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农业非点源污染控制管理的经济政策体系研究
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摘要
随着对水体点源污染的有效控制,水污染负荷结构发生了明显变化,在许多国家和地区,非点源污染已成为影响水环境质量的主要因素,其中农业非点源污染占有相当大的比例。国外在控制农业污染方面,已开展了广泛深入的研究和实践,制定实施了一系列有效的控制管理措施,其中基于经济激励的政策模式越来越多地被各国所采纳。相比而言,我国在相关领域的研究与实践十分不足。本文着重从理论上对控制农业污染的经济政策体系的建立进行了阐述和探讨,对需要进一步开展的研究提出了一些设想和建议。
     首先,根据我国流域非点源污染的调查研究结果,指出我国农业非点源污染的严峻形势:详细分析了我国农业非点源污染产生的原因及特征类型,认为不合理的农业生产活动及落后的农村生活方式是导致农业非点源污染产生的主要因素,其次我国长期实施的农业政策及环境管理政策相互脱节以及对农业农村环境污染忽视,是农业污染存在和不断加剧的另一重要原因。
     论文的核心是构建适合我国农业非点源污染控制的经济政策框架体系,涉及政策目标的确定、经济政策的设计原则和标准、政策构成及其制定方法。借鉴国外的研究成果和成功经验,针对我国的农业污染特征,提出的污染控制政策体系内容包括:基于限制和约束功能的税费政策;基于引导和鼓励功能的补贴、补偿及其它优惠政策;创建基于流域的使污染削减总成本最小化的排污交易市场。其中对完全信息条件下最优排污税费与农用化学品输入税标准以及不完全信息情况下次优税费标准的确定、对农民的正外部性和减少负外部性行为进行补贴补偿的标准进行了较为全面的探讨和阐述,对考虑非点源不确定性情况的点源与非点源排污交易系列模型进行了完善和补充,并分析了各经济政策的功能和适用情况。
     论文选择北京市重要水源地—密云水库的两大汇水流域之一的潮河流域(密云县境内)为政策设计示范区,针对本区农业非点源污染的特点、成因和流域的社会经济状况,结合流域水环境规划目标,以建立的政策理论体系为指导,提出本区以鼓励扶持引导为主、收费惩罚为辅控制削减农业污染的经济政策构想,估算了对农民环保行为给予补贴、补偿的额度;基于对政策的经济、技术及制度方面的分析评价,本文认为在我国重点污染治理流域尤其是重要水环境功能保护区,制定和实施基于经济激励的农业非点源污染控制政策是必要且可行的。
The load composition of water pollution has been changed obviously with the effectively control on point source pollution in recent years. Non-point source pollution (NPSP) has become the chief cause of impaired water quality, especially agricultural NPSP occupies a larger proportion of total pollution load. Researches and practices on agricultural pollution control have been accomplished in many west countries for a few decades. A series of effective control measurements have been designed and implemented and more incentive policies are applied. However, there are few research related this field in China. This paper mainly discusses the establishment of economic policy system for control and management of agricultural NPSP in China.
    Firstly, the current situation of serious agricultural NPSP in China is described. The main causes and the characteristics of the agricultural non-point sources pollution in China are discussed in detail. It is indicated that the unreasonable agriculture practices and the conventional life ways in rural areas are the important factors contributing to the agriculture pollution and the lack of the agriculture environment management policies is another important reason.
    Based on environmental policy and economics theories, the system of economic policies for control and management of agricultural NPSP is designed in this paper. This system includes the policy objective, the designing principle and the methods. The key contents consist of pollution charge, inputs tax and subsides as well as effluent trading. The functions and suitability of the policies are also analyzed in the paper.
    The watershed of Chao River, one of the main sources of Miyun reservoir in Miyun county of Beijing, is chosen as the demonstrative research area. According to the field experiment results and other relating economic data in this area, some economic approaches to reducing agricultural NPSP are proposed. The main idea is to encourage and support the farmers to improve their farming way, and to implement the policy of castigation charge simultaneity The feasibility of the policies is analyzed with consideration of economy, technology and institution. It is concluded that the economic policies is necessary and feasible.
    Lastly, the further research approach to policy system for control and management of agricultural NPSP is proposed in this paper.
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