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激光加工机的微机控制技术研究
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摘要
激光加工是激光应用技术的重要领域,近年来发展非常迅速。在发达国家的加工业中,已逐步进入“光加工”时代。激光加工质量好、操作方便,而且自动化程度高,许多方面都优于传统加工技术。激光加工已经广泛地应用于机械制造、医疗仪器、汽车、电子电器、电机、国防、航空和航天等领域,具有良好的发展前景和市场,但同时也有许多技术问题需要深入研究和解决。
    本论文在介绍激光加工基本原理的基础上,描述了数控激光加工机的基本组成,结合YAG激光焊接机,作者设计出一套经济型数字化控制系统。该系统实现了激光焊接机工作状态的安全、可靠控制和工作参数根据加工要求的精密调节,以及数控工作台的高精度运动控制。
    控制系统采用嵌入式单片机作为控制核心,既满足了激光焊接机的工作要求,又提高了整机性能和技术水平,即增强了抗干扰能力,又减小了体积、降低了成本。系统提供友好的人机交互界面,操作起来简便易学。此外,在对控制系统进行编程时使用了先进的嵌入式C语言,程序开发周期显著缩短。软件系统具有良好的可读性、可移植性,为将来扩展提供了方便。
    经过实验,本系统实现了激光焊接机预燃、充电、出光、退压、指向等控制,充电电压调节精度在±1V,电压达到设定值时实现自停;出光频率、脉宽调节方便精确,并满足1/3占空比保护要求;数控工作台提供手动控制和自动编程控制,自动编程界面友好,可以十分方便编写平面曲线(如直线、矩形、圆弧等)加工程序;X、Y轴移动精度±0.01mm,Z轴转动精度±0.1°。实验表明,激光焊接机工作稳定可靠,工作台运动重复精度高,能够满足各种常见加工要求。
As an important division in laser application technology, laser processing has made a rather rapid progress in recent years. Nowadays the processing industry has embarked on the “Light processing” era, especially in the developed countries. Possessing the advantages such as fine quality, easy operation and high automitization, laser processing has exceeded the traditional processing technology in many aspects.
    While it has been extensively applied in machinery manufacturing, medical facilities, automobile, electronic appliance, electric machinery, Defence, aerospace and aeronautics, etc, which demonstrates great development and application potential, laser processing also has lots of technical problems that needs further research.
    In this thesis, a description about the main components of the digital control laser-processing machine was addressed based on a brief introduction to the basic theory of laser processing. By combining with YAG laser-welding machine, a set of economically digital control system was designed in this study. The safety of the laser-welding machine’s working status, reliability control, precise adjustment of processing parameters upon processing requirement can be fully realized in this system. Readability and portability of the software system can significantly fascinate the possible modification and extension in the future.
    Adopting the embedded MCU as the core part in the control system, the processing requirements of the laser-weld machine can be satisfied. Besides, the performance of the whole system can be greatly enhanced by increasing interference avoiding ability and decreasing the machine volume and in consequence, lowering the cost. The system provides a friendly user interface which makes the operation easy and convenient. Furthermore, advanced embedded C Language was applied in the programming for the control system which tremendously shorten the program developing period. Readability and portability of the software system can significantly fascinate the possible modification and extension in the future.
    It has been tested by experiment that this system can realize the control of pre-igniting, recharging, Hene on the laser-welding machine. The adjustment resolution of recharge voltage is around 1V. The voltage will be maintained at the pre-set parameter when it hits this value. The frequency and pulse width can be easily and precisely regulated by this system and it meets the protection requirement of 1/3 . Manual control and auto-program control with a friend interface can be realized on the digital working panel. While the movement resolution for X and Y aisles is a (0.01mm, the rotation resolution of Z aisle is (0.1(. Our results, which demonstrate reliability and stability of the working status for the laser-welding machine and high reproducibility of the working panel, suggest that this processing system can fulfil all kinds of general manufacturing requests.
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