湿热地区降雨对墙体传热的影响研究
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摘要
湿热地区具有“太阳辐射强烈、雨量丰富、季风旺盛、蒸发比高”的气候特征,夏热季节如何利用丰沛的降雨消除强烈的太阳辐射对建筑的影响,对降低这一地区的建筑空调能耗并改善室内热环境意义重大。由于缺乏相应的基础研究,目前的建筑能耗和热环境分析过程均无法定量考虑降雨的影响。本文以广州地区为例,研究湿热地区降雨对建筑墙体传热的影响,并研究应用被动蒸发冷却技术实现墙体降温节能的可行性和潜力。
首先,从建筑墙体传热角度出发,分析广州地区降雨特点,确定典型降雨日。对广州地区近百年降雨资料进行频率分析,系统地研究了广州地区的年、月、日降雨特征,对广州地区的降雨规律进行总结；按月降雨量分类研究广州地区降雨日的小时降雨特点,从三年实际气象参数选取了具有代表性的51日作为广州地区典型降雨日。
其次,对自然降雨或淋水作用下的墙体的热湿传递过程进行实验研究,搭建墙体传热传湿实验小室,对无雨日和降雨日墙体的热湿传递过程进行实测研究。在墙体湿度场测试中引入微波测湿系统,提出了单一建筑材料和墙体砌体的标定方法,实现了固体材料的质量含湿量的测试。实测实验对降雨条件下墙体传热量进行了定量研究,并就墙体温、湿度场和热流分布与室外气象参数间的关系进行了探讨。
以研究利用建筑外表面材料含湿蓄水实现被动蒸发冷却为目的,进行了墙面淋水降温对比实验。对不同淋水时长,不同淋水起始时间下淋水墙体与对比墙体的温、湿度和热流进行比较发现：墙面淋水可以有效的降低墙体内、外表面温度,削减进入室内的热流,墙体内表面热流最高可降低49.9%,从而达到降温节能的效果。
应用热湿传递计算软件Delphin对灰砂砖墙体进行数值模拟,研究典型降雨对墙体传热的影响。首先以实测数据对软件进行验证,温、湿度吻合率可达91%,热流吻合率为68%；进而对广州地区典型降雨日进行数值模拟,分析考虑降雨与否墙体传热量的差异,通过模拟结果发现内表面热流最高可降低25.6%；最后对多雨月室内空调模式下降雨对墙体传热影响进行模拟,并将天然降雨与淋水相结合,研究采用墙面淋水实现降温节能可能达到的效果。模拟结果表明,墙面淋水可大幅度降低进入室内的热量,墙体内表面热流降低幅度可达69%,利用被动蒸发冷却进行降温节能的效果显著。
The climate in hot-humid area has features of strong solar radiation, abundant precipitations, high-speed monsoon and intense evaporation in the whole year. The buildings in that area consume more energy while providing poorer indoor thermal environment than the ones in other climate zones in China. It has become an urgent task to research on the features of building climatology in this area so as to save building energy through climate-adaptive architectural design. This thesis focuses on the effects of precipitations on heat transfer through exterior walls by taking Guangzhou as an example. It also presents the possibilities by employing passive cooling technologies on exterior walls to reduce indoor air temperature and conserve building energy.
Through statistics analysis on precipitation strength and frequency in Guangzhou area, this thesis concludes the annual, monthly and daily patterns of precipitations in Guangzhou. The features of hourly precipitation in different days are concluded based on the analysis of monthly precipitation. Fifty-one typical precipitation days are chosen to represent the annual precipitation features through the analysis of three-year weather data.
The heat and mass transfer procedures of exterior walls in raining days and normal days are measured respectively at the same time in experimental rooms. The microwave moisture meter was utilized in the experiments. And its calibration procedures in pure material of exterior walls were proposed in the thesis. The moisture content in wall materials was measured. The results in normal days referred to the original states of the walls and appealed their comparative properties. The experiments in raining days measured the heat transfer through walls in quantity. The relationships among temperature, moisture and heat flex in exterior walls and outdoor meteorological parameters were analyzed.
The water spray experiments were carried out in order to verify the possibilities of passive cooling through porous materials on exterior walls. The comparisons of measurements of temperature and moisture in wet and normal walls with various spray duration and time present that spray walls can effectively reduce the surface temperature on both sides of the wall and its heat flux. The heat flux of the inner side of the wall can be reduced as much as 49.9%.
A simulation software of heat and mass transfer was utilized to simulate the differences in heat transfer under raining and normal conditions. Firstly, the software was calibrated with experiments. The simulation results of temperature and moisture agreed in 91% while the ones of heat flux in 68%. The heat flux through exterior walls in typical precipitation days of Guangzhou was simulated under conditions of raining or not. The simulation results revealed little differences with a reduction of 25.6%. Finally, heat transfer procedures of exterior walls of air-conditioned rooms in rainy days were simulated. The possibilities of saving energy through raining and spraying on exterior walls were analyzed. The results revealed that large heat can be prevented to transfer into indoor by combining with raining and spraying exterior walls, the higheste reduction was 69%. The usage of passive cooling can save remarkable building energy.
首先,从建筑墙体传热角度出发,分析广州地区降雨特点,确定典型降雨日。对广州地区近百年降雨资料进行频率分析,系统地研究了广州地区的年、月、日降雨特征,对广州地区的降雨规律进行总结；按月降雨量分类研究广州地区降雨日的小时降雨特点,从三年实际气象参数选取了具有代表性的51日作为广州地区典型降雨日。
其次,对自然降雨或淋水作用下的墙体的热湿传递过程进行实验研究,搭建墙体传热传湿实验小室,对无雨日和降雨日墙体的热湿传递过程进行实测研究。在墙体湿度场测试中引入微波测湿系统,提出了单一建筑材料和墙体砌体的标定方法,实现了固体材料的质量含湿量的测试。实测实验对降雨条件下墙体传热量进行了定量研究,并就墙体温、湿度场和热流分布与室外气象参数间的关系进行了探讨。
以研究利用建筑外表面材料含湿蓄水实现被动蒸发冷却为目的,进行了墙面淋水降温对比实验。对不同淋水时长,不同淋水起始时间下淋水墙体与对比墙体的温、湿度和热流进行比较发现：墙面淋水可以有效的降低墙体内、外表面温度,削减进入室内的热流,墙体内表面热流最高可降低49.9%,从而达到降温节能的效果。
应用热湿传递计算软件Delphin对灰砂砖墙体进行数值模拟,研究典型降雨对墙体传热的影响。首先以实测数据对软件进行验证,温、湿度吻合率可达91%,热流吻合率为68%；进而对广州地区典型降雨日进行数值模拟,分析考虑降雨与否墙体传热量的差异,通过模拟结果发现内表面热流最高可降低25.6%；最后对多雨月室内空调模式下降雨对墙体传热影响进行模拟,并将天然降雨与淋水相结合,研究采用墙面淋水实现降温节能可能达到的效果。模拟结果表明,墙面淋水可大幅度降低进入室内的热量,墙体内表面热流降低幅度可达69%,利用被动蒸发冷却进行降温节能的效果显著。
The climate in hot-humid area has features of strong solar radiation, abundant precipitations, high-speed monsoon and intense evaporation in the whole year. The buildings in that area consume more energy while providing poorer indoor thermal environment than the ones in other climate zones in China. It has become an urgent task to research on the features of building climatology in this area so as to save building energy through climate-adaptive architectural design. This thesis focuses on the effects of precipitations on heat transfer through exterior walls by taking Guangzhou as an example. It also presents the possibilities by employing passive cooling technologies on exterior walls to reduce indoor air temperature and conserve building energy.
Through statistics analysis on precipitation strength and frequency in Guangzhou area, this thesis concludes the annual, monthly and daily patterns of precipitations in Guangzhou. The features of hourly precipitation in different days are concluded based on the analysis of monthly precipitation. Fifty-one typical precipitation days are chosen to represent the annual precipitation features through the analysis of three-year weather data.
The heat and mass transfer procedures of exterior walls in raining days and normal days are measured respectively at the same time in experimental rooms. The microwave moisture meter was utilized in the experiments. And its calibration procedures in pure material of exterior walls were proposed in the thesis. The moisture content in wall materials was measured. The results in normal days referred to the original states of the walls and appealed their comparative properties. The experiments in raining days measured the heat transfer through walls in quantity. The relationships among temperature, moisture and heat flex in exterior walls and outdoor meteorological parameters were analyzed.
The water spray experiments were carried out in order to verify the possibilities of passive cooling through porous materials on exterior walls. The comparisons of measurements of temperature and moisture in wet and normal walls with various spray duration and time present that spray walls can effectively reduce the surface temperature on both sides of the wall and its heat flux. The heat flux of the inner side of the wall can be reduced as much as 49.9%.
A simulation software of heat and mass transfer was utilized to simulate the differences in heat transfer under raining and normal conditions. Firstly, the software was calibrated with experiments. The simulation results of temperature and moisture agreed in 91% while the ones of heat flux in 68%. The heat flux through exterior walls in typical precipitation days of Guangzhou was simulated under conditions of raining or not. The simulation results revealed little differences with a reduction of 25.6%. Finally, heat transfer procedures of exterior walls of air-conditioned rooms in rainy days were simulated. The possibilities of saving energy through raining and spraying on exterior walls were analyzed. The results revealed that large heat can be prevented to transfer into indoor by combining with raining and spraying exterior walls, the higheste reduction was 69%. The usage of passive cooling can save remarkable building energy.
引文
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