空域图像隐藏信息检测技术研究
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摘要
随着网络通信技术的迅猛发展与多媒体数据数字化的日益普及,多媒体数据在通信网络中迅速便捷传输的同时,也暴露出越来越重要的安全问题。特别是信息隐藏技术的飞速发展与广泛应用,使得机密信息的传输更加隐蔽。军事机构、政府部门、金融机构等涉及国计民生的重要部门利用隐写技术实现机密文件的安全传输。同时,该技术也容易被恶意的个人与团体用于各种非法目的,信息隐藏技术的滥用会对国家安全、社会稳定、个人隐私等构成潜在威胁。隐藏信息检测技术是对信息隐藏技术的攻击技术,是对抗非法信息传播的一个重要手段,也是衡量隐藏系统安全性的一个重要手段。研究隐藏信息检测技术对维护公共安全、国家安全和社会稳定,保证经济的正常发展具有十分重要的意义。
由于图像冗余度大,非常适合于做隐蔽载体,以图像为载体的信息隐藏技术成果最丰富、最成熟,应用最广泛,因而,有必要对图像隐藏信息检测技术进行深入研究。本文主要以数字图像为研究对象,研究空域图像隐藏信息检测方法、秘密信息嵌入量估计方法,以及适合于图像隐藏信息检测的特征选择与融合方法。其主要研究成果如下：
(1)针对现有检测技术提取的特征维数越来越高、冗余特征与计算复杂度也随之增加,从而导致维数灾难并影响分类准确性等问题,提出一种基于多重共线性分析、主成分分析与Savage决策的特征选择与融合方法。首先,通过分析特征间的多重共线性去除冗余特征。然后,判断特征间是否具有近似共线性,通过对具有近似共线性的特征矩阵执行主成分分析并采用Savage决策去除不重要特征最后,为了进一步缩减特征维数,将选择出来的特征融合成一个新的特征集,并从中选择出主要的特征。实验结果表明,该方法能有效的去除冗余特征、节省计算时间、并提高检测性能。
(2)通过分析空域LSB替换对图像相邻像素统计特性的影响,利用自然图像统计量模型,提出一种基于相邻像素统计特性的LSB隐藏信息检测方法,并从理论上证明了算法的有效性。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效检测LSB随机位置替换隐藏和顺序替换隐藏的秘密信息。同时,利用自然图像统计量模型,提出了种可以准确估计图像中隐藏信息量大小的秘密信息嵌入量估计方法,并从理论上进行了分析。
(3)针对现有空域LSB匹配的隐藏信息检测对未压缩图像的检测率较低的问题,利用相邻像素差分与像素值相邻的差分统计特性,提出一种基于像素差分统计特性的LSB匹配隐藏信息检测方法。通过对待测试图像进行一次LSB匹配隐写生成载密图像,将隐藏信息前后像素差分的改变率与隐藏信息前的像素差分特征一起作为分类特征,结合SVM进行隐藏信息检测。实验结果表明,这种方法可对压缩和未压缩图像的LSB匹配隐写进行有效分析。此外,进一步的实验结果也表明了第3章中提出的特征选择方法对空域隐藏信息检测同样有效。
(4)由于现有关于调色板图像的隐藏信息检测方法研究较少,检测难度大。而且,现有检测技术直接应用于调色板图像隐藏信息检测时,检测能力相当有限。针对这些问题,提出一种基于提升整数小波变换的调色板图像隐藏信息检测方法。首先对图像8×8分块做5/3提升小波变换,再利用各分块低频系数与高频系数之间的相关性来计算低频能量与高频能量的平均相关度,并以此来判断调色板图像中有无秘密信息。实验结果表明,该算法能够较好的检测出调色板图像中的隐秘信息。
With the rapid development of network communication technology and the increasing popularity of digital multimedia, multimedia data can be transmitted in a quick and easy manner through the communication networks. However, at the same time, the increasingly important security issues are revealed. Especially, the fast development and wide application of information hiding technology lead to the transmission of confidential information becoming more covert. Military agencies, government departments, financial institutions and other key sectors involved in the people's livelihood take advantage of the data embedding technology to achieve the secure transfer of confidential documents. Meanwhile, this technique can easily be used by malicious individuals and groups for a variety of illegal purposes, thus posing serious threat to the national security, social stability as well as the personal privacy. Information detection technology attempts to break the information hiding technique, and hence, it is not only a mean of combating the illegal information transmission, but also an important measure to assess the security of the information hiding system. Thus, research on the detection of hidden information is significantly important to ensure the public safety, national security, social stability, and the normal economic development.
As image contains much perceptually irrelevant or redundant information, it is well-suited for serving as "cover". As a result, the information hiding technique that takes an image as the cover has achieved the most prominent achievements, and become the most mature technique with most wide application. It is therefore necessary to conduct in-deep investigation into the image information detection technique. In this paper, we take the digital images as the research object, and the research includes information detection methods for spatial domain images, rate estimation of hidden information, and the feature selection and fusion methods that are suitable to the information detection. The main contributions of this paper are listed as follows.
(1) The previous images detection methods usually suffer from the disadvantage that redundant features and the computational complexity increase with the increase of the dimension of the extracted features, and moreover, the high dimension of the features likely results in the dimensional disaster and affects the classification accuracy and other issues as well. In order to address this problem, we propose a feature selection method based on multicollinearity analysis, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and Savage decision-making. Firstly, we analyze the multicollinearity among features to eliminate redundant features. Next, we implement the linear transform based on PCA and use the Savage decision-making to eliminate insignificant features. Finally, for the further reduce of features, we fuse the selected features, followed by selecting the principal features from the fused features to form a new feature set. The experimental results show that our method can reduce the redundant features, save the computational time, and make the detection more reliable.
(2) By analyzing the impact of LSB replacing to the adjacent pixels of images statistical properties, a detection method based on statistical characteristics of adjacent pixels is proposed using the natural images statistic model. This method is theoretically proved to be effective. The experimental results show that this method is able to detect the random LSB replacing and sequential LSB replacing stegnography effectively. Meanwhile, by using the natural images statistic model, we introduce a detection scheme that is capable of accurately estimating the size of hidden secret message and also present the theoretical analysis.
(3) In order to cope with the low detection result problem of LSB matching steganalysis for the uncompressed images, a new steganalytic method, which exploits the difference statistics of neighboring pixels, is proposed to detect the presence of spatial LSB matching stegnography. Stego images are generated through performing LSB matching operation to the test images. We take the changing rate of the pixels difference before and after the LSB matching stegnography together with the pixels difference before LSB matching stegnography as features, and the SVM is adopted to construct classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is efficient to detect the LSB matching steganography for both the compressed and uncompressed images. In addition, the experimental results have further demonstrated that the feature selection method proposed in chapter 3 is also effective to the detection of hidden information in the spatial domain.
(4) Based on the problems that, for example, only a few steganalysis methods for palette images are available in current literature, the hidden information is hard to detect, and the existing detection techniques applied to the palette images directly is limited, a novel lifting integer Wavelet Transform based steganalysis algorithm is proposed to detect the hidden information in palette images. Firstly, we divide the image into non-overlapping 8x8 blocks and perform 5/3 IWT (Integer Wavelet Transform) based on lifting scheme to each block. Then, the average correlation is used to determine whether or not the secret message exists in palette images according to the correlation between the low frequency coefficients and high frequency coefficients. Experimental results show that the algorithm is able to better detect the hidden information in the palette images.
由于图像冗余度大,非常适合于做隐蔽载体,以图像为载体的信息隐藏技术成果最丰富、最成熟,应用最广泛,因而,有必要对图像隐藏信息检测技术进行深入研究。本文主要以数字图像为研究对象,研究空域图像隐藏信息检测方法、秘密信息嵌入量估计方法,以及适合于图像隐藏信息检测的特征选择与融合方法。其主要研究成果如下：
(1)针对现有检测技术提取的特征维数越来越高、冗余特征与计算复杂度也随之增加,从而导致维数灾难并影响分类准确性等问题,提出一种基于多重共线性分析、主成分分析与Savage决策的特征选择与融合方法。首先,通过分析特征间的多重共线性去除冗余特征。然后,判断特征间是否具有近似共线性,通过对具有近似共线性的特征矩阵执行主成分分析并采用Savage决策去除不重要特征最后,为了进一步缩减特征维数,将选择出来的特征融合成一个新的特征集,并从中选择出主要的特征。实验结果表明,该方法能有效的去除冗余特征、节省计算时间、并提高检测性能。
(2)通过分析空域LSB替换对图像相邻像素统计特性的影响,利用自然图像统计量模型,提出一种基于相邻像素统计特性的LSB隐藏信息检测方法,并从理论上证明了算法的有效性。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效检测LSB随机位置替换隐藏和顺序替换隐藏的秘密信息。同时,利用自然图像统计量模型,提出了种可以准确估计图像中隐藏信息量大小的秘密信息嵌入量估计方法,并从理论上进行了分析。
(3)针对现有空域LSB匹配的隐藏信息检测对未压缩图像的检测率较低的问题,利用相邻像素差分与像素值相邻的差分统计特性,提出一种基于像素差分统计特性的LSB匹配隐藏信息检测方法。通过对待测试图像进行一次LSB匹配隐写生成载密图像,将隐藏信息前后像素差分的改变率与隐藏信息前的像素差分特征一起作为分类特征,结合SVM进行隐藏信息检测。实验结果表明,这种方法可对压缩和未压缩图像的LSB匹配隐写进行有效分析。此外,进一步的实验结果也表明了第3章中提出的特征选择方法对空域隐藏信息检测同样有效。
(4)由于现有关于调色板图像的隐藏信息检测方法研究较少,检测难度大。而且,现有检测技术直接应用于调色板图像隐藏信息检测时,检测能力相当有限。针对这些问题,提出一种基于提升整数小波变换的调色板图像隐藏信息检测方法。首先对图像8×8分块做5/3提升小波变换,再利用各分块低频系数与高频系数之间的相关性来计算低频能量与高频能量的平均相关度,并以此来判断调色板图像中有无秘密信息。实验结果表明,该算法能够较好的检测出调色板图像中的隐秘信息。
With the rapid development of network communication technology and the increasing popularity of digital multimedia, multimedia data can be transmitted in a quick and easy manner through the communication networks. However, at the same time, the increasingly important security issues are revealed. Especially, the fast development and wide application of information hiding technology lead to the transmission of confidential information becoming more covert. Military agencies, government departments, financial institutions and other key sectors involved in the people's livelihood take advantage of the data embedding technology to achieve the secure transfer of confidential documents. Meanwhile, this technique can easily be used by malicious individuals and groups for a variety of illegal purposes, thus posing serious threat to the national security, social stability as well as the personal privacy. Information detection technology attempts to break the information hiding technique, and hence, it is not only a mean of combating the illegal information transmission, but also an important measure to assess the security of the information hiding system. Thus, research on the detection of hidden information is significantly important to ensure the public safety, national security, social stability, and the normal economic development.
As image contains much perceptually irrelevant or redundant information, it is well-suited for serving as "cover". As a result, the information hiding technique that takes an image as the cover has achieved the most prominent achievements, and become the most mature technique with most wide application. It is therefore necessary to conduct in-deep investigation into the image information detection technique. In this paper, we take the digital images as the research object, and the research includes information detection methods for spatial domain images, rate estimation of hidden information, and the feature selection and fusion methods that are suitable to the information detection. The main contributions of this paper are listed as follows.
(1) The previous images detection methods usually suffer from the disadvantage that redundant features and the computational complexity increase with the increase of the dimension of the extracted features, and moreover, the high dimension of the features likely results in the dimensional disaster and affects the classification accuracy and other issues as well. In order to address this problem, we propose a feature selection method based on multicollinearity analysis, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and Savage decision-making. Firstly, we analyze the multicollinearity among features to eliminate redundant features. Next, we implement the linear transform based on PCA and use the Savage decision-making to eliminate insignificant features. Finally, for the further reduce of features, we fuse the selected features, followed by selecting the principal features from the fused features to form a new feature set. The experimental results show that our method can reduce the redundant features, save the computational time, and make the detection more reliable.
(2) By analyzing the impact of LSB replacing to the adjacent pixels of images statistical properties, a detection method based on statistical characteristics of adjacent pixels is proposed using the natural images statistic model. This method is theoretically proved to be effective. The experimental results show that this method is able to detect the random LSB replacing and sequential LSB replacing stegnography effectively. Meanwhile, by using the natural images statistic model, we introduce a detection scheme that is capable of accurately estimating the size of hidden secret message and also present the theoretical analysis.
(3) In order to cope with the low detection result problem of LSB matching steganalysis for the uncompressed images, a new steganalytic method, which exploits the difference statistics of neighboring pixels, is proposed to detect the presence of spatial LSB matching stegnography. Stego images are generated through performing LSB matching operation to the test images. We take the changing rate of the pixels difference before and after the LSB matching stegnography together with the pixels difference before LSB matching stegnography as features, and the SVM is adopted to construct classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is efficient to detect the LSB matching steganography for both the compressed and uncompressed images. In addition, the experimental results have further demonstrated that the feature selection method proposed in chapter 3 is also effective to the detection of hidden information in the spatial domain.
(4) Based on the problems that, for example, only a few steganalysis methods for palette images are available in current literature, the hidden information is hard to detect, and the existing detection techniques applied to the palette images directly is limited, a novel lifting integer Wavelet Transform based steganalysis algorithm is proposed to detect the hidden information in palette images. Firstly, we divide the image into non-overlapping 8x8 blocks and perform 5/3 IWT (Integer Wavelet Transform) based on lifting scheme to each block. Then, the average correlation is used to determine whether or not the secret message exists in palette images according to the correlation between the low frequency coefficients and high frequency coefficients. Experimental results show that the algorithm is able to better detect the hidden information in the palette images.
引文
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