卫星在轨MTF测评研究及应用
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摘要
从卫星传回的遥感图像上获取卫星遥感器的关键评价指标MTF的变化情况，是目前国际上一个非常活跃的研究课题，对于在轨运行的卫星遥感器的监测和寿命预估，以及后继卫星的研制，有着非常重要的意义。目前，国内在这方面的研究尚处在起步阶段。因此，在本文中将着重介绍如何从卫星遥感图像获取在轨卫星MTF的基本方法及在MTF测评研究中的一些创新应用，其中如何从卫星遥感图像获取在轨卫星MTF的基本方法主要是在借鉴美国NASA(航空航天局)方法的基础上，总结并设计了适合本项目研究的方法，并在文中给出以中巴地球资源卫星遥感图像做的实验结果。本项研究中的一些创新应用则是在研究MTF理论及实验中发现和改进的两种新方法，可以分别应用于图像清晰度评价和图像恢复，其中图像清晰度的评价方法已被用于卫星图像质量评价的软件中，并且该方法将在图象图形学报上发表。
本文首先介绍和理解MTF的基本原理及从卫星遥感图像获取在轨卫星MTF的基本方法(刀刃法和脉冲法)，继而选择合适的图像进行试验和分析。其次，介绍图像清晰度评价的新方法——点锐度方法和基于MTF光学理论的图像恢复。
To obtain the MTF which is the key indicator of the digital imaging system's performance, is a active researching topic in the satellite imaging system area. Measurement of the MTF for digital imaging systems is problematic because of sampling and consequent aliasing issue. But the result of the research is very important to supervise the on-obit satellite and develop the next generation satellite. Nowadays, domestic research of this area is just at beginning, so there are still many problems and difficulties in research work. Thus, the work of this paper are mainly focus on how to obtain the MTF form on-orbit satellite and two new method proposed based on the MTF theory. The way to obtain MTF is mainly derive from the method which NASA had adopted, and we improved it to make this method became more compatible to our satellite. When it comes to the two new methods, one is apply to the digital image definition assessment and the other is apply to reconstruction for digital image. Especially, the former assess
ment method called Point acutance arithmetic is already adopted by the authorities and will be published in the Journal of Image and Graphic.
In this paper, firstly, we will introduce both the base theory of MTF and the method to obtain the MTF form on-orbit satellite. Secondly, we will select some image to experiment and give the analytic result. Finally, we will give the two new methods which respectively apply to image definition assessment and image reconstruction.
本文首先介绍和理解MTF的基本原理及从卫星遥感图像获取在轨卫星MTF的基本方法(刀刃法和脉冲法)，继而选择合适的图像进行试验和分析。其次，介绍图像清晰度评价的新方法——点锐度方法和基于MTF光学理论的图像恢复。
To obtain the MTF which is the key indicator of the digital imaging system's performance, is a active researching topic in the satellite imaging system area. Measurement of the MTF for digital imaging systems is problematic because of sampling and consequent aliasing issue. But the result of the research is very important to supervise the on-obit satellite and develop the next generation satellite. Nowadays, domestic research of this area is just at beginning, so there are still many problems and difficulties in research work. Thus, the work of this paper are mainly focus on how to obtain the MTF form on-orbit satellite and two new method proposed based on the MTF theory. The way to obtain MTF is mainly derive from the method which NASA had adopted, and we improved it to make this method became more compatible to our satellite. When it comes to the two new methods, one is apply to the digital image definition assessment and the other is apply to reconstruction for digital image. Especially, the former assess
ment method called Point acutance arithmetic is already adopted by the authorities and will be published in the Journal of Image and Graphic.
In this paper, firstly, we will introduce both the base theory of MTF and the method to obtain the MTF form on-orbit satellite. Secondly, we will select some image to experiment and give the analytic result. Finally, we will give the two new methods which respectively apply to image definition assessment and image reconstruction.
引文
1 夏德深，傅德胜 现代图像处理技术与应用 东南大学出版社 1997
2 宁书年 遥感图像处理与应用 地震出版社 1995
3 徐建华 图象处理与分析 科学出版社 1992．1
4 麦伟麟 光学传递函数及其数理基础 国防工业出版社 1978．1
5 章毓晋 图象处理与分析 清华大学出版社 1992．2 pp．111-116
6 沃德．切尼，戴维．金凯德，数值数学与计算，复旦大学出版社，1991
7 卞松玲，刘木兴，刘良读 傅立叶光学，兵器工业出版社，1986
8 游明峻，傅立叶光学，兵器工业出版社，1996
9 N. R. Nelson, P. S. "Barry Measurement of Hyperion MTF from On-Orbit Scenes" 0-7803-7031-1/01/(C) 2001 IEEE
10 A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Shafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, A. V. Oppenheim, Ed., Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989, p. 447.
11 J. W. Tukey, "An introduction to the calculations of numerical spectrum analysis," in Spectral Analysis of TimeSeries, B. Harris, Ed. New York: Wiley, 1967, pp.25-46.
12 D. Leger, J. Duffaut, and F. Robinet, "MTF Measurement Using Spotlight," IEEE Proceedings of IGARRS, pp.2010 - 2012, 1994.
13 R. F. Rauchmiller, R. A. Schowengerdt, "Measurement of Landsat Thematic Mapper Modulation TransferFunction Using an Array of Point Sources," Optical Engineering Vol. 27, No. 4, April 1988.
14 D. E. Lencioni, C. J. Digenis, W. E. Bicknell, D. R. Hearn, and J. A. Mendenhall, "Design and performance ofthe EO-1 Advanced Land Lmager," SPIE Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next Generation Satellites Ⅲ,Florence, Italy, September, 1999.
15 R. A. Schowengerdt, R. W. Basedow, and J. E. Colwe11, "Measurement of the HYDICE System MTF from Flight Imagery, " Proc. SPIE Vol. 2821, pp 127 - 136, June 1996.
16 R. A. Schowengerdt, C. Archwamety, and R. C. Wrigley, "Landsat Thematic Mapper Image-derived MTF, " Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 51 (9), pp. 1395 - 1406, 1985.
17 B. Tatain, "Method for Obtaining the Transfer Functionfrom the Edge Response Function, " J. Optical Society ofAmerica, Vol. 55(8), pp. 1014 - 1019, August 1965.
18 L. Liao, P. Jarecke, O. Gleichauf, and T. Hedman, "Performance Characterization of the Hyperion ImagingSpectrometer Instrument", Proc. SPIE, Vol. 4101, pp. 22 -26, July 2000.
19 R. B. Blackman and J. W. Tukey, The measurement ofpower spectra, from the point of view of communicationsengineering. New York: Dover Publications, 1958.
20 Taeyoung Choi "IKONOS Satellite on Orbit odulation Transfer Function (MTF) Measurement sing Edge and Pulse Method" A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Engineering South Dakota State University 2002.
21 Dennis L. Helder, Taeyoung Choi "IKONOS Satellite in Orbit Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) Measurement using Edge and Pulse Method" Electrical Engineering DepartmentSouth Dakota State University, August, 2002.
22 熊桢，童庆禧，郑兰芬 若干平滑和插值方法对图像空间分辨率力估算的影响 遥感学报 2000 Vol．4 No．1
23 R.C. Wrigley, D.H. Card, C.A. Hlavka, J.R. Hall, F.C. Mertz, C. Archwamrty and R.A. Schowengerdt. " Thematic Mapper image quality: registration, noise, and resolution. " IEEE Transaction Geoscience and Remote Sensing, GE-22(3),pp. 263-271,1984
24 Robert F. Rauchmiller and Rober A. Schowengerdt. "Measurement of the Landsat Thematic Mapper MTF using an array of point sources. " Optical Engineering, 27(4),pp. 334-343,1988.
25 曾生根，仲海泉等 从图像工程角度看CBERS-1 卫星图像 航天返回与遥感 Feb 2001 Vol．22 No．3
26 胡如忠等 中巴地球资源卫星及其应用 全国地方遥感应用协会 2001
27 张霞，张兵等 中巴地球资源一号卫星多光谱扫描图像质量评价 中国图形图像学报 2002 Vol．7No．6
28 殷德奎 俞卞章 佟明安 基于多维直方图的灰度图像质量评价 模式识别与人工智能 1996
29 李奇、冯华君、徐之海等 数字图像清晰度评价函数研究 光子学报 2002 Vol．31 No．6
30 Ahmet M. Eskicioglu and Paul S. Fisher. Image Quality Measures and Their Performance. IEEE Transactions on communications, Vol 43, NO.12, December 1995.
31 R.M. Haralick, K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein. Textural Features for Image Classification. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics, 3(6):610-621, November 1973.
32 张军平 王珏 主曲线研究综述，计算机学报，2003，Vol．26 No．2
33 Douglas M. Bates, Donald G. Watts Nonlinear regression analysis and its applications，中国统计出版社
34 杨元元，王鸿南 中巴地球资源一号卫星图像数据质量评价研究，航天遥感与返回，Vol．4 No．12
2 宁书年 遥感图像处理与应用 地震出版社 1995
3 徐建华 图象处理与分析 科学出版社 1992．1
4 麦伟麟 光学传递函数及其数理基础 国防工业出版社 1978．1
5 章毓晋 图象处理与分析 清华大学出版社 1992．2 pp．111-116
6 沃德．切尼，戴维．金凯德，数值数学与计算，复旦大学出版社，1991
7 卞松玲，刘木兴，刘良读 傅立叶光学，兵器工业出版社，1986
8 游明峻，傅立叶光学，兵器工业出版社，1996
9 N. R. Nelson, P. S. "Barry Measurement of Hyperion MTF from On-Orbit Scenes" 0-7803-7031-1/01/(C) 2001 IEEE
10 A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Shafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, A. V. Oppenheim, Ed., Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989, p. 447.
11 J. W. Tukey, "An introduction to the calculations of numerical spectrum analysis," in Spectral Analysis of TimeSeries, B. Harris, Ed. New York: Wiley, 1967, pp.25-46.
12 D. Leger, J. Duffaut, and F. Robinet, "MTF Measurement Using Spotlight," IEEE Proceedings of IGARRS, pp.2010 - 2012, 1994.
13 R. F. Rauchmiller, R. A. Schowengerdt, "Measurement of Landsat Thematic Mapper Modulation TransferFunction Using an Array of Point Sources," Optical Engineering Vol. 27, No. 4, April 1988.
14 D. E. Lencioni, C. J. Digenis, W. E. Bicknell, D. R. Hearn, and J. A. Mendenhall, "Design and performance ofthe EO-1 Advanced Land Lmager," SPIE Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next Generation Satellites Ⅲ,Florence, Italy, September, 1999.
15 R. A. Schowengerdt, R. W. Basedow, and J. E. Colwe11, "Measurement of the HYDICE System MTF from Flight Imagery, " Proc. SPIE Vol. 2821, pp 127 - 136, June 1996.
16 R. A. Schowengerdt, C. Archwamety, and R. C. Wrigley, "Landsat Thematic Mapper Image-derived MTF, " Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 51 (9), pp. 1395 - 1406, 1985.
17 B. Tatain, "Method for Obtaining the Transfer Functionfrom the Edge Response Function, " J. Optical Society ofAmerica, Vol. 55(8), pp. 1014 - 1019, August 1965.
18 L. Liao, P. Jarecke, O. Gleichauf, and T. Hedman, "Performance Characterization of the Hyperion ImagingSpectrometer Instrument", Proc. SPIE, Vol. 4101, pp. 22 -26, July 2000.
19 R. B. Blackman and J. W. Tukey, The measurement ofpower spectra, from the point of view of communicationsengineering. New York: Dover Publications, 1958.
20 Taeyoung Choi "IKONOS Satellite on Orbit odulation Transfer Function (MTF) Measurement sing Edge and Pulse Method" A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Engineering South Dakota State University 2002.
21 Dennis L. Helder, Taeyoung Choi "IKONOS Satellite in Orbit Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) Measurement using Edge and Pulse Method" Electrical Engineering DepartmentSouth Dakota State University, August, 2002.
22 熊桢，童庆禧，郑兰芬 若干平滑和插值方法对图像空间分辨率力估算的影响 遥感学报 2000 Vol．4 No．1
23 R.C. Wrigley, D.H. Card, C.A. Hlavka, J.R. Hall, F.C. Mertz, C. Archwamrty and R.A. Schowengerdt. " Thematic Mapper image quality: registration, noise, and resolution. " IEEE Transaction Geoscience and Remote Sensing, GE-22(3),pp. 263-271,1984
24 Robert F. Rauchmiller and Rober A. Schowengerdt. "Measurement of the Landsat Thematic Mapper MTF using an array of point sources. " Optical Engineering, 27(4),pp. 334-343,1988.
25 曾生根，仲海泉等 从图像工程角度看CBERS-1 卫星图像 航天返回与遥感 Feb 2001 Vol．22 No．3
26 胡如忠等 中巴地球资源卫星及其应用 全国地方遥感应用协会 2001
27 张霞，张兵等 中巴地球资源一号卫星多光谱扫描图像质量评价 中国图形图像学报 2002 Vol．7No．6
28 殷德奎 俞卞章 佟明安 基于多维直方图的灰度图像质量评价 模式识别与人工智能 1996
29 李奇、冯华君、徐之海等 数字图像清晰度评价函数研究 光子学报 2002 Vol．31 No．6
30 Ahmet M. Eskicioglu and Paul S. Fisher. Image Quality Measures and Their Performance. IEEE Transactions on communications, Vol 43, NO.12, December 1995.
31 R.M. Haralick, K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein. Textural Features for Image Classification. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics, 3(6):610-621, November 1973.
32 张军平 王珏 主曲线研究综述，计算机学报，2003，Vol．26 No．2
33 Douglas M. Bates, Donald G. Watts Nonlinear regression analysis and its applications，中国统计出版社
34 杨元元，王鸿南 中巴地球资源一号卫星图像数据质量评价研究，航天遥感与返回，Vol．4 No．12
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