凯瑟琳之死的隐喻：在女性主义的视阕中重读《永别了武器》
摘要
海明威在美国文坛上有着不可忽视的地位，而《永别了武器》作为他的主要作品之一，历来被盛赞为爱情的讴歌。但随着女性主义文学批评的发展，他的这部作品开始被质疑有反女性倾向。本文从女性主义的角度重新解读这部小说，以说明其中有明显的对女性的敌意和恐惧。
本文从四个方面分析作者对女性的态度：对女主人公的客体化，男主人公的男性沙文主义，对次要女性角色的隐含态度，以及对结局凯瑟琳之死的重新分析。通过这些重新解读我们可以看出作者对待女性的真实态度。
本文希望通过对经典文本的重新解读，推进海明威研究的发展并使批评界对其作品有更深入的理解。
Introduction
Hemingway is a colossus in American literature, and he is always highly praised for his simple but powerful understatement. His writing style has great influence on many later writers. In his works, A Farewell to Arms stands out conspicuously for its tragic story which impresses people greatly. However, in recent years some feminists question Hemingway's works from the feministic point. In this thesis I will discuss this famous novel in terms of feminism and show that it is not a touching love story but a metaphor which hides the author's enmity and fear of women.
The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter discusses the author's objectification and marginalization of the heroin. The second chapter discusses the hero's egocentrism and male-chauvinism. The third chapter discusses the attitude of the male characters toward the other minor women characters in the novel. In the last chapter I will discuss the metaphor of Catherine's death and come to the conclusion that this novel is a "resentful cryptogram" against women.
Chapter One Catherine Barkley: The Objectification of the Heroin
This chapter discusses the author's objectification of the heroin. The first part analyzes the male characters' attitude toward the death of the heroin: a woman's death is seen as quitting her obligation to her man. The second part discusses how Catherine voluntarily takes upon herself the responsibility for her own pregnancy to relieve the hero of the blame. The third part discusses how the heroin refuses a decent marriage in order to make the hero free. The fourth part discusses the heroin's lack of an independent personality because of
her devoting love to the man.
Chapter two Frederic Henry: The Male-chauvinism of the Hero
This chapter discusses the hero's selfishness and egoism in his relations with a female. The first part discusses the hero's negative response to her lover's depression in a hotel room. The second part discusses the hero's angered reaction to Catherine's refusal to his attempt of kissing her. The third part discusses the hero's insensitivity to his lover's fatigue. The last part analyzes the sources of the hero's claimed love, which are the heroin's beautiful appearance, submission and self-sacrificing.
Chapter Three
The Minor Characters: The Antagonism toward Women This chapter discusses the author's antagonism toward women by studying the minor characters. First I will discuss the soldiers' attitudes toward whores, seeing them as pieces of meat in the market. Then I will discuss the hero's attitudes to his lover's fellow nurses, hating women who have authority and feeling comfortable with submissive women. Lastly I will discuss the soldier's vulgar treatment of the two girls they rescue in the retreat.
Chapter Four
Conclusion: The Metaphor of Catherine's Death This chapter is the conclusion. I will firstly state my conclusion from the former three chapters, namely, the author's enmity and fear of women. I will secondly discuss the author's attitude toward women in his real life. In the last part I will discuss the metaphor of the heroin's death at the end of the story: it reveals the author's enmity and fear of women.
本文从四个方面分析作者对女性的态度：对女主人公的客体化，男主人公的男性沙文主义，对次要女性角色的隐含态度，以及对结局凯瑟琳之死的重新分析。通过这些重新解读我们可以看出作者对待女性的真实态度。
本文希望通过对经典文本的重新解读，推进海明威研究的发展并使批评界对其作品有更深入的理解。
Introduction
Hemingway is a colossus in American literature, and he is always highly praised for his simple but powerful understatement. His writing style has great influence on many later writers. In his works, A Farewell to Arms stands out conspicuously for its tragic story which impresses people greatly. However, in recent years some feminists question Hemingway's works from the feministic point. In this thesis I will discuss this famous novel in terms of feminism and show that it is not a touching love story but a metaphor which hides the author's enmity and fear of women.
The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter discusses the author's objectification and marginalization of the heroin. The second chapter discusses the hero's egocentrism and male-chauvinism. The third chapter discusses the attitude of the male characters toward the other minor women characters in the novel. In the last chapter I will discuss the metaphor of Catherine's death and come to the conclusion that this novel is a "resentful cryptogram" against women.
Chapter One Catherine Barkley: The Objectification of the Heroin
This chapter discusses the author's objectification of the heroin. The first part analyzes the male characters' attitude toward the death of the heroin: a woman's death is seen as quitting her obligation to her man. The second part discusses how Catherine voluntarily takes upon herself the responsibility for her own pregnancy to relieve the hero of the blame. The third part discusses how the heroin refuses a decent marriage in order to make the hero free. The fourth part discusses the heroin's lack of an independent personality because of
her devoting love to the man.
Chapter two Frederic Henry: The Male-chauvinism of the Hero
This chapter discusses the hero's selfishness and egoism in his relations with a female. The first part discusses the hero's negative response to her lover's depression in a hotel room. The second part discusses the hero's angered reaction to Catherine's refusal to his attempt of kissing her. The third part discusses the hero's insensitivity to his lover's fatigue. The last part analyzes the sources of the hero's claimed love, which are the heroin's beautiful appearance, submission and self-sacrificing.
Chapter Three
The Minor Characters: The Antagonism toward Women This chapter discusses the author's antagonism toward women by studying the minor characters. First I will discuss the soldiers' attitudes toward whores, seeing them as pieces of meat in the market. Then I will discuss the hero's attitudes to his lover's fellow nurses, hating women who have authority and feeling comfortable with submissive women. Lastly I will discuss the soldier's vulgar treatment of the two girls they rescue in the retreat.
Chapter Four
Conclusion: The Metaphor of Catherine's Death This chapter is the conclusion. I will firstly state my conclusion from the former three chapters, namely, the author's enmity and fear of women. I will secondly discuss the author's attitude toward women in his real life. In the last part I will discuss the metaphor of the heroin's death at the end of the story: it reveals the author's enmity and fear of women.
引文
1. Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations: Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987
2. McCaffery, John K. M., ed. Ernest Hemingway: The Man and His Work The World Publishing Company, 1950
3. Bernard, Oldsey. Hemingway's Hidden Craft: The Writing of A Farewell to Arms Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980
4. Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. Ernest Hemingway: Seven Decades of Criticism Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1998
5. Eby, Carl P. Hemingway's Fetishism Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999
6. Villard, Henry Serrano and Nagel, James. Hemingway in Love and War: The Lost Diary of Agnes von Kurowsky, Her Letters, and Correspondence of Ernest Hemingway Boston: Northeastem University Press, 1989
7. Wagner, Linda W, ed. Ernest Hemingway: Six Decades of Criticism Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1987
8. Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story New York: Avon Books, 1980
9. Young, Philip. Ernest Hemingway: A Reconsideration Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966
10. Meyers, Jeffrey, ed. Hemingway: The Critical Heritage London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1982
11. Reynolds, Michael. The Young Hemingway Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1986
12. Newton, Judith and Rosenfelt, Deborah, ed. Feminist Criticism and Social Change London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1985
13. Hotchner, A. E. Hemingway and His World London: Penguin Group, 1989
14. Virginia Woolf. A Room of One's Own London: Hogarth Press, 1929
15．西蒙·波娃著；桑竹影、南珊译．《第二性—女人》长沙：湖南文艺出版社，1986
16．鲍晓兰主编．《西方女性主义研究评介》北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1995
17．李银河主编．《妇女：最漫长的革命》北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1997
18．王守仁主编．《终结与起点一新世纪外国文学研究》南京：译林出版社，2002
19．虞建华主编．《英美文学研究论丛(第一辑)》上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
20．谢尔曼、登马克编著，高佳、高地译．《妇女心理学》北京：中国妇女出版社，1987
21．陈顺馨．《中国当代文学的叙事与性别》北京：北京大学出版社，1995
22．吉尔·里波韦兹基 著，田常晖、张峰译．《第三类女性》长沙：湖南文艺出版社，2000
23．薛华栋主编．《和诺贝尔文学奖较劲》上海：学林出版社，2002
24．戴桂玉．《海明威：“有女人的男人”》．外国文学评论 2001，(4)：71-77
25．玛格丽特·米契尔 著．《飘》西安：世界图书出版公司，1998
2. McCaffery, John K. M., ed. Ernest Hemingway: The Man and His Work The World Publishing Company, 1950
3. Bernard, Oldsey. Hemingway's Hidden Craft: The Writing of A Farewell to Arms Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980
4. Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. Ernest Hemingway: Seven Decades of Criticism Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1998
5. Eby, Carl P. Hemingway's Fetishism Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999
6. Villard, Henry Serrano and Nagel, James. Hemingway in Love and War: The Lost Diary of Agnes von Kurowsky, Her Letters, and Correspondence of Ernest Hemingway Boston: Northeastem University Press, 1989
7. Wagner, Linda W, ed. Ernest Hemingway: Six Decades of Criticism Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1987
8. Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story New York: Avon Books, 1980
9. Young, Philip. Ernest Hemingway: A Reconsideration Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966
10. Meyers, Jeffrey, ed. Hemingway: The Critical Heritage London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1982
11. Reynolds, Michael. The Young Hemingway Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1986
12. Newton, Judith and Rosenfelt, Deborah, ed. Feminist Criticism and Social Change London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1985
13. Hotchner, A. E. Hemingway and His World London: Penguin Group, 1989
14. Virginia Woolf. A Room of One's Own London: Hogarth Press, 1929
15．西蒙·波娃著；桑竹影、南珊译．《第二性—女人》长沙：湖南文艺出版社，1986
16．鲍晓兰主编．《西方女性主义研究评介》北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1995
17．李银河主编．《妇女：最漫长的革命》北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1997
18．王守仁主编．《终结与起点一新世纪外国文学研究》南京：译林出版社，2002
19．虞建华主编．《英美文学研究论丛(第一辑)》上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
20．谢尔曼、登马克编著，高佳、高地译．《妇女心理学》北京：中国妇女出版社，1987
21．陈顺馨．《中国当代文学的叙事与性别》北京：北京大学出版社，1995
22．吉尔·里波韦兹基 著，田常晖、张峰译．《第三类女性》长沙：湖南文艺出版社，2000
23．薛华栋主编．《和诺贝尔文学奖较劲》上海：学林出版社，2002
24．戴桂玉．《海明威：“有女人的男人”》．外国文学评论 2001，(4)：71-77
25．玛格丽特·米契尔 著．《飘》西安：世界图书出版公司，1998
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