微量元素对新型铸造高Cr热作模具钢热疲劳性能的影响
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摘要
热疲劳是热作模具的主要失效形式。据统计，热作模具中由于热疲劳而导
致失效的占模具失效总量的 60~70%。我国每年消耗热作模具钢数约 4~5 万吨，
价值数亿至数十亿元。因此，提高热作模具的热疲劳性能具有重大的国民经济
意义。模具钢的热疲劳研究是热疲劳研究的代表方向之一。以往关于模具钢热
疲劳问题的研究在选材上几乎全部集中于锻造材料，而对于铸造模具钢此方面
的系统研究则比较少见。尤其值得一提的是，近些年来铸造模具材料的研究获
得了飞速发展，以铸代锻使模具生产大大降低了成本，缩短了生产周期。因此，
铸造模具材料的热疲劳研究是具有实际理论意义的。
本文以吉林大学自行研制开发的新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢为研究对象，
通过光学显微镜、SEM、能谱分析、冲击韧性、硬度、抗氧化性试验、热稳
定性试验以及热疲劳试验等，研究了微量元素（Y、Ce 和 N）对新型铸造高
Cr 热作模具钢织、力学性能、抗氧化性与抗热疲劳性能等的影响规律及作用
机制。
本研究在钢中加入微量元素（Y、Ce 和 N），通过分析实验结果发现：
（1） 本研究在新型铸造热作模具钢中加入微量元素 Y、Ce、N，并发现当 Y、
Ce、N 分别为 0.01、0.03、0.06wt. %时，本研究钢的性能最佳。与未加
微量元素的钢相比，晶粒度提高 ２５％，组织中的夹杂物尺寸明显减小约
２ 倍，形态由不规则的块状转变为椭球状或球状，分布也较变质前更加
均匀；韧性提高 150%，硬度提高 14%；且在相同的热疲劳实验条件下
（６５０℃?２０℃），新型铸造高 Ｃｒ 热作模具钢的抗热疲劳性能与 H13 相
比提高 1 倍，与未加微量元素的钢提高 1.5 倍。
（2） 本研究发现，单独加 Y 变质后，与未变质钢相比，主裂纹扩展速率减
小 1 倍，表面龟裂不明显，热疲劳性能提高 1 倍左右，硬度衰减值降低
43%，抗软化能力得到提高；并且当 Y 含量为 0. 01 wt. %时，热疲劳性
83
能达到最佳；硬度和韧性分别提高 14%和 98%。
（3） 单独加 Ce 变质后，与未变质钢相比，裂纹萌生寿命得到提高，主裂纹
扩展速率减小 1 倍，表面龟裂不明显，热疲劳性能提高 1 倍左右，硬
度衰减值降低 39%，抗软化能力得到提高；并且当 Ce 含量为 0. 03 wt.%
时，热疲劳性能达到最佳；硬度和韧性分别提高 12%和 104%
（4） 单独加微量元素 N 后，较未加 N 钢相比，主裂纹长度变短，裂纹扩展
速率减小 1 倍，表面龟裂不明显，热疲劳性能提高 1 倍左右，硬度衰减
值降低 43%，抗软化能力得到提高；并且当 N 含量为 0. 06 wt.%时，热
疲劳性能达到最佳；硬度和韧性 13%和 100%。
（５） 新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢具有非常优良的抗氧化性。在 630℃保温 20
小时的同一实验条件下，Y-Ce 混合变质的试样抗氧化性较未变质的铸
造高 Cr 钢和 8407 钢提高分别提高 47.86%和 53.07%，与德国蒂森钢相
当。
（6） 新型铸造热作模具钢的热疲劳裂纹的扩展是沿晶扩展。氧化物或硫化物
的形态、尺寸的不同对裂纹的扩展的影响不同，一般地，形状不规则、
带棱角的氧化物在疲劳扩展过程中，容易产生应力集中，这些氧化物像
“楔子” 一样加速裂纹的扩展；一些形状规则的方块状的氧化物同样
会加速热疲劳裂纹扩展；而一些椭圆状或球状的氧化物不易产生应力集
中，而且在热疲劳裂纹遇到这些氧化物时，需要绕道扩展，增加了裂纹
扩展路径，减缓了裂纹扩展速率。
（7） 新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢的热疲劳机制与氧化密切相关。氧化大大地
促进了热疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展。热疲劳裂纹在晶界或第二相质点与基
体脱开处萌生，并沿着被氧化的晶界迅速扩展，新型铸造热作模具钢中
高的 Cr 含量大大改善其抗氧化性能。另外，稀土元素在合金表面形成
稀土氧化物（Y2O3和 Ce2O3等）质点可作为 Cr2O3膜的形核核心，促进
保护膜的形成，从而改善新型铸造热作模具钢的抗氧化性能，使其热疲
劳抗力强于锻造 H13、一胜百 8407。
新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢通过自身综合性能，裂纹扩展形貌、路径等影
响热作模具钢的热疲劳抗力。单一的性能指标无法科学准确地衡量其热疲劳性
能，只有强度、塑性、韧性、抗氧化性、热稳定性具有良好的配合才是新型铸
造高 Cr 热作模具钢获取较佳的热疲劳性能的途径。
新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢是一种高寿命、低成本、低能耗、高材料利用
84
率的热作模具钢，在环保和经济效益上都有较大的优越性，应用前景十分广阔。
Thermal fatigue (TF) is a leading failure of hot working die steels. It has been
reported that, among the all failures of hot working die steels, 60~70% failures
have been caused by TF. In our country, 40~50 thousand tons of hot work die steels,
worthy of thousands of million RMB, have been used every year. Therefore, it is of
great interest for the development of the economy to improve the TF property of
hot working die steels. The TF research of hot work die steel is a representative
orientation in the field of the TF research. In the past years, much of the research
on the TF of hot work steels has been focused on forging die steels, while less work
has been carried out on the TF behavior of cast die steel. Especially in the recent
years, the studies on cast die materials have been widely and rapidly developed. It
is interesting to note that more and morecast die steels replace forging die steels as
die materials because of their shorter produce cycles and lower expense. Therefore,
the study on the TF behavior of cast hot work die steel not only has a theoretic but
also a practical value.
The new type cast high Cr hot work die steel, which is developed by Jilin
University, is used as the raw material. Optical microscope (OM), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), chemical composition analysis, impact toughness tests,
hardness tests and TF tests have been carried out to study effects of the
microelements on the microstructure, mechanical behavior, TF of new type cast
high Cr hot work die steel and the mechanisms on TF resistance.
By analyzing the experimental data, some conclusions have been drawn as
follows:
(1) When the contents of Y、Ce and N are 0.01wt. %、0.03wt. % and 0.06wt. %,
Respectively, the properties of the new type cast high Cr hot work die steel
reach to the optimization. Compared to the steels without the microelements,
the structure is finer; the distribution and morphology of the inclusions are
greatly improved, and their size is also reduced 2 times; the roughness and
hardness are increased 150% and 14%, respectively; under the thermal cycling
temperatures of 650℃ ~ 20℃, the TF life is as one time long as H13, and as
86
1.5 times as the steels without the microelements.
(2) It has been found that when only Y is added to the steel, compared to the
unmodified steels, the propagating rate of TF crack is decreased one time and
furthermore the decrease of the hardness during the TF cycles is reduced 43%,
and as a result, the TF property is improved one time; when Y content gets to
0.01%wt.%, the properties reach to the optimization where the roughness and
hardness are increased 98% and 14%, respectively.
(3) It has been found that when only Ce is added to the steel, compared to the
unmodified steels, the propagating rate of TF crack is decreased one time and
furthermore the decrease of the hardness during the TF cycles is reduced 39%,
and as a result, the TF property is improved one time; when Ce content gets to
0.03%wt.%, the properties reach to the optimization where the roughness and
hardness are increased 104% and 12%, respectively.
(4) It has been found that when only N is added to the steel, compared to the steels
without N, the propagating rate of TF crack is decreased one time and
furthermore the decrease of the hardness during the TF cycles is reduced 43%,
and as a result, the TF property is improved one time; when N content gets to
0.06%wt.%, the properties reach to the optimization where the roughness and
hardness are increased 100% and 13%, respectively.
(5) The ability to oxidation of new type cast high Cr hot work die steel are better
than those of the unmodified and 8407 steels. With the tempering for 20 hours
at 630℃, after modified, compared with the unmodified and 8407 steels, the
ability to oxidation of new type cast high Cr hot work die steel is increased
47.86% and 53.07%,
致失效的占模具失效总量的 60~70%。我国每年消耗热作模具钢数约 4~5 万吨，
价值数亿至数十亿元。因此，提高热作模具的热疲劳性能具有重大的国民经济
意义。模具钢的热疲劳研究是热疲劳研究的代表方向之一。以往关于模具钢热
疲劳问题的研究在选材上几乎全部集中于锻造材料，而对于铸造模具钢此方面
的系统研究则比较少见。尤其值得一提的是，近些年来铸造模具材料的研究获
得了飞速发展，以铸代锻使模具生产大大降低了成本，缩短了生产周期。因此，
铸造模具材料的热疲劳研究是具有实际理论意义的。
本文以吉林大学自行研制开发的新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢为研究对象，
通过光学显微镜、SEM、能谱分析、冲击韧性、硬度、抗氧化性试验、热稳
定性试验以及热疲劳试验等，研究了微量元素（Y、Ce 和 N）对新型铸造高
Cr 热作模具钢织、力学性能、抗氧化性与抗热疲劳性能等的影响规律及作用
机制。
本研究在钢中加入微量元素（Y、Ce 和 N），通过分析实验结果发现：
（1） 本研究在新型铸造热作模具钢中加入微量元素 Y、Ce、N，并发现当 Y、
Ce、N 分别为 0.01、0.03、0.06wt. %时，本研究钢的性能最佳。与未加
微量元素的钢相比，晶粒度提高 ２５％，组织中的夹杂物尺寸明显减小约
２ 倍，形态由不规则的块状转变为椭球状或球状，分布也较变质前更加
均匀；韧性提高 150%，硬度提高 14%；且在相同的热疲劳实验条件下
（６５０℃?２０℃），新型铸造高 Ｃｒ 热作模具钢的抗热疲劳性能与 H13 相
比提高 1 倍，与未加微量元素的钢提高 1.5 倍。
（2） 本研究发现，单独加 Y 变质后，与未变质钢相比，主裂纹扩展速率减
小 1 倍，表面龟裂不明显，热疲劳性能提高 1 倍左右，硬度衰减值降低
43%，抗软化能力得到提高；并且当 Y 含量为 0. 01 wt. %时，热疲劳性
83
能达到最佳；硬度和韧性分别提高 14%和 98%。
（3） 单独加 Ce 变质后，与未变质钢相比，裂纹萌生寿命得到提高，主裂纹
扩展速率减小 1 倍，表面龟裂不明显，热疲劳性能提高 1 倍左右，硬
度衰减值降低 39%，抗软化能力得到提高；并且当 Ce 含量为 0. 03 wt.%
时，热疲劳性能达到最佳；硬度和韧性分别提高 12%和 104%
（4） 单独加微量元素 N 后，较未加 N 钢相比，主裂纹长度变短，裂纹扩展
速率减小 1 倍，表面龟裂不明显，热疲劳性能提高 1 倍左右，硬度衰减
值降低 43%，抗软化能力得到提高；并且当 N 含量为 0. 06 wt.%时，热
疲劳性能达到最佳；硬度和韧性 13%和 100%。
（５） 新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢具有非常优良的抗氧化性。在 630℃保温 20
小时的同一实验条件下，Y-Ce 混合变质的试样抗氧化性较未变质的铸
造高 Cr 钢和 8407 钢提高分别提高 47.86%和 53.07%，与德国蒂森钢相
当。
（6） 新型铸造热作模具钢的热疲劳裂纹的扩展是沿晶扩展。氧化物或硫化物
的形态、尺寸的不同对裂纹的扩展的影响不同，一般地，形状不规则、
带棱角的氧化物在疲劳扩展过程中，容易产生应力集中，这些氧化物像
“楔子” 一样加速裂纹的扩展；一些形状规则的方块状的氧化物同样
会加速热疲劳裂纹扩展；而一些椭圆状或球状的氧化物不易产生应力集
中，而且在热疲劳裂纹遇到这些氧化物时，需要绕道扩展，增加了裂纹
扩展路径，减缓了裂纹扩展速率。
（7） 新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢的热疲劳机制与氧化密切相关。氧化大大地
促进了热疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展。热疲劳裂纹在晶界或第二相质点与基
体脱开处萌生，并沿着被氧化的晶界迅速扩展，新型铸造热作模具钢中
高的 Cr 含量大大改善其抗氧化性能。另外，稀土元素在合金表面形成
稀土氧化物（Y2O3和 Ce2O3等）质点可作为 Cr2O3膜的形核核心，促进
保护膜的形成，从而改善新型铸造热作模具钢的抗氧化性能，使其热疲
劳抗力强于锻造 H13、一胜百 8407。
新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢通过自身综合性能，裂纹扩展形貌、路径等影
响热作模具钢的热疲劳抗力。单一的性能指标无法科学准确地衡量其热疲劳性
能，只有强度、塑性、韧性、抗氧化性、热稳定性具有良好的配合才是新型铸
造高 Cr 热作模具钢获取较佳的热疲劳性能的途径。
新型铸造高 Cr 热作模具钢是一种高寿命、低成本、低能耗、高材料利用
84
率的热作模具钢，在环保和经济效益上都有较大的优越性，应用前景十分广阔。
Thermal fatigue (TF) is a leading failure of hot working die steels. It has been
reported that, among the all failures of hot working die steels, 60~70% failures
have been caused by TF. In our country, 40~50 thousand tons of hot work die steels,
worthy of thousands of million RMB, have been used every year. Therefore, it is of
great interest for the development of the economy to improve the TF property of
hot working die steels. The TF research of hot work die steel is a representative
orientation in the field of the TF research. In the past years, much of the research
on the TF of hot work steels has been focused on forging die steels, while less work
has been carried out on the TF behavior of cast die steel. Especially in the recent
years, the studies on cast die materials have been widely and rapidly developed. It
is interesting to note that more and morecast die steels replace forging die steels as
die materials because of their shorter produce cycles and lower expense. Therefore,
the study on the TF behavior of cast hot work die steel not only has a theoretic but
also a practical value.
The new type cast high Cr hot work die steel, which is developed by Jilin
University, is used as the raw material. Optical microscope (OM), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), chemical composition analysis, impact toughness tests,
hardness tests and TF tests have been carried out to study effects of the
microelements on the microstructure, mechanical behavior, TF of new type cast
high Cr hot work die steel and the mechanisms on TF resistance.
By analyzing the experimental data, some conclusions have been drawn as
follows:
(1) When the contents of Y、Ce and N are 0.01wt. %、0.03wt. % and 0.06wt. %,
Respectively, the properties of the new type cast high Cr hot work die steel
reach to the optimization. Compared to the steels without the microelements,
the structure is finer; the distribution and morphology of the inclusions are
greatly improved, and their size is also reduced 2 times; the roughness and
hardness are increased 150% and 14%, respectively; under the thermal cycling
temperatures of 650℃ ~ 20℃, the TF life is as one time long as H13, and as
86
1.5 times as the steels without the microelements.
(2) It has been found that when only Y is added to the steel, compared to the
unmodified steels, the propagating rate of TF crack is decreased one time and
furthermore the decrease of the hardness during the TF cycles is reduced 43%,
and as a result, the TF property is improved one time; when Y content gets to
0.01%wt.%, the properties reach to the optimization where the roughness and
hardness are increased 98% and 14%, respectively.
(3) It has been found that when only Ce is added to the steel, compared to the
unmodified steels, the propagating rate of TF crack is decreased one time and
furthermore the decrease of the hardness during the TF cycles is reduced 39%,
and as a result, the TF property is improved one time; when Ce content gets to
0.03%wt.%, the properties reach to the optimization where the roughness and
hardness are increased 104% and 12%, respectively.
(4) It has been found that when only N is added to the steel, compared to the steels
without N, the propagating rate of TF crack is decreased one time and
furthermore the decrease of the hardness during the TF cycles is reduced 43%,
and as a result, the TF property is improved one time; when N content gets to
0.06%wt.%, the properties reach to the optimization where the roughness and
hardness are increased 100% and 13%, respectively.
(5) The ability to oxidation of new type cast high Cr hot work die steel are better
than those of the unmodified and 8407 steels. With the tempering for 20 hours
at 630℃, after modified, compared with the unmodified and 8407 steels, the
ability to oxidation of new type cast high Cr hot work die steel is increased
47.86% and 53.07%,
引文
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75
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西南交通大学学报，1999，34(2).
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fatigue of 4140 steels, Acta Metal, 1976, (24): 1-10.
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medium carbon steel, Metal. Trans., 1978, (7) A: 917-225.
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impact blows, ISIJ international, 1989, (29): 947-953.
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1990，4(26):527-A529.
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金属学报，1992，12(28):A292-A295.
[26] V. Subramnya, Sarma etc, Low cycle fatigue behavior of low carbon
microalloyed steel: microstructural evolution and life assessment，Materials
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[27] V. B. Dutta, S. Suresh and R.O. Ritchie, Fatigue crack propagation in dual
phase steels: effect of ferrite-martensite microstructures on crack path
morphology, Metall. Trans. 15A: 1193-1207.
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on dual phase steel with different microstructures, Fatigue Engng Mater. Struct.
1990, Vol.13, 2:229-240.
[29] 杨雪梅，碳化物对热变形中铬半钢的热疲劳性能的影响，特殊钢，2001，
22(1).
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continuity on the fatigue and crack closure behavior of a dual phase steel,
Metall. Trans. 1987,18A: 1291-1298.
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microstructure to crack propagation rates, Fatigue Engng Mater. Struct. 2:
221-228.
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Cracking, ASTM STP 559, 1974:159
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thermal cycling, in R.P. Skelton (ed.), fatigue at high temperature, Applied
science publishers London and New York LTD, 1983:1-61.
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兵器材料科学与工程, 1995, 3:27-33.
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[39] Y.C. Lin, Y.T. Lin, S.C. Chen, Z.R. Liu, Role of retained ferrite on the thermal
fatigue cracking resistance in martensitic steel weldment, Mater. Sci. Eng.,
2003, (A339): 133-135.
[40] 刘剑虹，热作模具钢 3Cr2W8V、4Cr5MoSiV1 热疲劳机理的研究，哈尔
滨工业大学硕士学位论文，1987, 3:24-25.
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thermal cycling, in R.P. Skelton (ed.), fatigue at high temperature, Applied
science publishers London and New York LTD, 1983.
[42] C. Y. Huangetc, effect of compressive deformation on the transformation
behavior of an ultra-low-carbon bainitic steel, Materials Transactions, 1993，
8(34): 658-668.
[43] Robert M. Young，Alisc A.Moore etc.，the Effect of Step Quenching on the
77
Microstructure and Fracture Toughness of Fe-C-Ti Alloys，Industrial Heating，
1981, 7:12-14.
[44] Sandomirskill M. M.，Effect of Phase Transformation Temperature During
Heating on the Tempering Resistance of Martensite Die Steels，Die Casting
Engineer, 1988, 1(32): 24-26.
[45] 周梅阁等, 45Cr2NiMoVSi 钢马氏体贝氏体复合组织的热疲劳性能, 金属
热处理, 1991, 2: 8-12.
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of dual-phase steel with different volume fractions of martensite, Int. J. Fatigue
7, 1985, 101-106.
[47] Z.Z. Hu, M.L. Ma and Y,Q. Liu, The effect of austenite on low cycle fatigue in
three-phase steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 1997, 8-9(19):641-646.
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stage-Ⅱ fatigue crack growth rates in 2.5 Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel, Int. J. Fatigue 11,
1989, 1: 51-54.
[49] 李晓东等, 4Cr5MoSiV1 钢热疲劳的微观分析,理化检验-物理分册, 1993,
6(29)47-48.
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ferrite-martensite microstructural morphology on the low cycle fatigue of a
dual-phase steel, Int. J. Fatigue 7, 1985, 101-106.
[51] V. B. Dutta, S. Suresh and R.O. Ritchie, Fatigue crack propagation in dual
phase steels: effect of ferrite-martensite microstructures on crack path
morphology, Metall. Trans. 15A: 1193-1207.
[52] Li Zhonghua, Han Jianguo etc. Low cycle fatigue investigations and numerical
on dual phase steel with different microstructures, Fatigue Engng Mater. Struct.
1990, 2(13): 229-240.
[53] A.K.Vasudevan, K.Sandananda, and K.Rajan, Role of microstructure on the
growth of long fatigue cracks, Int. J. Fatigue, 1997, 1(19):151-S159.
[54] Ikuhiko Hayashi etc., Microstructural change of low carbon steel during
low-cycle fatigue, The 23rd Japan Congress on Materials Research-Metallic
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