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外商直接投资对我国产业结构变动影响的分析
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摘要
改革开放以来,外商对华直接投资迅猛发展,外资经济已经成为中国国民经济中重要的组成部分,对我国经济社会的各个方面都产生了重大影响。面对加入世界贸易组织之后的新情况和经济全球化进程中不断出现的新特点,如何更好地合理利用国际直接投资服务于我国经济的发展已然成为一项重大课题。由于篇幅所限,本文仅对外商对华直接投资的产业结构变动效应方面进行探讨,具体内容安排如下:
    第一章,有关理论和文献综述。本章简单介绍了国际直接投资理论中的垄断优势理论、市场内部化理论和国际生产折衷理论的主要观点,重点对探讨外国直接投资和东道国产业结构调整关系的雁行模式理论和边际产业扩张理论进行了阐述,并在这些理论的基础上总结了国际直接投资对东道国产业结构的升级效应及其制约因素。
    第二章,外商对华直接投资的发展、原因及其产业分布特点。本章简要回顾了外商对华直接投资的四个发展阶段;其次指出导致外商对华直接投资迅速发展的国际因素,即国际分工深化、国际资本充裕、跨国公司全球一体化战略、国际直接投资政策自由化和发展中国家产业结构调整,以及国内因素,包括自然因素、经济因素、制度因素和基础设施因素;在本章的第三部分归纳了外商直接投资在我国三次产业之间及各产业内部主要的四个分布特点,即外商直接投资主要集中于第二产业,外商直接投资在三次产业之间的分布比重具有周期性变动的特点,外商直接投资向制造业结构性地倾斜,第三产业的外商直接投资主要集中于房地产和社会服务业等少数几个行业。
    第三章,外商直接投资对我国产业结构变动的影响。在对大量统计数据进行整理分析的基础上,提出外商对华直接投资对我国产业结构变动存在重要影响。第一,从整体上看,外商直接投资较大规模地集中于第二产业,在第三产业的比重偏低,在一定程度上扩大了我国第二产业产出比重过大而第三产业产出比重偏小的结构性偏差。第二,外商直接投资向第二产业的结构性倾斜扩大了我国第二产业和第一、第三产业在产业发展水平和国际竞争力上的差别。第三,从工业内部结构来看,外商直接投资对轻工业的结构性倾斜助长了我国消费品工业的过度扩张;外商直接投资尤其是跨国公司投资促进了我国技术密集型行
    
    
    业的发展;此外,外商直接投资也在一定程度上加剧了工业领域的重复建设和抑制了我国某些幼稚产业的成长。第四,外商直接投资在弥补农业建设资金不足,促进农业的产业化经营,促进农业技术进步,推动农业向外向型经济发展等多个方面对我国农业的发展发挥了积极作用。第五,第三产业引进外商直接投资,有利于增加建设资金,引进先进的管理经验和生产技术,培养高级管理人才,增加就业,同时也有利于改善我国的投资环境,强化市场机制和竞争机制,促进我国向市场经济转轨。
    第四章,利用外商直接投资存在的问题,利用外资的产业趋势及合理利用外商直接投资的产业政策建议。本章首先总结了我国利用外商直接投资的过程中存在的主要问题,包括认识偏差、结构不合理、管理不善以及重复低水平引进等。其次,结合国内外情况分析了当前我国利用外商直接投资面临的一系列有利和不利因素:从有利因素来看,经济全球化所导致的资本流动仍将持续发展,劳动力成本偏低的比较优势长期存在,对外开放领域日益扩大,原有外商投资企业需要进一步的追加投资,我国经济对外资的吸引力将进一步增强;从不利因素来看,国际直接投资仍将受世界经济波动的影响,区域经济一体化对国际直接投资造成替代,各国引资竞争加剧,我国对外资的优惠逐渐取消,总体经济增长趋于平稳。综合上述有利和不利因素,指出外商直接投资在我国不同行业的发展趋势:制造业仍是外商投资相对集中的领域,但其吸引外资的重点将由劳动密集型的轻加工组装业转向重化工业、深加工业和高新技术产业;服务业利用外商直接投资将有望实现比较高的增长速度,农业利用外商直接投资亦会取得相应进展。第三,就如何合理利用外商直接投资,优化外商直接投资的产业结构,以使其服务于我国产业结构调整升级的目标提出了相应政策建议:引导外商投资于资本密集型和资本产出效率比较高的行业,利用外资改造和提升传统产业部门的技术水平和产品质量;大力推动高新技术产业的引资工作,允许外商资金参与创业型企业的投资,以加快高新技术产业的发展;高度重视基础设施产业的引资工作,放宽市场准入,促进垄断行业的改革和升级;继续鼓励外商投资于第三产业和资本装备程度比较高的劳动密集型行业,扩大社会就业基础,优化就业结构;积极引导外商投资于农业,促进农业产业化的发展;保持吸引外资政策的连续性,继续改善投资环境。
Since the 1980’s, with the fast and continuous growth of China’s economy and the rapid development of economic globalization, foreign direct investment in China has made great progress and it has become an important part of China’s economy, playing a more and more important role in China’s economic development. With China’s entry into WTO and the further economic globalization, how to utilize FDI more effectively is becoming a big issue for China to face now. This paper focuses on the relationship between FDI and China’s industrial structure, and its contents except the preface are divided as follows.
    Chapter 1 is an introduction of theories and literature. This part gives a simple introduction of traditional FDI theories, including theory of absolute advantage, theory of internalization of market and eclectic theory of International production. It mainly discusses theories about the relationship between FDI and host country’s industrial structure. On the basis of theoretical introduction, effects of FDI on host country’s industrial structure are summarized.
    Chapter 2 reviews the changing of FDI in China and reasons for it, points out the main characteristics of FDI’s sectoral distribution in China. Generally speaking, there are four steps of China’s using FDI. The causes of FDI’s development in China include both internal and international factors. As for international factors, the deepening of international co-production, abundant international capital, multinational company’s global integration strategy, FDI policy of less constraints and industrial structure adjusting in developing countries are mentioned. Internal determinants consist of natural factor, economic factors, institutional factors and infrastructural factors. The third part of this chapter points out four main characteristics of FDI’s sectoral distribution: FDI is mostly distributed in the secondary industry; the sectoral distribution is changed periodically; FDI is significantly distributed in manufacturing industry; FDI in the real estate sector and social service industry accounts for a majority of the total amount in the tertiary industry.
    Chapter 3 focuses on the impacts of FDI on China’s industrial structure. Panel data is examined to get the results of this part. First, a highly uneven sectoral distribution of
    
    
    FDI in China partly increases the bias of China’s industrial structure. Second, most FDI is distributed in the secondary industry magnifies the differences of development level and international competitiveness between the secondary industry and the other two industries. Third, as the industry sector is concerned, light industry accounts for a larger amount of FDI than heavy industry, which in part contributes to the excessive expansion of consumable industry; FDI especially FDI from multinational companies accelerates the development of China’s technology-intensive industries; besides the two points above, FDI also partly contributes to the duplicate construction and restrains the development of infant industry. Fourth, FDI has positive effects on the development of agriculture, such as providing capital, promoting the industrialization of agriculture, improving the technological level of agriculture production and increasing the opening level of the primary industry. Fifth, in the tertiary industry, FDI provides money for building, introduces advanced technology and experienced management, helps cultivate human resources, improves the investment environment, strengthens the competition and accelerates the process of transition toward market-oriented economy.
    Chapter 4 mentions problems existing in utilizing FDI, forsees the trends of FDI’s sectoral distribution and makes some suggestions. Problems needed to note during utilizing FDI include the bias of knowledgement, the unreasonable sectoral distribution, bad management and duplicate construction at low level. Now China’s introducing FDI are influenced by a series of factors. Considering the economic globalization which is still making progress, the compa
引文
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