基于过程的地下水污染风险评价
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摘要
地下水污染风险评价作为地下水合理开发、利用和保护的一项基础性工作,已经成为地下水管理与污染防治的重要手段。本文在地下水污染风险评价理论与方法研究的基础上,采用资料收集、野外调查、室内物理模拟与数值模拟相结合的方法,以地下水污染风险评价为目标,从污染负荷—污染质在包气带行为特征与迁移转化过程—地下水的价值出发,构建了基于过程的地下水污染风险评价理论与方法,实现了污染质迁移转化过程与污染风险评价的耦合,并成功应用于滦河三角洲地下水污染风险评价实践。主要研究成果如下:
(1)从地下水污染风险的概念出发,基于土壤—包气带—地下水系统与污染源—污染过程—污染受体一体化的思想,综合污染负荷、包气带的防护性能、污染质的迁移转化过程、地下水开发利用功能等影响因素,构建了基于过程的地下水污染风险评价理论框架,实现了地下水污染风险评价、模拟与预警的一体化。
(2)以基于过程的地下水污染风险评价理论为指导,将机理研究与风险评价相结合,构建了污染质在土壤—地下水系统的迁移转化过程模型与风险评价指数模型相耦合的评价方法,丰富了地下水污染风险评价的方法体系。
(3)将基于过程的地下水污染风险评价的理论与方法在滦河三角洲地区进行了实践应用并取得了良好的效果,编制相关图件32幅。研究成果已被中国地质调查局重点项目—滦河三角洲地下水污染调查评价项目采用,对该地区污染质的迁移转化研究以及开展地下水污染防治具有重要的指导意义。区域研究成果如下:
①研究区地下水防护性能研究与评价表明:滦河三角洲地区土壤—地下水系统防护性能较弱,导致滦河三角洲地区浅层地下水质量下降,大面积污染严重。土壤—地下水中的典型污染物为“三氮”与石油类,其中硝酸盐超标率达到47.3%,苯并[a]芘检出率达到7.8%。污染物均由地表通过包气带以间歇入渗或连续入渗的方式进入地下水。
②研究了两种典型污染物“三氮”与石油类在土壤—地下水系统中的对流/弥散、吸附/解吸、降解、植物吸收等动力学过程,建立了相关动力学模型,获得了水分与溶质运移的相关参数。
③建立了“三氮”与石油类污染物在土壤—地下水系统中的迁移转化过程模型,揭示了典型污染物在包气带的迁移转化规律。根据模型计算结果,分别获得了“三氮”与石油类污染物在包气带的迁移转化速率以及对地下水的输入量。其中“三氮”中硝态氮的迁移速率远远大于氨氮与亚硝态氮,其对地下水的通量为0.996 kg/ha2·a。石油类污染物间歇入渗条件下的迁移速率远远小于持续入渗,仅为3.65cm/a。
④在“三氮”与石油类污染物迁移转化模型的基础上,预测了典型污染物对地下水影响程度。其中滦河三角洲“三氮”对地下水的影响从北向南程度逐渐减弱,易污染区主要分布在唐山市及滦县北部,而石油类对地下水的强影响区主要分布在滦河三角洲滨海冲积平原柳赞镇以南的石油开采区。
⑤开展了滦河三角洲浅层地下水污染风险评价。评价结果表明:地下水污染高风险位于北部山前洪积扇区的玉田县东部、丰润区的西部、唐山市、丰南区的北部等地;污染中等风险区则位于丰润区的北部、滦南县、乐亭县和昌黎县的大部分地区;地下水污染低风险区主要位于滨海冲海积平原,包括玉田县与丰南区的南部、唐海县、乐亭县的南部、昌黎县的滨海地区以及秦皇岛市。
⑥将基于过程的地下水污染风险评价方法与传统方法进行比较,该理论在指标的选取上更为全面,更能准确的反映地下水污染风险程度。
本文的研究丰富了地下水污染风险评价的理论与方法,对地下水资源管理与污染防治具有重要的理论和实际意义,研究成果为滦河三角洲浅层地下水保护奠定了基础。
As a fundamental work of rational groundwater exploitation, utilization and protection, groundwater pollution risk assessment is an important approach for groundwater management and pollution control. Based on researches of the related theory and methodology and aimed at groundwater pollution risk assessment, the paper used multi-technologies which included data collection, field investigation, physical and numerical simulation, combined pollution load, migration and transformation processes of pollutant in unsaturated zone with groundwater value, and constructed risk assessment theory and methodology of groundwater pollution based on the processes. The theory and methodology implemented coupling the pollutant migration and transformation simulation with the pollution risk assessment. Furthermore, it was successfully applied to the groundwater pollution risk assessment in Luanhe Delta. The main research results were as follow:
(1) Based on the concept of groundwater pollution risk and the integration between the soil-unsaturated zone-groundwater system and the pollution load-process-receptor system, the paper synthetically analyzed the influence factors among pollution load, antipollution capacity of unsaturated zones, pollutant migration and transformation processes and the groundwater functions and constructed a risk assessment theory frame of groundwater pollution based on processes. The theory achieved the integration among risk assessment, simulation and early warning of groundwater pollution.
(2) Led by the risk assessment theory of groundwater pollution based on processes and combined mechanism with risk assessment, the assessment method coupling the process model about pollutant migration and transformation in soil-groundwater system with the risk assessment index model was established. It enriched the methodology system of groundwater pollution risk assessment.
(3) The theory and method of risk assessment for groundwater pollution based on processes was achieved successfully in Luanhe Delta and 32 relevant maps were drawn. Some achievements have been adopted by one of the key projects of China Geological Survey Bureau- Investigation and Assessment of Groundwater Pollution in Luanhe Delta. The results provided reference for the migration and transformation of pollutants and prevention and control of groundwater pollution in the area. Regional research results were as follow:
①The antipollution capacity of the soil-groundwater system in Luanhe Delta was weak. This led that the declining quality of shallow groundwater and serious pollution. The typical pollutants of soil-groundwater system in Luanhe Delta were ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N(Generally named“three N”) and petroleum. Oversize rate of three N was 47.3% and that of benzopyrene detection was 7.8% in groundwater. Pollutants passed through vadose zones and entered groundwater by means of intermittent or continuous infiltration.
②Through the systematic analysis on behaviour characteristics of three N and petroleum pollutants in the soil-vadose zone and groundwater and researches on their kinetic processes of convection/dispersion, adsorption/desorption, degradation and plant accumulation, the paper established the related kinetic models and obtained the moisture and solute transportation parameters.
③The migration and transformation process model about nitrogen and petroleum pollutants in soil-groundwater system were established and migration and transformation rule of the two pollutants in vadose zones were ascertained. According to the model calculation results, the migration and transportation rates of the two pollutants and the input quantity of groundwater were obtained. The migration rate of nitrate -N were much quicker than those of ammonia-N and nitrite-N and the input quantity of groundwater was 0.996kg/ha2·a. The migration rate of petroleum pollutants on condition of intermittent infiltration, only 3.65cm/a, was much slower than that on condition of continuous infiltration.
④Based on the migration and transportation models of three N and petroleum pollutants and combined the antipollution capacity of groundwater, the influence of the two pollutants on groundwater were assessed. The assessment results showed that the influence degree of three N on groundwater became gradually weakening from the north to the south in Luanhe Delta. Thereinto the easily polluted areas mainly distributed in Tangshan city and the north part of Luanxian County. The strongly polluted areas of petroleum pollutants mainly distributed in the petroleum exploitation area in the south of Liuzan Town located in coastal alluvial plains.
⑤The groundwater pollution risk was assessed in Luanhe Delta. The assessment results showed that the high risk areas of groundwater pollution mainly distributed in the east part of Yutian County, the west part of Fengrun district, Tangshan City and the north part of Fengnan district, which all located in the pluvial fan of mountain fronts. The moderate risk areas included the north part of Fengrun district, Luannan County, Leting County and most of Changli County. The low risk areas mainly distributed in Yutian County, the south part of Fengnan district, Tanghai County, the south part of Leting County, coastal district of Changli County and Qinhuangdao City, all located in alluvial-pluvial plains along the coasts.
⑥Compared with the traditional assessment method, the risk assessment method of groundwater pollution based on processes was more comprehensive in index selection and the assessment results could reflect the risk degree of groundwater pollution more accurately.
These researches enrich the risk assessment theory and methodology of groundwater pollution and have important theoretical and practical significance for groundwater management and pollution prevention. The research results are the basis of the shallow groundwater protection in Luanhe Delta.
(1)从地下水污染风险的概念出发,基于土壤—包气带—地下水系统与污染源—污染过程—污染受体一体化的思想,综合污染负荷、包气带的防护性能、污染质的迁移转化过程、地下水开发利用功能等影响因素,构建了基于过程的地下水污染风险评价理论框架,实现了地下水污染风险评价、模拟与预警的一体化。
(2)以基于过程的地下水污染风险评价理论为指导,将机理研究与风险评价相结合,构建了污染质在土壤—地下水系统的迁移转化过程模型与风险评价指数模型相耦合的评价方法,丰富了地下水污染风险评价的方法体系。
(3)将基于过程的地下水污染风险评价的理论与方法在滦河三角洲地区进行了实践应用并取得了良好的效果,编制相关图件32幅。研究成果已被中国地质调查局重点项目—滦河三角洲地下水污染调查评价项目采用,对该地区污染质的迁移转化研究以及开展地下水污染防治具有重要的指导意义。区域研究成果如下:
①研究区地下水防护性能研究与评价表明:滦河三角洲地区土壤—地下水系统防护性能较弱,导致滦河三角洲地区浅层地下水质量下降,大面积污染严重。土壤—地下水中的典型污染物为“三氮”与石油类,其中硝酸盐超标率达到47.3%,苯并[a]芘检出率达到7.8%。污染物均由地表通过包气带以间歇入渗或连续入渗的方式进入地下水。
②研究了两种典型污染物“三氮”与石油类在土壤—地下水系统中的对流/弥散、吸附/解吸、降解、植物吸收等动力学过程,建立了相关动力学模型,获得了水分与溶质运移的相关参数。
③建立了“三氮”与石油类污染物在土壤—地下水系统中的迁移转化过程模型,揭示了典型污染物在包气带的迁移转化规律。根据模型计算结果,分别获得了“三氮”与石油类污染物在包气带的迁移转化速率以及对地下水的输入量。其中“三氮”中硝态氮的迁移速率远远大于氨氮与亚硝态氮,其对地下水的通量为0.996 kg/ha2·a。石油类污染物间歇入渗条件下的迁移速率远远小于持续入渗,仅为3.65cm/a。
④在“三氮”与石油类污染物迁移转化模型的基础上,预测了典型污染物对地下水影响程度。其中滦河三角洲“三氮”对地下水的影响从北向南程度逐渐减弱,易污染区主要分布在唐山市及滦县北部,而石油类对地下水的强影响区主要分布在滦河三角洲滨海冲积平原柳赞镇以南的石油开采区。
⑤开展了滦河三角洲浅层地下水污染风险评价。评价结果表明:地下水污染高风险位于北部山前洪积扇区的玉田县东部、丰润区的西部、唐山市、丰南区的北部等地;污染中等风险区则位于丰润区的北部、滦南县、乐亭县和昌黎县的大部分地区;地下水污染低风险区主要位于滨海冲海积平原,包括玉田县与丰南区的南部、唐海县、乐亭县的南部、昌黎县的滨海地区以及秦皇岛市。
⑥将基于过程的地下水污染风险评价方法与传统方法进行比较,该理论在指标的选取上更为全面,更能准确的反映地下水污染风险程度。
本文的研究丰富了地下水污染风险评价的理论与方法,对地下水资源管理与污染防治具有重要的理论和实际意义,研究成果为滦河三角洲浅层地下水保护奠定了基础。
As a fundamental work of rational groundwater exploitation, utilization and protection, groundwater pollution risk assessment is an important approach for groundwater management and pollution control. Based on researches of the related theory and methodology and aimed at groundwater pollution risk assessment, the paper used multi-technologies which included data collection, field investigation, physical and numerical simulation, combined pollution load, migration and transformation processes of pollutant in unsaturated zone with groundwater value, and constructed risk assessment theory and methodology of groundwater pollution based on the processes. The theory and methodology implemented coupling the pollutant migration and transformation simulation with the pollution risk assessment. Furthermore, it was successfully applied to the groundwater pollution risk assessment in Luanhe Delta. The main research results were as follow:
(1) Based on the concept of groundwater pollution risk and the integration between the soil-unsaturated zone-groundwater system and the pollution load-process-receptor system, the paper synthetically analyzed the influence factors among pollution load, antipollution capacity of unsaturated zones, pollutant migration and transformation processes and the groundwater functions and constructed a risk assessment theory frame of groundwater pollution based on processes. The theory achieved the integration among risk assessment, simulation and early warning of groundwater pollution.
(2) Led by the risk assessment theory of groundwater pollution based on processes and combined mechanism with risk assessment, the assessment method coupling the process model about pollutant migration and transformation in soil-groundwater system with the risk assessment index model was established. It enriched the methodology system of groundwater pollution risk assessment.
(3) The theory and method of risk assessment for groundwater pollution based on processes was achieved successfully in Luanhe Delta and 32 relevant maps were drawn. Some achievements have been adopted by one of the key projects of China Geological Survey Bureau- Investigation and Assessment of Groundwater Pollution in Luanhe Delta. The results provided reference for the migration and transformation of pollutants and prevention and control of groundwater pollution in the area. Regional research results were as follow:
①The antipollution capacity of the soil-groundwater system in Luanhe Delta was weak. This led that the declining quality of shallow groundwater and serious pollution. The typical pollutants of soil-groundwater system in Luanhe Delta were ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N(Generally named“three N”) and petroleum. Oversize rate of three N was 47.3% and that of benzopyrene detection was 7.8% in groundwater. Pollutants passed through vadose zones and entered groundwater by means of intermittent or continuous infiltration.
②Through the systematic analysis on behaviour characteristics of three N and petroleum pollutants in the soil-vadose zone and groundwater and researches on their kinetic processes of convection/dispersion, adsorption/desorption, degradation and plant accumulation, the paper established the related kinetic models and obtained the moisture and solute transportation parameters.
③The migration and transformation process model about nitrogen and petroleum pollutants in soil-groundwater system were established and migration and transformation rule of the two pollutants in vadose zones were ascertained. According to the model calculation results, the migration and transportation rates of the two pollutants and the input quantity of groundwater were obtained. The migration rate of nitrate -N were much quicker than those of ammonia-N and nitrite-N and the input quantity of groundwater was 0.996kg/ha2·a. The migration rate of petroleum pollutants on condition of intermittent infiltration, only 3.65cm/a, was much slower than that on condition of continuous infiltration.
④Based on the migration and transportation models of three N and petroleum pollutants and combined the antipollution capacity of groundwater, the influence of the two pollutants on groundwater were assessed. The assessment results showed that the influence degree of three N on groundwater became gradually weakening from the north to the south in Luanhe Delta. Thereinto the easily polluted areas mainly distributed in Tangshan city and the north part of Luanxian County. The strongly polluted areas of petroleum pollutants mainly distributed in the petroleum exploitation area in the south of Liuzan Town located in coastal alluvial plains.
⑤The groundwater pollution risk was assessed in Luanhe Delta. The assessment results showed that the high risk areas of groundwater pollution mainly distributed in the east part of Yutian County, the west part of Fengrun district, Tangshan City and the north part of Fengnan district, which all located in the pluvial fan of mountain fronts. The moderate risk areas included the north part of Fengrun district, Luannan County, Leting County and most of Changli County. The low risk areas mainly distributed in Yutian County, the south part of Fengnan district, Tanghai County, the south part of Leting County, coastal district of Changli County and Qinhuangdao City, all located in alluvial-pluvial plains along the coasts.
⑥Compared with the traditional assessment method, the risk assessment method of groundwater pollution based on processes was more comprehensive in index selection and the assessment results could reflect the risk degree of groundwater pollution more accurately.
These researches enrich the risk assessment theory and methodology of groundwater pollution and have important theoretical and practical significance for groundwater management and pollution prevention. The research results are the basis of the shallow groundwater protection in Luanhe Delta.
引文
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