我国食品安全管理与控制体系研究
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摘要
随着人类对基于风险的知识的了解不断加深、消费者自我保护意识的提高、食品安全事件对社会经济的负面影响的扩大，以及世界贸易组织协议所产生的义务遵从，均使得国家一级对食品安全控制与管理体系的完善和强化予以了前所未有的重视。
中国作为人口大国，作为食品出口对国民经济具有举足轻重作用的发展中国家，食品安全问题对社会经济的重要性显得尤为突出。近几年，我国政府明显加大了对食品安全的管理与控制力度，如成立国家食品药品监督管理局、推出“食品放心工程”、实行质量安全食品市场准入制度，以及强制性的无公害食品认证计划，等等。与此同时，理论界对食品安全的研究和探讨也越来越广泛和深入。本文就是在这样活跃的理论和实践背景下，通过经验数据、经济学分析和问卷调查等方法对我国食品安全管理与控制的原理、现状及效果进行了考察和实证，为改善我国食品安全管理与控制的效率、保护消费者和促进经济发展提供有意义的参考。
本文除了导言之外，根据研究的需要分为五大部分。导言主要介绍了本文的研究背景、研究思路和方法；论文的第一部分通过食源性健康风险模型明确了政府当前所面临的现代食品安全问题；论文的第二部分通过对食品安全的经济学分析界定了政府与市场在食品安全管理与控制中的作用；论丈的第三部分通过经验数据和消费者调查考察了我国在食品安全管理与控制方面的效果；论文的第四部分通过导入国际食品安全控制体系的构成要素明确了未来我国在食品安全体系建设上的努力方向；论文的最后一部分是结论、建议及后续研究。
The improvement and strengthening of food safety management and control system have been focused unparalleled at national level with the development of risk-based knowledge furthered, the perception of consumer protection increased, the impacts of food safety events on society and economy enlarged and the WTO's regulation compliance powered.
The importance of food safety problem in China is obviously significant when it comes to its large population and strategic status of food export. In recent years, China's government has made a great effort to improve food safety management and control, such as the establishment of State Food and Drug Administration, the implementation of Project of Food Safety Assurance, the practice of Market Entrance Permit System and the push of Free-Residuals Food Authentication. On the other hand, a heat and thorough discussion of food safety turned out in the academic domain at the same time. This dissertation just comes out under such a positive background. The paper has a review of the problems and performance of China's food safety management and control by the available empirical data, economic analysis and customer survey. Some conclusions obtained hereby might have a good for China's food safety policy which aims to protect consumers and boost our economy.
The paper is divided into five parts besides the Introduction according to the research objectives. The Introduction part gives a general idea of the background, framework and methods of the research; Then the first part of the thesis brings forth what food safety problems that a developing country government faces by a foodborn health-risk model; The second part demonstrates what roles that government and market mechanism should take separately based on the theories of economics; The third part looks at what performance of China's efforts for improvement of food safety by the information from empirical data and customer survey; The fourth part points out the trends of constructing food safety management and control system by introducing international organization's guidelines; Then comes the last part of the thesis which some conclusions, policy implication and follow-up research.
中国作为人口大国，作为食品出口对国民经济具有举足轻重作用的发展中国家，食品安全问题对社会经济的重要性显得尤为突出。近几年，我国政府明显加大了对食品安全的管理与控制力度，如成立国家食品药品监督管理局、推出“食品放心工程”、实行质量安全食品市场准入制度，以及强制性的无公害食品认证计划，等等。与此同时，理论界对食品安全的研究和探讨也越来越广泛和深入。本文就是在这样活跃的理论和实践背景下，通过经验数据、经济学分析和问卷调查等方法对我国食品安全管理与控制的原理、现状及效果进行了考察和实证，为改善我国食品安全管理与控制的效率、保护消费者和促进经济发展提供有意义的参考。
本文除了导言之外，根据研究的需要分为五大部分。导言主要介绍了本文的研究背景、研究思路和方法；论文的第一部分通过食源性健康风险模型明确了政府当前所面临的现代食品安全问题；论文的第二部分通过对食品安全的经济学分析界定了政府与市场在食品安全管理与控制中的作用；论丈的第三部分通过经验数据和消费者调查考察了我国在食品安全管理与控制方面的效果；论文的第四部分通过导入国际食品安全控制体系的构成要素明确了未来我国在食品安全体系建设上的努力方向；论文的最后一部分是结论、建议及后续研究。
The improvement and strengthening of food safety management and control system have been focused unparalleled at national level with the development of risk-based knowledge furthered, the perception of consumer protection increased, the impacts of food safety events on society and economy enlarged and the WTO's regulation compliance powered.
The importance of food safety problem in China is obviously significant when it comes to its large population and strategic status of food export. In recent years, China's government has made a great effort to improve food safety management and control, such as the establishment of State Food and Drug Administration, the implementation of Project of Food Safety Assurance, the practice of Market Entrance Permit System and the push of Free-Residuals Food Authentication. On the other hand, a heat and thorough discussion of food safety turned out in the academic domain at the same time. This dissertation just comes out under such a positive background. The paper has a review of the problems and performance of China's food safety management and control by the available empirical data, economic analysis and customer survey. Some conclusions obtained hereby might have a good for China's food safety policy which aims to protect consumers and boost our economy.
The paper is divided into five parts besides the Introduction according to the research objectives. The Introduction part gives a general idea of the background, framework and methods of the research; Then the first part of the thesis brings forth what food safety problems that a developing country government faces by a foodborn health-risk model; The second part demonstrates what roles that government and market mechanism should take separately based on the theories of economics; The third part looks at what performance of China's efforts for improvement of food safety by the information from empirical data and customer survey; The fourth part points out the trends of constructing food safety management and control system by introducing international organization's guidelines; Then comes the last part of the thesis which some conclusions, policy implication and follow-up research.
引文
1. A. Akgungor, B. Miran, C. Abay, Consumer Willingness to Pay for Reduced Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes: The Turkish Case, Annual Meeting of the American Agricultural Economics Association, August 8-11,1999, Nashville, Tennessee.
2. Eileen, van Ravenswaay and J.P. Hoehn, 1997,Approaches to Measuring Consumer Benefits from Food Safety, In Strategy and Policy in the Food System: Emerging Issues, ed. J.A. Caswell and R.W. Cotterill, Proceedings of NE-165 Conference, June 20-21,1996,Washington, D.C.,209-215.
3. Henson,S.,1998, Regulating the Trade Effects of National Food Safety Standards: Discussion of Some Issues, OECD workshop on Emerging Trade Issues in Agriculture, Paris, Oct25-27
4. J. Caswell, ed., 1991, Economics of Food Safety., NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.
5. J. Caswell, ed., 1995, Valuing Food Safety and Nutrition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
6. J. Caswell, ed., 1996, Economics of Reducing Health Risk from Food. Storrs, CT: Food Marketing Policy Center.
7. J. Kola and T. Latvala, Demand for Credence Characteristics in Beef, selected paper at the 2002 AAEA-WAEA Annual Meeting.
8. J. Malone, Jr, 1990, Consumer willingness to purchase and to pay for potential benefits of irradiated fresh food products. Agribusiness: An International Journal 6
9. J.A.Caswell and R.W.Cotterill, 1997, Strategy and Policy in the Food System: Emerging Issues, Proceedings of NE-165 Conference, June 20-21,1996,Washington, D.C.
10. J.A.Caswell, 1998, Valuing the benefits and costs of improved food safety and nutrition. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,42.
11. J.C. Buzby, J.R. Skees and R.C. Ready, 1995, Using contingent valuation to value food safety: a case study of grapefruit and pesticide residues, J.A. Caswell, Editor, Valuing food safety and nutrition, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
12. J.M. Antle, Benefits and Costs of Food Safety Regulation, Food Policy 24 (1999), from www. Elsevier.com
13. J.M. Gil and A. Gracia et al., Market segmentation and willingness to pay for organic products in Spain, The international Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Volume 3, Issue 3, Summer 2000
14. L.J. Unnevehr, H. Jensen, The Economic Implications of Using HACCP as a Food Safety Regulatory Standard, Food Policy (1998), from www. Elsevier.com
15. Mullen.J.D. and Wohlegenant, M.K., 1991. The willingness of consumers to pay for attributes of lamb. The
Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 35-3
16. Roberts, Tanya, Heten H. Jensen, and Laurian Unnevehr, eds.,1995, Tracking Foodborne Pathogens from Farm to Table Conference: Data Needs to Evaluate Control Options. Miscellaneous Publication # 1532, Economic Research Service, USDA, December.
17. Stefano Boccalett and Michele Nardella, 2000,Consumer willingness to pay for pesticide-free fresh fruit and vegetables in Italy, The international Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Volume 3, Issue 3.
18. U.S. Food and Drug Admini Stration.U.S. Department of Agriculture: United States Food Safety System,March 3, 2000
19. Unnevehr, Laurian, ed.,1999, The Economics of HACCP: New Studies of Costs and Benefits. St. Paul, MN: Eagan Press, David McSwane, Nancy Rue and Richard Linton(1998), Essentials of Foodsafety & Sanitation, Prentice Hall
20. van Ravenswaay, Eileen and J.P. Hoehn, 1991,Contingent Valuation and Food Safety: The Case of Pesticide Residues in Food, Department of Agricultural Economics Staff Paper No.91-13, Michigan State University.
21. van Ravenswaay, Eileen and J.P. Hoehn, 1991,The Impact of Health Risk Information on Food Demand: A Case Study of Alar and Apples, In Economics of Food Safety, ed. J.A. Caswell, 155-174.,NY: Elsevier.
22. van Ravenswaay, Eileen and Jennifer Wohl, 1996,Using Contingent Valuation Methods to Value Health Risks From Pesticide Residues When Risks Are Ambiguous, In J.A. Caswell, Valuing Food and Nutrition, Boulder Co: Westview Press:287-317.
23．包宗顺、霍丽玥：农村劳动力转移的国际借鉴研究，江海学刊，2004／3
24．仇保兴：发展小企业集群要避免的陷阱——过度竞争所致的“柠檬市场”，北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，1999／1
25．杜红梅：应对WTO与我国农产品流通的组织化，农业现代化研究，2002／5
26．方敏：论绿色食品供应链的选择与优化，中国农村经济，2003／4
27．方青松：建立农产品质量安全市场准入制度，厦门科技，2002／2
28．耿献辉、周应恒：食品安全与可追踪系统，世界农业，2002／6
29．耿献辉、周应恒：我国水产品质量安全问题发生原因解析，中国渔业经济，2002／6
30．韩宏华、熊德平：加快农业标准化体系建设 提升农产品竞争力，农业经济，2002／11
31．胡斌祥、杨珺：汽车产业过度竞争的“柠檬市场”效应及调整对策，科技进步管理，2000／3
32．霍丽玥：从贸易实践看《SPS协议》的主要问题，经济纵横，2003年增刊
33．霍丽玥：蔬菜经济体系的价值链：南京个案，产业经济研究，2003／4
34．霍丽玥：我国茶叶市场现状与国际市场竞争力，国际贸易问题，2000／6
35．卡尔·帕顿、大卫·沙维奇：公共政策分析和规划，孙兰芝等译，北京：华夏出版社，2002／6
36．李波、陆迁：技术进步于农产品质量，农业技术进步，1995／6
37．李波、王志坚：虚拟市场效率与柠檬问题，中国软科学，2001／10
38．李里特：食物安全与安全饮食，中国食品报，2002／05／24，A4版
39．李生、李迎宾：国外农产品质量安全管理制度概况，世界农业，2003／6
40．马述忠、黄祖辉：农户、政府及转基因食品——对我国农民转基因作物种植意向的分析，中国农村经济，2003／4
41．每周质量报告：依法保障食品安全，www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/zlbg/512298.htm
42．桑乃泉：食品产业纵向联合、供应链管理与国际竞争力，中国农村经济，2001／12
43．王秀清、孙云峰：我国食品市场上的质量信号问题，中国农村经济，2002／5
44．王志刚：食品安全的认知和消费决定：关于天津市个体消费者的实证分析，中国农村经济，2003/4
45．夏远强、韩文秀：我国农产品质量认证问题探讨，西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版)，2002／5
46．谢敏、于永达：对中国食品安全问题的分析，上海经济研究，2002／1
47．新山阳子：如何面对食品风险，农业与经济(日)，12月份增刊
48．新山阳子：食品安全性确保与牛肉关联foodsystem，农业与经济(日)，2002．2
49．徐金海：农产品市场中的“柠檬问题”及其解决思路，当代经济研究，2002／8
50．徐凌中等：经济学评价中支付意愿的测量方法，国外医学(卫生经济分册)，15卷(2)，1998
51．徐晓新：中国食品安全：问题、成因、对策，农业经济问题，2002／10
52．杨洁彬、王晶、王柏琴等：食品安全性，中国轻工业出版社，1999
53．杨开忠、白墨等：关于意愿调查价值评估法在我国环境领域应用的可行性探讨——以北京市居民支付意愿研究为例，地球科学进展，2002／6，第17卷第3期
54．樱井卓治、加贺爪优、松田友义、新山阳子：食品安全与营养的经济学(日文)，东京：农林统计协会，2002年
55．袁媛、张毅：逆向选择下的“柠檬”市场——试析诚信缺失下的中国证券市场，西南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版)，2002／5
56．张吉国、胡继连、张新明：我国农产品质量管理的标准化问题研究，农业现代化研究，2002／5
57．张耀纲、霍丽玥：政府与市场行为的双重结合：美国食品安全监管工具的选择及启示，“食品安全：消费者行为、国际贸易及其规制”国际研讨会论文集，2003年10月，杭州
58．周德翼、杨海娟：食物质量安全管理中的信息不对称与政府监管机制，中国农村经济，2002／6
59．周应恒、耿献辉：信息可追踪系统在食品质量安全保障中的应用，农业现代化研究，2002／6
60．周应恒、霍丽玥：食品经济学导入及其研究动态，现代经济探讨，2004／4
61．周应恒、霍丽玥：食品质量安全问题的经济学思考，南京农业大学学报，2003／3
2. Eileen, van Ravenswaay and J.P. Hoehn, 1997,Approaches to Measuring Consumer Benefits from Food Safety, In Strategy and Policy in the Food System: Emerging Issues, ed. J.A. Caswell and R.W. Cotterill, Proceedings of NE-165 Conference, June 20-21,1996,Washington, D.C.,209-215.
3. Henson,S.,1998, Regulating the Trade Effects of National Food Safety Standards: Discussion of Some Issues, OECD workshop on Emerging Trade Issues in Agriculture, Paris, Oct25-27
4. J. Caswell, ed., 1991, Economics of Food Safety., NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.
5. J. Caswell, ed., 1995, Valuing Food Safety and Nutrition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
6. J. Caswell, ed., 1996, Economics of Reducing Health Risk from Food. Storrs, CT: Food Marketing Policy Center.
7. J. Kola and T. Latvala, Demand for Credence Characteristics in Beef, selected paper at the 2002 AAEA-WAEA Annual Meeting.
8. J. Malone, Jr, 1990, Consumer willingness to purchase and to pay for potential benefits of irradiated fresh food products. Agribusiness: An International Journal 6
9. J.A.Caswell and R.W.Cotterill, 1997, Strategy and Policy in the Food System: Emerging Issues, Proceedings of NE-165 Conference, June 20-21,1996,Washington, D.C.
10. J.A.Caswell, 1998, Valuing the benefits and costs of improved food safety and nutrition. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,42.
11. J.C. Buzby, J.R. Skees and R.C. Ready, 1995, Using contingent valuation to value food safety: a case study of grapefruit and pesticide residues, J.A. Caswell, Editor, Valuing food safety and nutrition, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
12. J.M. Antle, Benefits and Costs of Food Safety Regulation, Food Policy 24 (1999), from www. Elsevier.com
13. J.M. Gil and A. Gracia et al., Market segmentation and willingness to pay for organic products in Spain, The international Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Volume 3, Issue 3, Summer 2000
14. L.J. Unnevehr, H. Jensen, The Economic Implications of Using HACCP as a Food Safety Regulatory Standard, Food Policy (1998), from www. Elsevier.com
15. Mullen.J.D. and Wohlegenant, M.K., 1991. The willingness of consumers to pay for attributes of lamb. The
Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 35-3
16. Roberts, Tanya, Heten H. Jensen, and Laurian Unnevehr, eds.,1995, Tracking Foodborne Pathogens from Farm to Table Conference: Data Needs to Evaluate Control Options. Miscellaneous Publication # 1532, Economic Research Service, USDA, December.
17. Stefano Boccalett and Michele Nardella, 2000,Consumer willingness to pay for pesticide-free fresh fruit and vegetables in Italy, The international Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Volume 3, Issue 3.
18. U.S. Food and Drug Admini Stration.U.S. Department of Agriculture: United States Food Safety System,March 3, 2000
19. Unnevehr, Laurian, ed.,1999, The Economics of HACCP: New Studies of Costs and Benefits. St. Paul, MN: Eagan Press, David McSwane, Nancy Rue and Richard Linton(1998), Essentials of Foodsafety & Sanitation, Prentice Hall
20. van Ravenswaay, Eileen and J.P. Hoehn, 1991,Contingent Valuation and Food Safety: The Case of Pesticide Residues in Food, Department of Agricultural Economics Staff Paper No.91-13, Michigan State University.
21. van Ravenswaay, Eileen and J.P. Hoehn, 1991,The Impact of Health Risk Information on Food Demand: A Case Study of Alar and Apples, In Economics of Food Safety, ed. J.A. Caswell, 155-174.,NY: Elsevier.
22. van Ravenswaay, Eileen and Jennifer Wohl, 1996,Using Contingent Valuation Methods to Value Health Risks From Pesticide Residues When Risks Are Ambiguous, In J.A. Caswell, Valuing Food and Nutrition, Boulder Co: Westview Press:287-317.
23．包宗顺、霍丽玥：农村劳动力转移的国际借鉴研究，江海学刊，2004／3
24．仇保兴：发展小企业集群要避免的陷阱——过度竞争所致的“柠檬市场”，北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，1999／1
25．杜红梅：应对WTO与我国农产品流通的组织化，农业现代化研究，2002／5
26．方敏：论绿色食品供应链的选择与优化，中国农村经济，2003／4
27．方青松：建立农产品质量安全市场准入制度，厦门科技，2002／2
28．耿献辉、周应恒：食品安全与可追踪系统，世界农业，2002／6
29．耿献辉、周应恒：我国水产品质量安全问题发生原因解析，中国渔业经济，2002／6
30．韩宏华、熊德平：加快农业标准化体系建设 提升农产品竞争力，农业经济，2002／11
31．胡斌祥、杨珺：汽车产业过度竞争的“柠檬市场”效应及调整对策，科技进步管理，2000／3
32．霍丽玥：从贸易实践看《SPS协议》的主要问题，经济纵横，2003年增刊
33．霍丽玥：蔬菜经济体系的价值链：南京个案，产业经济研究，2003／4
34．霍丽玥：我国茶叶市场现状与国际市场竞争力，国际贸易问题，2000／6
35．卡尔·帕顿、大卫·沙维奇：公共政策分析和规划，孙兰芝等译，北京：华夏出版社，2002／6
36．李波、陆迁：技术进步于农产品质量，农业技术进步，1995／6
37．李波、王志坚：虚拟市场效率与柠檬问题，中国软科学，2001／10
38．李里特：食物安全与安全饮食，中国食品报，2002／05／24，A4版
39．李生、李迎宾：国外农产品质量安全管理制度概况，世界农业，2003／6
40．马述忠、黄祖辉：农户、政府及转基因食品——对我国农民转基因作物种植意向的分析，中国农村经济，2003／4
41．每周质量报告：依法保障食品安全，www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/zlbg/512298.htm
42．桑乃泉：食品产业纵向联合、供应链管理与国际竞争力，中国农村经济，2001／12
43．王秀清、孙云峰：我国食品市场上的质量信号问题，中国农村经济，2002／5
44．王志刚：食品安全的认知和消费决定：关于天津市个体消费者的实证分析，中国农村经济，2003/4
45．夏远强、韩文秀：我国农产品质量认证问题探讨，西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版)，2002／5
46．谢敏、于永达：对中国食品安全问题的分析，上海经济研究，2002／1
47．新山阳子：如何面对食品风险，农业与经济(日)，12月份增刊
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