光纤布拉格光栅温度传感技术研究
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摘要
光纤Bragg光栅传感器是利用Bragg波长对温度、应力的敏感特性而制成的一种新型的光纤传感器，除具有传统电类传感器的功能外，它还具有分布传感、抗电磁干扰、精度高、长期稳定性好等优点，在大型复合材料和混凝土的结构监测、智能材料的性能监测、电力工业、医药和化工等领域有着广阔的应用前景。对温度的测量是光纤Bragg光栅传感器的重要应用之一。对光纤光栅进行温度传感研究不仅满足了对温度检测的需求，而且还为光纤光栅应变传感器的温度补偿提供了必要的基础。
研究表明，光纤Bragg光栅传感特性稳定，是理想的温度传感元件。但是必须对Bragg光栅进行有效的封装，才能使其成为能满足工程实际要求的传感器。因此对光纤Bragg光栅传感器封装方法的研究对于其走向实际应用具有重要的意义。本文对光纤Bragg光栅的温度传感进行了研究，主要工作如下：
对光纤Bragg光栅传感技术做了深入的研究和分析。针对工程实际应用，提出了光纤光栅温度传感器的设计要求。通过研究目前光纤光栅温度传感器封装的现状，并分析已有封装方法的特点，提出了一种新的光纤光栅温度传感器封装方法。然后通过实验研究了封装结构及工艺对光纤光栅温度特性的影响，并对实验结果进行了理论分析。可以得到以下结论：
1)在封装过程中对光纤光栅施加一定的预张力可以使光纤光栅温度传感器有很好的重复性。
2)封装结构可以提高光纤光栅作为温度传感器的温度灵敏度系数。
3)封装后的光纤光栅依然保持着波长与温度良好的线性关系。
因此，采用此种封装结构的光纤光栅温度传感器具备良好的重复性、线性度和灵敏度，可以满足实际应用的要求，具有广阔的应用前景。
此外，本文还介绍了光纤光栅波长解调系统的基本原理，分析比较了几种常用的光纤Bragg光栅波长解调方法。探讨了基于调谐光纤F-P滤波法的光纤光栅解调器的研制，并组建了比较完整的光纤光栅温度传感检测系统。
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, which uses the property that the Bragg wavelength is sensitive to temperature and strain, is a new kind of fiber optic sensor. In addition to having the same functions as the traditional electric sensors, the FBG sensor also has some special characteristics such as distributed sensing, immune to electromagnetic interference, high precision and long-term stability. So it has widely applicable perspective in many fields such as the structure monitoring of large compound material and concrete, the performance monitoring of the intelligent materials, electrical power industry, medicine industry, chemical engineering etc. Study on FBG temperature sensing not only meets the need of temperature measurement, but also provides the basis of temperature compensation in strain measurement.
According to the existed researches, FBG has stable sensing properties, and thus is an ideal kind of temperature sensing material. But only after the FBG is encapsulated with proper method, it can become a sensor that is applicable in engineering. In this thesis, study is focused on FBG temperature sensing technology, and the main tasks are as follow:
After study on the FBG sensing technology, the design requirements of FBG temperature sensor is put forward, according the practical needs in engineering. On the basis of research on the current status of FBG temperature sensor encapsulation, and the characteristics of existed encapsulation structures, a new encapsulating method using thin steel tube is put forward. Then we study the effects of this encapsulating method on the FBG temperature properties by experiments. We also perform some theoretical analyses on the experimental results. We have drawn the following conclusions:
1) The encapsulated FBG temperature sensor will have good repeatability if tensile force is put on the FBG during the process of encapsulation.
2) The encapsulated FBG temperature sensor has higher temperature sensitivity than that of the bared FBG.
3) The encapsulated FBG temperature sensor has good linearity.
So, we can say that the FBG temperature sensor encapsulated in this new structure has good temperature properties, and thus has applicable values.
In this thesis, we also introduced the basic principles of fiber grating wavelength demodulation system. Some common used demodulation methods are discussed, with emphasis on the tunable fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) filter demodulation method. As last, a completed FBG temperature sensing is constructed.
研究表明，光纤Bragg光栅传感特性稳定，是理想的温度传感元件。但是必须对Bragg光栅进行有效的封装，才能使其成为能满足工程实际要求的传感器。因此对光纤Bragg光栅传感器封装方法的研究对于其走向实际应用具有重要的意义。本文对光纤Bragg光栅的温度传感进行了研究，主要工作如下：
对光纤Bragg光栅传感技术做了深入的研究和分析。针对工程实际应用，提出了光纤光栅温度传感器的设计要求。通过研究目前光纤光栅温度传感器封装的现状，并分析已有封装方法的特点，提出了一种新的光纤光栅温度传感器封装方法。然后通过实验研究了封装结构及工艺对光纤光栅温度特性的影响，并对实验结果进行了理论分析。可以得到以下结论：
1)在封装过程中对光纤光栅施加一定的预张力可以使光纤光栅温度传感器有很好的重复性。
2)封装结构可以提高光纤光栅作为温度传感器的温度灵敏度系数。
3)封装后的光纤光栅依然保持着波长与温度良好的线性关系。
因此，采用此种封装结构的光纤光栅温度传感器具备良好的重复性、线性度和灵敏度，可以满足实际应用的要求，具有广阔的应用前景。
此外，本文还介绍了光纤光栅波长解调系统的基本原理，分析比较了几种常用的光纤Bragg光栅波长解调方法。探讨了基于调谐光纤F-P滤波法的光纤光栅解调器的研制，并组建了比较完整的光纤光栅温度传感检测系统。
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, which uses the property that the Bragg wavelength is sensitive to temperature and strain, is a new kind of fiber optic sensor. In addition to having the same functions as the traditional electric sensors, the FBG sensor also has some special characteristics such as distributed sensing, immune to electromagnetic interference, high precision and long-term stability. So it has widely applicable perspective in many fields such as the structure monitoring of large compound material and concrete, the performance monitoring of the intelligent materials, electrical power industry, medicine industry, chemical engineering etc. Study on FBG temperature sensing not only meets the need of temperature measurement, but also provides the basis of temperature compensation in strain measurement.
According to the existed researches, FBG has stable sensing properties, and thus is an ideal kind of temperature sensing material. But only after the FBG is encapsulated with proper method, it can become a sensor that is applicable in engineering. In this thesis, study is focused on FBG temperature sensing technology, and the main tasks are as follow:
After study on the FBG sensing technology, the design requirements of FBG temperature sensor is put forward, according the practical needs in engineering. On the basis of research on the current status of FBG temperature sensor encapsulation, and the characteristics of existed encapsulation structures, a new encapsulating method using thin steel tube is put forward. Then we study the effects of this encapsulating method on the FBG temperature properties by experiments. We also perform some theoretical analyses on the experimental results. We have drawn the following conclusions:
1) The encapsulated FBG temperature sensor will have good repeatability if tensile force is put on the FBG during the process of encapsulation.
2) The encapsulated FBG temperature sensor has higher temperature sensitivity than that of the bared FBG.
3) The encapsulated FBG temperature sensor has good linearity.
So, we can say that the FBG temperature sensor encapsulated in this new structure has good temperature properties, and thus has applicable values.
In this thesis, we also introduced the basic principles of fiber grating wavelength demodulation system. Some common used demodulation methods are discussed, with emphasis on the tunable fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) filter demodulation method. As last, a completed FBG temperature sensing is constructed.
引文
[1] 张志鹏，W．A．Gambling．光纤传感器原理．北京：中国计量出版社，1991
[2] 孙圣和，王廷云等．光纤测量与传感技术．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2000
[3] 张兴周．光纤光栅与光纤传感技术．光学技术，1998，7
[4] 靳伟，廖延彪，张志鹏．导波光学传感器：原理与技术．北京：科学出版社，1998
[5] B.Culshaw, J.Dakin，李少慧等译．光纤传感器．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1997
[6] 姜德生．我国光纤传感器的发展与产业化．世界仪表与自动化，2002，6(1)
[7] 张记龙．曾光宇．光纤光栅(FBG)传感技术及其应用．华北工学院测试技术学报，2001，15(4)
[8] Friebele, P., et al. Fibre Bragg grating strain sensors: present and future applications in smart structures, Optics and Photonics News, 1998, Vol.9, pp.33-37
[9] Kersey, A.D., et al. Progress towards the development of practical fibre Bragg grating instrumentation systems, Proc. SPIE, 1996, 2839, pp.40-63
[10] Nellen, P.M., et al., Application of fiber optical and resistance strain gauges for long-term surveillance of civil engineering structures, Proc. SPIE, 3043, 1997, pp.77-86
[11] Hill K O,Fuji Y, Johnson D C and Kawasaki B S. Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguide: application to reflection filer fabracation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1978; 32; 647-649
[12] Meltz G, Morey M M and Glenn W H.Formation of Bragg grating in optical fibers by a transverse holographics method,Opt.Lea. 1989; 14;823-825
[13] Hill K O,Malo B,Bilodeau F, Johnson D C and Albert J.Bragg grating fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask,Appl.Phys.Lett. 1993;62:1035
[14] Sandeep Vohra, et al. Distributed Strain Monitoring with Arrays of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors on an In-Construction Steel Box-Girder Bridge, IEICE Trans. Electron., Vol. E83-C, No.3 March, 2000
[15] WillschR. Application of Optical Fiber Sensors: Technical and Market Trends[A].Proceedings of the SPIE[C].2000,4074:24-31
[16] 姜德生，Richard O.Claus．智能材料器件结构与应用．武汉：武汉工业大学出版社，2000
[17] 苑立波．光纤光栅原理和应用．光通信技术，1998，22(1)
[18] 马卫东，陈志红，施伟等．啁啾光纤光栅的制备研究进展．光通信研究，2000，6：49-52
[19] 周智，田石柱等．光纤布拉格光栅应变与温度传感特性及其实验分析．功能材料，2002，33(5)
[20] M. G. Xu,L. Reekie, Y.T. Chow et al. Optical in-fiber grating high pressure sensor. Electron. Lett., 1993, 29(4): 398-399
[21] 廖延彪．光纤光学．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[22] 贾宏志．光纤光栅传感器的理论和技术研究：[博士学位论文]．西安：中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所，2000
[23] Yun-Qi Liu, Zhuan-Yun Guo, Ying Zhang et al. Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurement with polymer-coated fiber Bragg grating. Electron. Lett, 2000,36(6): 564-566
[24] M.G.Xu, et al, Discrimination between strain and temperature effects using dual-wavelength fiber grating sensors, Electron. Lett., Vol.30, No. 13, 1994, P1058
[25] A.D.Kersey, A review of recent developments in fiber optics sensor technology, Optic.Fiber Technol, vol.2, pp.291-317.1996
[26] A.D.Kersey, T.A.Berkoff, and W.W.Morey, High resolution fiber grating based strain sensor with interferometric wavelength shift detection [J], Electron.Lett, vol.28,pp.236-238-1992
[27] D.A.Jackson,A.B.Lobo Ribeiro,L.Reekie,and J.L.Archambault, Simple multiplexing scheme for a fiber optic grating sensor network [J], Opt.Lett, vol. 18, pp. 1192-1194,199
[28] 鲍吉龙，章献民，陈抗生等．FBG传感网络技术研究．光通信技术，2001，2：84-89
[29] 黄尚廉，梁大巍，刘龚．分布式光纤温度传感器系统的研究．仪器仪表学报，1991(4)
[30] 张心天．多FBG传感器解调新方法的计算机信息处理系统的研究：硕士学位论文．武汉：武汉理工大学计算机科学与技术学院，2003
[31] [美]安格斯生，精英科技译．并行端口大全．北京：中国电力出版社，2001
[32] [美]迦德里，韩永彬、袁潮译，并行端口编程．北京：中国电力出版社，2000
[33] 费业秦．误差理论与数据处理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1985．101—102
[34] Lee, Byoungho. Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors [J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 2003, 9(2): 57-79
[35] Rao, Y. J. Recent progress in applications of in-fibre Bragg grating sensors [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 1999, 31 (4): 297-324
[36] 姜德生，何伟．光纤光栅传感器应用概况．光电子·光激光，2002，(4)：420-430
[37] 张伟刚，周广等．混合聚合物光纤栅封装元件的温敏实验光子学报．2001，30(8)：1003-1005
[38] 周智、赵雪峰．光纤光栅毛细钢管封装工艺及其传感特性研究[J]．中国激光，2002，29(12)
[39] 王玉田，孙卫新．布拉格光栅在温度测量中的应用．传感技术学报．2000，13(4)．314-317
[40] 李庆扬．数值计算原理．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[41] 张志涌．MATLAB教程—基于6.X版本．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2001
[42] 单成祥．传感器的理论与设计基础及其应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1999
[43] 李科杰主编．新编传感器技术手册．北京：国防工业出版社，2002
[44] 贾宏志，李育林，忽满利等．光纤Bragg光栅温度和应变的灵敏度分析及应用探讨．激光杂志，1999，20(5)：12-14
[2] 孙圣和，王廷云等．光纤测量与传感技术．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2000
[3] 张兴周．光纤光栅与光纤传感技术．光学技术，1998，7
[4] 靳伟，廖延彪，张志鹏．导波光学传感器：原理与技术．北京：科学出版社，1998
[5] B.Culshaw, J.Dakin，李少慧等译．光纤传感器．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1997
[6] 姜德生．我国光纤传感器的发展与产业化．世界仪表与自动化，2002，6(1)
[7] 张记龙．曾光宇．光纤光栅(FBG)传感技术及其应用．华北工学院测试技术学报，2001，15(4)
[8] Friebele, P., et al. Fibre Bragg grating strain sensors: present and future applications in smart structures, Optics and Photonics News, 1998, Vol.9, pp.33-37
[9] Kersey, A.D., et al. Progress towards the development of practical fibre Bragg grating instrumentation systems, Proc. SPIE, 1996, 2839, pp.40-63
[10] Nellen, P.M., et al., Application of fiber optical and resistance strain gauges for long-term surveillance of civil engineering structures, Proc. SPIE, 3043, 1997, pp.77-86
[11] Hill K O,Fuji Y, Johnson D C and Kawasaki B S. Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguide: application to reflection filer fabracation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1978; 32; 647-649
[12] Meltz G, Morey M M and Glenn W H.Formation of Bragg grating in optical fibers by a transverse holographics method,Opt.Lea. 1989; 14;823-825
[13] Hill K O,Malo B,Bilodeau F, Johnson D C and Albert J.Bragg grating fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask,Appl.Phys.Lett. 1993;62:1035
[14] Sandeep Vohra, et al. Distributed Strain Monitoring with Arrays of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors on an In-Construction Steel Box-Girder Bridge, IEICE Trans. Electron., Vol. E83-C, No.3 March, 2000
[15] WillschR. Application of Optical Fiber Sensors: Technical and Market Trends[A].Proceedings of the SPIE[C].2000,4074:24-31
[16] 姜德生，Richard O.Claus．智能材料器件结构与应用．武汉：武汉工业大学出版社，2000
[17] 苑立波．光纤光栅原理和应用．光通信技术，1998，22(1)
[18] 马卫东，陈志红，施伟等．啁啾光纤光栅的制备研究进展．光通信研究，2000，6：49-52
[19] 周智，田石柱等．光纤布拉格光栅应变与温度传感特性及其实验分析．功能材料，2002，33(5)
[20] M. G. Xu,L. Reekie, Y.T. Chow et al. Optical in-fiber grating high pressure sensor. Electron. Lett., 1993, 29(4): 398-399
[21] 廖延彪．光纤光学．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[22] 贾宏志．光纤光栅传感器的理论和技术研究：[博士学位论文]．西安：中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所，2000
[23] Yun-Qi Liu, Zhuan-Yun Guo, Ying Zhang et al. Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurement with polymer-coated fiber Bragg grating. Electron. Lett, 2000,36(6): 564-566
[24] M.G.Xu, et al, Discrimination between strain and temperature effects using dual-wavelength fiber grating sensors, Electron. Lett., Vol.30, No. 13, 1994, P1058
[25] A.D.Kersey, A review of recent developments in fiber optics sensor technology, Optic.Fiber Technol, vol.2, pp.291-317.1996
[26] A.D.Kersey, T.A.Berkoff, and W.W.Morey, High resolution fiber grating based strain sensor with interferometric wavelength shift detection [J], Electron.Lett, vol.28,pp.236-238-1992
[27] D.A.Jackson,A.B.Lobo Ribeiro,L.Reekie,and J.L.Archambault, Simple multiplexing scheme for a fiber optic grating sensor network [J], Opt.Lett, vol. 18, pp. 1192-1194,199
[28] 鲍吉龙，章献民，陈抗生等．FBG传感网络技术研究．光通信技术，2001，2：84-89
[29] 黄尚廉，梁大巍，刘龚．分布式光纤温度传感器系统的研究．仪器仪表学报，1991(4)
[30] 张心天．多FBG传感器解调新方法的计算机信息处理系统的研究：硕士学位论文．武汉：武汉理工大学计算机科学与技术学院，2003
[31] [美]安格斯生，精英科技译．并行端口大全．北京：中国电力出版社，2001
[32] [美]迦德里，韩永彬、袁潮译，并行端口编程．北京：中国电力出版社，2000
[33] 费业秦．误差理论与数据处理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1985．101—102
[34] Lee, Byoungho. Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors [J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 2003, 9(2): 57-79
[35] Rao, Y. J. Recent progress in applications of in-fibre Bragg grating sensors [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 1999, 31 (4): 297-324
[36] 姜德生，何伟．光纤光栅传感器应用概况．光电子·光激光，2002，(4)：420-430
[37] 张伟刚，周广等．混合聚合物光纤栅封装元件的温敏实验光子学报．2001，30(8)：1003-1005
[38] 周智、赵雪峰．光纤光栅毛细钢管封装工艺及其传感特性研究[J]．中国激光，2002，29(12)
[39] 王玉田，孙卫新．布拉格光栅在温度测量中的应用．传感技术学报．2000，13(4)．314-317
[40] 李庆扬．数值计算原理．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[41] 张志涌．MATLAB教程—基于6.X版本．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2001
[42] 单成祥．传感器的理论与设计基础及其应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1999
[43] 李科杰主编．新编传感器技术手册．北京：国防工业出版社，2002
[44] 贾宏志，李育林，忽满利等．光纤Bragg光栅温度和应变的灵敏度分析及应用探讨．激光杂志，1999，20(5)：12-14
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