郑州高新区超硬材料产业集群的现状与对策研究
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摘要
国内外实践证明，产业集群是有效的区域发展战略。大家熟知的成功高新区如美国“硅谷”、台湾新竹工业园区、印度班加罗尔、北京中关村也都具有产业集群的特性，并对经济发展起到了很大的推进作用。而郑州高新区2002年的国内生产总值仅占郑州市总量的3.8％，经济带动作用非常微弱。同时，在全球经济一体化的进程中，有竞争力产品的厂商及有关机构有向特定区域集聚的趋势，并在世界各地形成了各具特色的产业群落，这些产业集群具有较强的竞争力，极大地推动了区域经济的发展。在这样的背景下，对郑州高新区的产业集群状况进行分析具有很强的现实意义，本论文选择郑州高新区初具特色的超硬材料产业集群进行了研究。
国内外学者对产业集群进行了多方面的研究，但基本上集中在那些具有明显集群效应的产业上，对一个未形成“亮点”的产业集群如何进行研究，从何入手，还没有一个十分成形的分析框架。本文尝试建立了这个分析框架，提出研究产业集群可从其结构分析入手，从结构上看，产业集群包括核心系统、调控系统、支持系统三部分。结合产业集群的空间集聚性、联系复杂性、本地根植性的基本特征对产业集群的结构进行分析，从而判断其所处的发展阶段。这样的一个分析框架，特别是其中产业集群的结构分析，是本论文重要的创新之处，在作者检索到的文献中，未有类似的研究。
本论文以此分析框架，对郑州高新区超硬材料产业集群的核心系统、调控系统、支持系统进行了研究，分析了其存在的问题和制约因素。从核心系统上看，存在产业链联系脆弱、竞争激烈而合作很少、企业根植性不强等问题；从调控系统上看，引导集群发展的政策不突出制约了集群的发展；从支持系统上看，存在着中介建设不完善、风险投资支持不力等问题。针对上述问题，论文尝试给出以下对策建议：在调控系统方面，政府部门要提高对产业集群的认识；大力引进超硬材料相关企业；积极营造区域创新创业环境等。在核心系统方面，企业要在竞争基础上，加强彼此间的合作；要加强超硬材料制品方面的应用与研究；要进一步完善“产学研”的合作机制等。在支持系统方面，要多渠道进行资金支持；加强科技中介机构的建设；行业协会要充分发挥作用等。
The domestic and foreign practices proved that industrial cluster was the available regional development strategy. Some famous and successful hi-tech zones which have industrial cluster characteristics such as Silicon Valley in America etc., had great push effect for economic development. However, the Zhengzhou Hi-tech Zone has little positive influence towards the urban economy for its GDP only accounted for 3.8% of that of the whole city in 2002. During the process of economic globalization, manufactures and relative institutions with competitive products tend to gather in certain location to form characteristic industrial clusters. These clusters with more competitive capacity enormously pushed the regional economic development. Under the background, analysis for industrial cluster of Zhengzhou Hi-tech Zone has great realistic meaning. The paper chose super-hard material industry of Zhengzhou Hi-tech Zone to research.
Domestic and foreign scholars had studied many aspects of industrial cluster, but most studies focused on the industries with obvious cluster effect. There isn't framework about how and where to carry out the study of an industrial cluster that hasn't become a focus. The dissertation tries to establish the frame and brings forward that studying industrial cluster should begin with its structure. Studying from structure, industry cluster include three parts -core system, regulating and controlling system, sustaining system. Analysis of industrial cluster's structure combined with studying primary characteristic of industrial cluster space agglomeration, relative complexity, local embeddedness, can judge the cluster development stage. The analysis frame, especially the analysis of structure of industrial cluster is an important innovation which writer didn't find similar research in literature search.
Using this analysis frame, the dissertation researches core system, regulating and controlling system and sustaining system of super-hard material industrial cluster in Zhengzhou Hi-tech Zone and analyses the questions and restricted factors. In the aspect of the core system there exist such problems as weakness of industrial links, over-competition and lack of co-operation, relatively slight localization of the enterprises. In the aspect of regulating and controlling system there exist uncertainty of the policies towards industrial cluster that restricts the clusters' development. In the aspect of sustaining system, there exist absence of science media, inadequacy of risk investment. Concerning the problems above, the dissertation tempts to provide the following suggestions: As to the regulating and controlling system, the government should upgrade cognizance of industrial clusters, make great efforts to induce enterprises relative with super-hard materials, and actively construct regional innovation conditions. As to the core system, enterprises should strengthen co-operation on the basis of competition, strengthen application and research of super hard material products, and improve their qualities and ranks, consummate cooperative mechanism of "producing-learning-studying". As to the sustaining system, it is necessary to broaden a variety of ways to finance, media institution construction should be strengthened, industrial unions should play important roles.
国内外学者对产业集群进行了多方面的研究，但基本上集中在那些具有明显集群效应的产业上，对一个未形成“亮点”的产业集群如何进行研究，从何入手，还没有一个十分成形的分析框架。本文尝试建立了这个分析框架，提出研究产业集群可从其结构分析入手，从结构上看，产业集群包括核心系统、调控系统、支持系统三部分。结合产业集群的空间集聚性、联系复杂性、本地根植性的基本特征对产业集群的结构进行分析，从而判断其所处的发展阶段。这样的一个分析框架，特别是其中产业集群的结构分析，是本论文重要的创新之处，在作者检索到的文献中，未有类似的研究。
本论文以此分析框架，对郑州高新区超硬材料产业集群的核心系统、调控系统、支持系统进行了研究，分析了其存在的问题和制约因素。从核心系统上看，存在产业链联系脆弱、竞争激烈而合作很少、企业根植性不强等问题；从调控系统上看，引导集群发展的政策不突出制约了集群的发展；从支持系统上看，存在着中介建设不完善、风险投资支持不力等问题。针对上述问题，论文尝试给出以下对策建议：在调控系统方面，政府部门要提高对产业集群的认识；大力引进超硬材料相关企业；积极营造区域创新创业环境等。在核心系统方面，企业要在竞争基础上，加强彼此间的合作；要加强超硬材料制品方面的应用与研究；要进一步完善“产学研”的合作机制等。在支持系统方面，要多渠道进行资金支持；加强科技中介机构的建设；行业协会要充分发挥作用等。
The domestic and foreign practices proved that industrial cluster was the available regional development strategy. Some famous and successful hi-tech zones which have industrial cluster characteristics such as Silicon Valley in America etc., had great push effect for economic development. However, the Zhengzhou Hi-tech Zone has little positive influence towards the urban economy for its GDP only accounted for 3.8% of that of the whole city in 2002. During the process of economic globalization, manufactures and relative institutions with competitive products tend to gather in certain location to form characteristic industrial clusters. These clusters with more competitive capacity enormously pushed the regional economic development. Under the background, analysis for industrial cluster of Zhengzhou Hi-tech Zone has great realistic meaning. The paper chose super-hard material industry of Zhengzhou Hi-tech Zone to research.
Domestic and foreign scholars had studied many aspects of industrial cluster, but most studies focused on the industries with obvious cluster effect. There isn't framework about how and where to carry out the study of an industrial cluster that hasn't become a focus. The dissertation tries to establish the frame and brings forward that studying industrial cluster should begin with its structure. Studying from structure, industry cluster include three parts -core system, regulating and controlling system, sustaining system. Analysis of industrial cluster's structure combined with studying primary characteristic of industrial cluster space agglomeration, relative complexity, local embeddedness, can judge the cluster development stage. The analysis frame, especially the analysis of structure of industrial cluster is an important innovation which writer didn't find similar research in literature search.
Using this analysis frame, the dissertation researches core system, regulating and controlling system and sustaining system of super-hard material industrial cluster in Zhengzhou Hi-tech Zone and analyses the questions and restricted factors. In the aspect of the core system there exist such problems as weakness of industrial links, over-competition and lack of co-operation, relatively slight localization of the enterprises. In the aspect of regulating and controlling system there exist uncertainty of the policies towards industrial cluster that restricts the clusters' development. In the aspect of sustaining system, there exist absence of science media, inadequacy of risk investment. Concerning the problems above, the dissertation tempts to provide the following suggestions: As to the regulating and controlling system, the government should upgrade cognizance of industrial clusters, make great efforts to induce enterprises relative with super-hard materials, and actively construct regional innovation conditions. As to the core system, enterprises should strengthen co-operation on the basis of competition, strengthen application and research of super hard material products, and improve their qualities and ranks, consummate cooperative mechanism of "producing-learning-studying". As to the sustaining system, it is necessary to broaden a variety of ways to finance, media institution construction should be strengthened, industrial unions should play important roles.
引文
[1] 丹歇尔．经济学原理．北京：商务印书馆，1981
[2] 韦伯．工业区位论．北京：商务印书馆，1997
[3] 迈克尔·波特．国家竞争优势．北京：华夏出版社，2000
[4] 迈克尔·波特．竞争论．北京：中信出版社，2003
[5] 郝寿义．区域经济学．北京：经济科学出版社，1999
[6] 张金锁．区域经济学．天津：天津大学出版社，2003
[7] 王缉慈．创新的空间．北京：北京大学出版社，2001
[8] 盖文启．创新网络．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[9] 朱华晟．浙江产业群．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2003
[10] 魏江．产业集群—创新系统与技术学习．北京：科学出版社，2003
[11] 陈雪梅．中小企业集群的理论与实践．北京：经济科学出版社，2003
[12] 朱英明．产业集聚论．北京：经济科学出版社，2003
[13] 俞文华．美国高技术产业区产业群模式及其优势来源分析．国土开发与整治，1997(2)
[14] 曾忠禄．产业集群与国际竞争优势．当代财经，1996(7)
[15] 苏东水．产业经济学．北京：高等教育出版社，2000
[16] 刘友金．论集群式创新的组织模式．中国软科学，2002(2)
[17] 刘友金．产业集群的区域创新优势与我国高新区的发展．中国工业经济，2001(2)
[18] 孙伟．关于产业群的基本研究．科研管理，2002(3)
[19] 臧新．产业集群产生原因的理论困惑和探索．生产力研究，2003(1)
[20] 杜润生．解读温州经济模式．时代信息，2000(3)
[21] 杨公朴．产业经济学．上海：上海财经大学出版社，1998
[22] 傅家骥．技术创新学．北京：清华大学出版社，1998
[23] 钱平凡．产业集群发展的国际经验．国研网www．drcnet．com．cn
[24] 郭励弘．高新技术产业：发展规律与风险投资．北京：中国发展出版社，2000
[25] 胡珑瑛．高技术产业集群的动因分析．技术经济，2002(8)
[26] 钟坚．世界硅谷模式的制度分析．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2001，
[27] 李小建．经济地理学．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[28] 夏海钧．中国高新区发展之路．北京：中信出版社，2001
[29] 朱文晖．走向竞合—珠三角与长三角经济发展比较．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
[30] 李维安．网络组织—组织发展新趋势．北京经济科学出版社，2003
[31] 刘荣增．城镇密集区发展演化机制与整合．北京：经济科学出版社，2003
[32] 闫二旺．区域经济发展的微观机理．北京经济科学出版社，2003
[33] 陆立军．中国工业园区发展．北京：中国经济出版社，2003
[34] 王德禄．区域的崛起—区域创新理论与案例研究．济南：山东教育出版社，2002
[35] 安纳利·萨克森宁．地区优势：硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争．上海：上海远东出版社，1999
[36] 聂鸣．OECD国家产业集群政策分析和对我国的启示．中国地质大学学报，2002(1)
[37] 汪炜等．经济增长的区域影响与集聚效应分析．数量经济技术研究，2001(5)
[38] 王缉慈．简论我国地方企业集群的研究意义．经济地理，2001(5)
[39] 王缉慈．地方产业群战略．中国工业经济，2002(3)
[40] 魏后凯．对产业集群与竞争力的考察．经济管理·新管理，2003(6)
[41] 张元智．产业集聚与区域竞争优势探讨．国际贸易贸易问题，2001(9)
[42] 李达．从硅谷看风险资本对发展高新区的重要意义．吉林大学社会科学学报，1995(1)
[43] 安葆慷．内陆高新区发展中的问题与对策初探．开发区论坛，1998(1)
[41] 盖文启．从硅谷的成功看中国高新区的发展．中国工业经济，1999(12)
[45] Krugman. Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 1991(1)
[46] Ian R. Gordon. Industrial Clusters-Complexes, Agglomeration and/or Social Networks. Urban Studies, 2000(3)
[47] Michael E. Porter. Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review, 1998(6)
[2] 韦伯．工业区位论．北京：商务印书馆，1997
[3] 迈克尔·波特．国家竞争优势．北京：华夏出版社，2000
[4] 迈克尔·波特．竞争论．北京：中信出版社，2003
[5] 郝寿义．区域经济学．北京：经济科学出版社，1999
[6] 张金锁．区域经济学．天津：天津大学出版社，2003
[7] 王缉慈．创新的空间．北京：北京大学出版社，2001
[8] 盖文启．创新网络．北京：北京大学出版社，2002
[9] 朱华晟．浙江产业群．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2003
[10] 魏江．产业集群—创新系统与技术学习．北京：科学出版社，2003
[11] 陈雪梅．中小企业集群的理论与实践．北京：经济科学出版社，2003
[12] 朱英明．产业集聚论．北京：经济科学出版社，2003
[13] 俞文华．美国高技术产业区产业群模式及其优势来源分析．国土开发与整治，1997(2)
[14] 曾忠禄．产业集群与国际竞争优势．当代财经，1996(7)
[15] 苏东水．产业经济学．北京：高等教育出版社，2000
[16] 刘友金．论集群式创新的组织模式．中国软科学，2002(2)
[17] 刘友金．产业集群的区域创新优势与我国高新区的发展．中国工业经济，2001(2)
[18] 孙伟．关于产业群的基本研究．科研管理，2002(3)
[19] 臧新．产业集群产生原因的理论困惑和探索．生产力研究，2003(1)
[20] 杜润生．解读温州经济模式．时代信息，2000(3)
[21] 杨公朴．产业经济学．上海：上海财经大学出版社，1998
[22] 傅家骥．技术创新学．北京：清华大学出版社，1998
[23] 钱平凡．产业集群发展的国际经验．国研网www．drcnet．com．cn
[24] 郭励弘．高新技术产业：发展规律与风险投资．北京：中国发展出版社，2000
[25] 胡珑瑛．高技术产业集群的动因分析．技术经济，2002(8)
[26] 钟坚．世界硅谷模式的制度分析．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2001，
[27] 李小建．经济地理学．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[28] 夏海钧．中国高新区发展之路．北京：中信出版社，2001
[29] 朱文晖．走向竞合—珠三角与长三角经济发展比较．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
[30] 李维安．网络组织—组织发展新趋势．北京经济科学出版社，2003
[31] 刘荣增．城镇密集区发展演化机制与整合．北京：经济科学出版社，2003
[32] 闫二旺．区域经济发展的微观机理．北京经济科学出版社，2003
[33] 陆立军．中国工业园区发展．北京：中国经济出版社，2003
[34] 王德禄．区域的崛起—区域创新理论与案例研究．济南：山东教育出版社，2002
[35] 安纳利·萨克森宁．地区优势：硅谷和128公路地区的文化与竞争．上海：上海远东出版社，1999
[36] 聂鸣．OECD国家产业集群政策分析和对我国的启示．中国地质大学学报，2002(1)
[37] 汪炜等．经济增长的区域影响与集聚效应分析．数量经济技术研究，2001(5)
[38] 王缉慈．简论我国地方企业集群的研究意义．经济地理，2001(5)
[39] 王缉慈．地方产业群战略．中国工业经济，2002(3)
[40] 魏后凯．对产业集群与竞争力的考察．经济管理·新管理，2003(6)
[41] 张元智．产业集聚与区域竞争优势探讨．国际贸易贸易问题，2001(9)
[42] 李达．从硅谷看风险资本对发展高新区的重要意义．吉林大学社会科学学报，1995(1)
[43] 安葆慷．内陆高新区发展中的问题与对策初探．开发区论坛，1998(1)
[41] 盖文启．从硅谷的成功看中国高新区的发展．中国工业经济，1999(12)
[45] Krugman. Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 1991(1)
[46] Ian R. Gordon. Industrial Clusters-Complexes, Agglomeration and/or Social Networks. Urban Studies, 2000(3)
[47] Michael E. Porter. Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review, 1998(6)
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