。
(2)每次测量后必须更换探头，难以实现自动化。
(3)不能连续的高频率测温。
现在，开发的消耗型光纤高温计是一种全新的测量熔融金属温度的方法。它的测温精度与消耗型热电偶相同，完全可以取代目前使用的消耗型热电偶测温的方法。
本文详细的阐述了辐射测温的基本原理，其中包括有辐射的基本理论和黑体辐射定律。这里面最为重要的是普朗克定律和维恩位移定律，也正是这两个十分重要的辐射定律成为了本课题的基本理论和最初依据。
文中详细的叙述了消耗型光纤高温计的理论以及应用。根据普朗克定律和维恩位移定律推导出了比色测温的理论公式，并分析了该方法的优点：该系统能大大降低发射率对测温结果的影响，在最佳条件下，该影响可降至零。并在文中分类介绍了几种光电比色温度计。
消耗型光纤高温计的设计方案共分为三大部分：高温探头的设计研究、光电转换和电信号的放大、信号的处理以及显示。具体的步骤是先将消耗型光纤插入熔融金属提取光信号，在将光信号转换为电信号并作放大，放大后的信号经过采样滤波等处理后经单片机进行显示，得到钢水内部的真实温度。
鉴于目前普遍采用的热电偶测量钢水的温度，在技术上比较成熟，对本系统有很大的参考作用，故本文也给出了一例热电偶测温的实例，与本系统作了对比，其对比的结果在文中给出。
总之，消耗型光纤高温计可以克服许多测温方法上的缺点，其测温精度与消耗型热电偶相同，测温费用也可大幅降低，具有良好的性价比。该系统不仅在炼钢和炼铁的行业大有前景，而且有望向铸造和汽车领域进军。
During smelting steel and iron, the temperature of molten steel and liquid iron is one of the most important parameters in steel trade. At present, its temperature measurement is extensively adopted consumptive thermocouple in the world, but adopting consumptive thermocouple has the following problems:
(1) Every thermocouple can just be used for one time, so the expense is very high.
(2) After every measurement finished, the thermocouple must be replaced. So it is difficult to realize automation.
(3) It can not measure the temperature continually or in a high frequency. Now , the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer is a new method
for the temperature measurement of the molten metal. Its accuracy of the temperature measurement is identical with that of the consumptive thermocouple. It can totally take place of the consumptive thermocouple.
In this text , the principles of the radiation temperature measurement are related in detail. And some basic theories and the law on the black object radiation are included.
This text relates the colorimetry in detail and specially explain its advantages. The colorimetry can greatly lower the blast-off rate which influence the result of the temperature measurement. Under the best term, the influence can decline to zero.
This text also introduce some optic-electric colorimetry thermometer in detail by different classification.
The design of this system can be divided into 3 parts: the structure design for detector ; optic signal transform into electric signal; convert signal into data and display . We stretch a consumptive optic fiber into the molten metal and take the light signal from it, then transform the optic signal into electric signal and amplify the signal. Send the signal into SCM , use the SCM to convert the signal into data and display the true temperature of the molten metal.
Considering that now the consumptive thermocouple measurement method is widespread in the world, and the technique is comparative mature . So the thermocouple technique has very high reference value to our system , and accordingly, in this text, we give an example of thermocouple to make a contrast with the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer.
In conclusion, the consumptive optical fiber radiation thermometer can overcome many defects of many other method of temperature measurement. Its accuracy of the temperature measurement is identical with that of the
consumptive thermocouple. At the same time , it can reduce the expense of the temperature measurement greatly. It will spread not only in the steel and iron industry but also in the foundry and automobile.
引文
1．吴杰，光电信号检测，哈尔滨工业大学出版社．1990．121～125
2．吴晓东 职建军等．宝钢炼钢厂连铸中间包钢水温度的测量．钢铁2001．36(8)．
3．李晶 毕其富．钢包精炼过程中钢水成分微调及温度预报．钢铁研究学报．1999．11(2)
4．彭明跃．优钢连铸中钢水温度的控制．连铸．1998(1)
5．徐红，周汉香．中间包钢水的连续测量技术．炼钢．1999．15(5)
6．王玉辉，宋蕴兴等．人工智能技术在钢水温度预报中的应用．天津轻工业学院学报．2002．144～157
7．肖勇 罗双喜．钢水快速测量偶头的研制和应用．武钢技术．2002．24～25
8．L．G．卡左夫斯基 S．贝勒迪多等．光纤通信系统．人民邮电出版社．1999．255～261
9．王永仲 琚新军 胡心．智能光电系统．[北京]科学出版社．1999．135～139
10. M. D. Sharma and C. J. R. Sheppard. Effects of system geometry on the axial response of the fiber-optical confocal microscope. Journal of modem optics 1999 No.15.45～52
11. A. Bhatti, H.S. A1-Raweshidy. Finite element analysis of an optical fiber electric field sensor using piezoelectric polymer coating. Journal of modem optics . 2000 No. 4.51～59
12．万雅竞 吴延甫．钢水温度的连续测量：冶金自动化．1992．16(5)
13．任至舒．钨—铼热电偶测温经验．工业计量．1998．8(6)
14. R.J. Hughes, G.L. Morgan. Quantum key distribution over a 48km optical fiber network.Journal of modem optics 2000 No.2-3.
15. Third International conference on Optical Fiber sensors, U.S.A .25～26
16．汪建 孙开放 章述汉等．MCS-96系列单片机原理及应用技术．华中理工大学出版社．1999．101～104
17．刘振安张培仁．MCS-96系列单片微机原理与实验．合肥．中国科学技术大学出版社．1992．74～89
18．刘富华．8098单片机及其应用系统设计．北京．清华大学出版社．1992．155～163
19．任卫．红外陶瓷．武汉理工大学出版社．1999．75～81
20. Mauris G, Benoit E, Foulloy L. Fuzzy symbolic sensors from concept to applications.Measurement. 1994(12): 357～384
21. Werner R. Kriesel, Otto W. Madelung(Eds.). As-Interface the Actutator-Sensor-Interface for Automation. Carl Hanser Verlag Muenchen Wien. 1999.121～133
22. S. selvakennedy, P.Poopaplan. Gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifier for wavelength division multiplexed systems. Journal of modem optics. 2000. No.9.65～77
23. H.F. Tayor, Fiber optic sensors conference on Integrated Optics, London,England.2002.12～15
24．申戈尔千．传感器的接口及信号调理电路．北京：国防工业出版社．1984．122～130
25．单成祥．传感器的理论与设计基础及其应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1999．47～55
26．王洁．光电比色计与分光光度计．北京：中国计量出版社，1993．97～101
27．李吉林．光电．红外．比色温度计原理与检定．北京：中国计量出版社，1990．124～130
28．缪家鼎．光电技术．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1995．101～112
29．江月松．光电技术与实验．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2000．55～59
30．潘英竣，邹建．光电子技术．重庆：重庆大学出版社，2000．124～127
31. R.Spencer, L.Hu. The use of optical fibers in radio astronomy. Journal of modem optics.2000. No 11.47～51
32. D.Amroun A.kellou.Suppression of self-pulsing in Er-doped fiber lasers with electronic control. Journal of modem optics 2000 No.7.57～63
33. W.J.Bock and T.A.Eftimov.Low-noise bimodal all-fiber sensor using depolarized light.Journal of modem optics 2000 No.12.77～85
34. E.shafir and Y.weissman.Effects of chromatic dispersion on microwave and millimeter wave carder transmission in optical fibers. Journal of modem optics 2000 No.15.58～62
35．李志全．智能仪表设计原理及其应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1998．126～135．
36．季建华．智能仪表原理．设计及调试—8位．16位单片机应用技术．上海：华东理
工大学出版社，1995．105-111
37．凌志浩．智能仪表原理与设计技术．上海：华东理工大学出版社，2003．117～124
38．周书铨．红外辐射测量基础．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1991．79～98
39．欧阳杰．红外电子学．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1997．91～104
40. Sillen R V. Optimizing Iron Quality Through Artificial Intelligence. Modem Casting.1996(11). 45～51
41. G.pedrini,S.schedin and H.J.Tiziani. Spatial filtering in digital holographic microscopy.Journal of modem optics 2000 No.8.15～19
42. Aggarwal J.K. Multiple sensor integration and fusion through image processing: A Review, Opt. Eng, 25(3):380～386.
43. Khan A.A. and Gupta R.S. A Linear Tbermister Based Temperature-to-Frequency Converter Using a Delay Network IEEE Trans. Vol. IM-34, No. 1 March 1985:85～86
44. Y.Xu, N. B. Jones. Analytical estimates of the characteristics of surface plasmon reaonance fiber-optic sensors. Journal of modem optics 2000 No.6 54～57
45. P.R. Prucnal, M. A. Santoro, and S.K. Sehgal, "Ultrafast All-Optical Local Synchronors Multiple-Access Fiber Networks, IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Comm,Vol.4.1986. 1484～1493.
46. P.Kaiser and D.B.Keck, " Fiber Type and Their Status" in Optical Fiber Telecommunications New York: Academic Press, 1988.40～48
47. A.B. Buckman, Guided-Wave Photonics, New York :Saunders College Publish.1992.201～207
2．吴晓东 职建军等．宝钢炼钢厂连铸中间包钢水温度的测量．钢铁2001．36(8)．
3．李晶 毕其富．钢包精炼过程中钢水成分微调及温度预报．钢铁研究学报．1999．11(2)
4．彭明跃．优钢连铸中钢水温度的控制．连铸．1998(1)
5．徐红，周汉香．中间包钢水的连续测量技术．炼钢．1999．15(5)
6．王玉辉，宋蕴兴等．人工智能技术在钢水温度预报中的应用．天津轻工业学院学报．2002．144～157
7．肖勇 罗双喜．钢水快速测量偶头的研制和应用．武钢技术．2002．24～25
8．L．G．卡左夫斯基 S．贝勒迪多等．光纤通信系统．人民邮电出版社．1999．255～261
9．王永仲 琚新军 胡心．智能光电系统．[北京]科学出版社．1999．135～139
10. M. D. Sharma and C. J. R. Sheppard. Effects of system geometry on the axial response of the fiber-optical confocal microscope. Journal of modem optics 1999 No.15.45～52
11. A. Bhatti, H.S. A1-Raweshidy. Finite element analysis of an optical fiber electric field sensor using piezoelectric polymer coating. Journal of modem optics . 2000 No. 4.51～59
12．万雅竞 吴延甫．钢水温度的连续测量：冶金自动化．1992．16(5)
13．任至舒．钨—铼热电偶测温经验．工业计量．1998．8(6)
14. R.J. Hughes, G.L. Morgan. Quantum key distribution over a 48km optical fiber network.Journal of modem optics 2000 No.2-3.
15. Third International conference on Optical Fiber sensors, U.S.A .25～26
16．汪建 孙开放 章述汉等．MCS-96系列单片机原理及应用技术．华中理工大学出版社．1999．101～104
17．刘振安张培仁．MCS-96系列单片微机原理与实验．合肥．中国科学技术大学出版社．1992．74～89
18．刘富华．8098单片机及其应用系统设计．北京．清华大学出版社．1992．155～163
19．任卫．红外陶瓷．武汉理工大学出版社．1999．75～81
20. Mauris G, Benoit E, Foulloy L. Fuzzy symbolic sensors from concept to applications.Measurement. 1994(12): 357～384
21. Werner R. Kriesel, Otto W. Madelung(Eds.). As-Interface the Actutator-Sensor-Interface for Automation. Carl Hanser Verlag Muenchen Wien. 1999.121～133
22. S. selvakennedy, P.Poopaplan. Gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifier for wavelength division multiplexed systems. Journal of modem optics. 2000. No.9.65～77
23. H.F. Tayor, Fiber optic sensors conference on Integrated Optics, London,England.2002.12～15
24．申戈尔千．传感器的接口及信号调理电路．北京：国防工业出版社．1984．122～130
25．单成祥．传感器的理论与设计基础及其应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1999．47～55
26．王洁．光电比色计与分光光度计．北京：中国计量出版社，1993．97～101
27．李吉林．光电．红外．比色温度计原理与检定．北京：中国计量出版社，1990．124～130
28．缪家鼎．光电技术．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1995．101～112
29．江月松．光电技术与实验．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2000．55～59
30．潘英竣，邹建．光电子技术．重庆：重庆大学出版社，2000．124～127
31. R.Spencer, L.Hu. The use of optical fibers in radio astronomy. Journal of modem optics.2000. No 11.47～51
32. D.Amroun A.kellou.Suppression of self-pulsing in Er-doped fiber lasers with electronic control. Journal of modem optics 2000 No.7.57～63
33. W.J.Bock and T.A.Eftimov.Low-noise bimodal all-fiber sensor using depolarized light.Journal of modem optics 2000 No.12.77～85
34. E.shafir and Y.weissman.Effects of chromatic dispersion on microwave and millimeter wave carder transmission in optical fibers. Journal of modem optics 2000 No.15.58～62
35．李志全．智能仪表设计原理及其应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1998．126～135．
36．季建华．智能仪表原理．设计及调试—8位．16位单片机应用技术．上海：华东理
工大学出版社，1995．105-111
37．凌志浩．智能仪表原理与设计技术．上海：华东理工大学出版社，2003．117～124
38．周书铨．红外辐射测量基础．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1991．79～98
39．欧阳杰．红外电子学．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1997．91～104
40. Sillen R V. Optimizing Iron Quality Through Artificial Intelligence. Modem Casting.1996(11). 45～51
41. G.pedrini,S.schedin and H.J.Tiziani. Spatial filtering in digital holographic microscopy.Journal of modem optics 2000 No.8.15～19
42. Aggarwal J.K. Multiple sensor integration and fusion through image processing: A Review, Opt. Eng, 25(3):380～386.
43. Khan A.A. and Gupta R.S. A Linear Tbermister Based Temperature-to-Frequency Converter Using a Delay Network IEEE Trans. Vol. IM-34, No. 1 March 1985:85～86
44. Y.Xu, N. B. Jones. Analytical estimates of the characteristics of surface plasmon reaonance fiber-optic sensors. Journal of modem optics 2000 No.6 54～57
45. P.R. Prucnal, M. A. Santoro, and S.K. Sehgal, "Ultrafast All-Optical Local Synchronors Multiple-Access Fiber Networks, IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Comm,Vol.4.1986. 1484～1493.
46. P.Kaiser and D.B.Keck, " Fiber Type and Their Status" in Optical Fiber Telecommunications New York: Academic Press, 1988.40～48
47. A.B. Buckman, Guided-Wave Photonics, New York :Saunders College Publish.1992.201～207
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