桉树焦枯病的研究
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摘要
桉树是我国南方重要的森林资源，在福建省的泉州、漳州、三明等地市就有几万亩至几十万亩的连片栽培。桉树焦枯病(Eucalyptus dieback)是国内森林植物检疫对象之一。
1999年前，该病害在福建省没有分布记载。1999年7月，在福建省永安市的湍石采育场首次发现了该病害的为害，造成数百亩巨尾桉枯死。福建省森防检疫部门对此极为重视，林业厅专门为此发布了疫情通报，当地林业部门立即组织了扑灭工作。但由于对该病害在我省的发生特点及发生发展规律缺乏了解，国内外也缺乏对该病害的系统研究，因而无法制定有效的治理措施。据三明市森防检疫站2000年的调查，该病害仍然在永安市的桉树林中蔓延扩展。
为此，我们对该病害病原菌的生物学特性、病害在福建省的发生发展规律、病原菌的室内药效测定、病害的综合防治措施、病害损失量的估计等进行了研究，结果如下。
1 病原菌的生物学特性
桉树焦枯病的病原菌是半知菌亚门丛梗孢目帚梗柱枝孢属的帚梗柱枝菌(Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Figueredo)．该病原菌对环境和营养条件有较严格的要求。在淀粉培养基和桉叶煎汁琼脂培养基上生长较好。在培养基中加入不同的碳、氮源，均能明显促进生长．菌丝生长要求较高的湿度，但适生的温度范围则比较广(15～35℃)。酸性环境有利于产孢与孢子的萌发，而中性偏碱则有利于菌丝生长。黑暗条件有利于菌丝营养生长，而生殖生长则相反。
2 病害的发生发展规律
采用设立标准地的方法对桉树焦枯病进行了全年的观测。结果表明，病原菌主要为害桉树叶片和枝梢，多数是从植株下部枝叶开始发病，逐渐向上蔓延，少数可以树冠上、中、下各部分同时发病；病原菌从无伤表皮或伤口侵入桉树的枝叶，以菌丝和子实体的形式在土壤或落叶上越冬。越冬病原菌次年5月份产生分生孢子传播扩散，传播的主要途径是风雨传播；发病的高峰期一般在7～9月份，高温高湿有利于该病的蔓延和扩展。
福建农林人学硕{学位论文
3病原菌的室内药效测定
采用含毒介质培养法的生长速度法做了8种杀菌剂对按树焦枯病的室内药
效测定.结果表明，8种杀菌剂的药效与药剂的浓度呈负相关的关系.其中以达
科宁的药效最高，其次是退菌特、杀毒矾，再次是代森锌、代森锰锌一s，加收米
的药效最低.
4病害的综合防治措施
田间药效实验表明，不同的药剂及其不同的浓度对病原菌的作用效果差异显
著，以杀毒矾和达科宁的效果最佳，建议生产上用杀毒矾和达科宁进行常规喷雾
防治;在营林措施防治中，又以除草加施肥的防效最高，肥料的选用可用钙镁磷
肥做基肥，尿素做追肥.在病害发生初期如果能扫除林地的病叶，则能极大地减
少初侵染来源，减轻当年发病的程度.
5病害的损失估计
在严重发病的林分，按不同的感病指数，采用典型整群抽样的样地调查和树
干解析的方法，明确了各个病级对按树的高生长、径生长和材积生长的影响.从
而确定了感病指数与损失率之间的关系.研究表明，当感病指数达到5级时，按
树的胸径、树高、材积年平均生长量损失分别为健株的35.11%、26.47%、65.62%.并
在此基础上对永安市因按树焦枯病所致的材积损失进行了估测.
The forest of Eucalyptus is the main source of forest in the south of China. There are ten thousands to hundred thousands mu Eucalyptus which are cultivated stand by stand in some counties in Fujian , such as Quanzhou County ,Zhangzhou County and Sanming County etc .Eucalyptus Dieback is one of quarantined forestry plant disease .It often occurs in nursery-grown plants and the coppice shoot under four years,in the same time ,it also infect sprouting trees.
The disease was not recorded 1999 ago in Fujian Province .But in July 1997,it was found in the forest-experimental station of Tuangshi in Yong'an County .Fujian , which has made hundreds mu Eucalyptus dry to die .The Forestry Quarantine Station of Fujian Province pay great attention to it ,and the civil forestry department organize some one to extinguish it at once . But they can't lay down effectively controlling measure ,because they are lack of understanding and studying on the feature of the occurrence and development about this disease in our province .So that it still extend in the forest in Yong'an County .according to the founding of the Forestry Quarantine Station of Sanming County in 2000.
Therefore, we have made the primary study on the biological characteristics of the pathogen ,the rule of the occurrence and development ,the measuring house toxicity on pathogen ,the multiple control of the disease and the determinaton of the loss of the disease .The results are showed as follow:
1 The biological characteristics of the pathogen
The pathogen of Eucalyptus Dieback is Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Figueredo. It has a rather strict demand of nutrition and circumstance .It grows better in medium containing amylum or juice of the leaves of Eucalyptus with agar. If adds different C or N to the medium , it can promote the growth of the hypha obviously . The growth of the hypha demand higher moisture ,but the temperature that be suit to grow is from 15 to 35 degrees centigrade .The acidic environment is benefit to sporogenesis and the spore germination ,meanwhile , the basic one is good for the growth of hypha .The dark condition is benefit to nutrition growth ,but the reproductive growth is object to that .
2 The rule of the occurrence and development of this disease
Establishing the standard sample to observe the disease all the year .It mainly endangers the leaves and branches ,and mostly begins from the lower branches ,up to the top . It least begains on the lower ,middle and utter crown at the same time .The pathogen can invade the leaves through no injuried cutex or wounds .Its wintering ground is the soil or the deblade ,as mycelia and immature sporocarp. The spores diffuse from May , and the hightime is from July to October ,mainly spreaded by rain and wind .Higher temperature and moisture is benefit the disease to extend .
3 The measuring of house toxicity on the pathogen
Adopting the way of measuring the grow speed in the toxic medium ,we choose eight different usual fungicides to determinat their toxicity. The result indicated: the relations between the toxicity of different fungicides and the concentration is negative correlation. The fungicidal effect of Doconct is the highest ,the second was Tuzet and Oxandixyl & Mancozeb ,the third was Zineb and Mancozeb Sulfur, Kasugamycin was the lowest.
4 Multiple control of disease
The result of field test indicated: the relations between different fungicides and its concentration is significance .Because the effect of Oxandixyl & Mancozeb and Daconil are the best ,so we advise adopting them to spray in practice .In the same time ,if choosing nursing measures, the best is weeding and manurance .The Calcium mangne-sium phosphate fertilizer acts as basal application of fertilizer ,and the Carbamide as refertilizer. Weeding the leaves infecting the disease at the preliminary period ,so that it can lighten the degree of the disease.
5 The estimation of the loss of the disease
In the seriously infected stand ,adopting canonical sample and analysis in stems ,the effects of different inf
1999年前，该病害在福建省没有分布记载。1999年7月，在福建省永安市的湍石采育场首次发现了该病害的为害，造成数百亩巨尾桉枯死。福建省森防检疫部门对此极为重视，林业厅专门为此发布了疫情通报，当地林业部门立即组织了扑灭工作。但由于对该病害在我省的发生特点及发生发展规律缺乏了解，国内外也缺乏对该病害的系统研究，因而无法制定有效的治理措施。据三明市森防检疫站2000年的调查，该病害仍然在永安市的桉树林中蔓延扩展。
为此，我们对该病害病原菌的生物学特性、病害在福建省的发生发展规律、病原菌的室内药效测定、病害的综合防治措施、病害损失量的估计等进行了研究，结果如下。
1 病原菌的生物学特性
桉树焦枯病的病原菌是半知菌亚门丛梗孢目帚梗柱枝孢属的帚梗柱枝菌(Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Figueredo)．该病原菌对环境和营养条件有较严格的要求。在淀粉培养基和桉叶煎汁琼脂培养基上生长较好。在培养基中加入不同的碳、氮源，均能明显促进生长．菌丝生长要求较高的湿度，但适生的温度范围则比较广(15～35℃)。酸性环境有利于产孢与孢子的萌发，而中性偏碱则有利于菌丝生长。黑暗条件有利于菌丝营养生长，而生殖生长则相反。
2 病害的发生发展规律
采用设立标准地的方法对桉树焦枯病进行了全年的观测。结果表明，病原菌主要为害桉树叶片和枝梢，多数是从植株下部枝叶开始发病，逐渐向上蔓延，少数可以树冠上、中、下各部分同时发病；病原菌从无伤表皮或伤口侵入桉树的枝叶，以菌丝和子实体的形式在土壤或落叶上越冬。越冬病原菌次年5月份产生分生孢子传播扩散，传播的主要途径是风雨传播；发病的高峰期一般在7～9月份，高温高湿有利于该病的蔓延和扩展。
福建农林人学硕{学位论文
3病原菌的室内药效测定
采用含毒介质培养法的生长速度法做了8种杀菌剂对按树焦枯病的室内药
效测定.结果表明，8种杀菌剂的药效与药剂的浓度呈负相关的关系.其中以达
科宁的药效最高，其次是退菌特、杀毒矾，再次是代森锌、代森锰锌一s，加收米
的药效最低.
4病害的综合防治措施
田间药效实验表明，不同的药剂及其不同的浓度对病原菌的作用效果差异显
著，以杀毒矾和达科宁的效果最佳，建议生产上用杀毒矾和达科宁进行常规喷雾
防治;在营林措施防治中，又以除草加施肥的防效最高，肥料的选用可用钙镁磷
肥做基肥，尿素做追肥.在病害发生初期如果能扫除林地的病叶，则能极大地减
少初侵染来源，减轻当年发病的程度.
5病害的损失估计
在严重发病的林分，按不同的感病指数，采用典型整群抽样的样地调查和树
干解析的方法，明确了各个病级对按树的高生长、径生长和材积生长的影响.从
而确定了感病指数与损失率之间的关系.研究表明，当感病指数达到5级时，按
树的胸径、树高、材积年平均生长量损失分别为健株的35.11%、26.47%、65.62%.并
在此基础上对永安市因按树焦枯病所致的材积损失进行了估测.
The forest of Eucalyptus is the main source of forest in the south of China. There are ten thousands to hundred thousands mu Eucalyptus which are cultivated stand by stand in some counties in Fujian , such as Quanzhou County ,Zhangzhou County and Sanming County etc .Eucalyptus Dieback is one of quarantined forestry plant disease .It often occurs in nursery-grown plants and the coppice shoot under four years,in the same time ,it also infect sprouting trees.
The disease was not recorded 1999 ago in Fujian Province .But in July 1997,it was found in the forest-experimental station of Tuangshi in Yong'an County .Fujian , which has made hundreds mu Eucalyptus dry to die .The Forestry Quarantine Station of Fujian Province pay great attention to it ,and the civil forestry department organize some one to extinguish it at once . But they can't lay down effectively controlling measure ,because they are lack of understanding and studying on the feature of the occurrence and development about this disease in our province .So that it still extend in the forest in Yong'an County .according to the founding of the Forestry Quarantine Station of Sanming County in 2000.
Therefore, we have made the primary study on the biological characteristics of the pathogen ,the rule of the occurrence and development ,the measuring house toxicity on pathogen ,the multiple control of the disease and the determinaton of the loss of the disease .The results are showed as follow:
1 The biological characteristics of the pathogen
The pathogen of Eucalyptus Dieback is Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Figueredo. It has a rather strict demand of nutrition and circumstance .It grows better in medium containing amylum or juice of the leaves of Eucalyptus with agar. If adds different C or N to the medium , it can promote the growth of the hypha obviously . The growth of the hypha demand higher moisture ,but the temperature that be suit to grow is from 15 to 35 degrees centigrade .The acidic environment is benefit to sporogenesis and the spore germination ,meanwhile , the basic one is good for the growth of hypha .The dark condition is benefit to nutrition growth ,but the reproductive growth is object to that .
2 The rule of the occurrence and development of this disease
Establishing the standard sample to observe the disease all the year .It mainly endangers the leaves and branches ,and mostly begins from the lower branches ,up to the top . It least begains on the lower ,middle and utter crown at the same time .The pathogen can invade the leaves through no injuried cutex or wounds .Its wintering ground is the soil or the deblade ,as mycelia and immature sporocarp. The spores diffuse from May , and the hightime is from July to October ,mainly spreaded by rain and wind .Higher temperature and moisture is benefit the disease to extend .
3 The measuring of house toxicity on the pathogen
Adopting the way of measuring the grow speed in the toxic medium ,we choose eight different usual fungicides to determinat their toxicity. The result indicated: the relations between the toxicity of different fungicides and the concentration is negative correlation. The fungicidal effect of Doconct is the highest ,the second was Tuzet and Oxandixyl & Mancozeb ,the third was Zineb and Mancozeb Sulfur, Kasugamycin was the lowest.
4 Multiple control of disease
The result of field test indicated: the relations between different fungicides and its concentration is significance .Because the effect of Oxandixyl & Mancozeb and Daconil are the best ,so we advise adopting them to spray in practice .In the same time ,if choosing nursing measures, the best is weeding and manurance .The Calcium mangne-sium phosphate fertilizer acts as basal application of fertilizer ,and the Carbamide as refertilizer. Weeding the leaves infecting the disease at the preliminary period ,so that it can lighten the degree of the disease.
5 The estimation of the loss of the disease
In the seriously infected stand ,adopting canonical sample and analysis in stems ,the effects of different inf
引文
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