锈色粒肩天牛生物学、生态学特性与生物防治技术研究
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摘要
锈色粒肩天牛(Apriona swainsoni Hope)是我国园林绿化树种——国槐(Sophora japonica)的主要害虫,以幼虫在树干内蛀食危害,羽化后成虫啃食枝皮补充营养。常常造成树木死亡,是我国检疫害虫之一,对我国城市园林和行道树绿化造成了重大威胁。为了防治这种重要的害虫,作者从2009年起对锈色粒肩天牛进行了生物防治技术的研究。本文从锈色粒肩天牛的生物学、生态学特性入手,在掌握其发生规律的基础上,研究清楚了锈色粒肩天牛的生物学、生态学特性,从无公害治理的理念出发,研究探讨了以生物防治为主的综合防治技术,包括锈色粒肩天牛幼龄幼虫期利用寄生性天敌白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和哈氏肿腿蜂进行防治的技术;中、老龄幼虫和蛹利用寄生性天敌花绒寄甲防治的技术;成虫期喷洒植物源农药印楝素及仿生制剂灭幼脲防治的技术。在该虫的各个虫期都研究出了行之有效的生物防治技术,并取得了良好的防治效果。主要研究结果如下:
1.通过室内室外生物学特性的研究表明,锈色粒肩天牛成虫羽化期从6月下旬开始一直持续到10月上旬,但羽化盛期集中在7月上旬;雌雄性比约为1.45:1;雌虫一生可产卵27-62粒。通过对锈色粒肩天牛成虫触角上的电子显微观察发现,共存在4类8种不同的感器,每种感器在触角不同位置分布不同数量也不同。
2.锈色粒肩天牛卵在林间孵化高峰期在8月3-10日,自然孵化率为92.68%,首次发现了其卵期寄生蜂——锈色粒肩天牛奥金小蜂(Oxysychus sp),是寄生该天牛卵的重要天敌,在生物防治上具有一定的应用前景。
3.对锈色粒肩天牛各虫态的空间分布的分析表明,锈色粒肩天牛幼虫、蛹或成虫和卵的空间分布为聚集分布,60.73%幼虫集中分布于国槐树干的2.0 m以下危害,通过抽样技术研究给出了供生产参考的序贯抽样分析表。
4.利用两种肿腿蜂对锈色粒肩天牛幼龄幼虫进行了防治,室内试验表明蜡吉丁肿腿蜂(Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao)和哈氏肿腿蜂(Sclerodermus harmandi Buysson)对锈色粒肩天牛虫粪及其寄主植物有较好的学习能力。白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对锈色粒肩天牛幼龄幼虫的室内最高致死率和寄生率分别为100.00%和80.00%,野外相对防效为15.00%。哈氏肿腿蜂对锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的室内最高致死率和寄生率分别为100.00%和62.22%,野外相对防效为12.61%。
5.利用花绒寄甲对锈色粒肩天牛中老龄幼虫和蛹进行防治。室内测定花绒寄甲(Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire)卵和成虫对锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的最好寄生率分别能够达到60.00%和86.11%,林间释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫30 d后相对防效分别达到38.63%和46.50%,释放60 d后的相对防效分别达到了52.67%和60.72,且花绒寄甲对锈色粒肩天牛的控制作用有持续性。空间分析表明花绒寄甲与其寄主锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的三维分布格局一致,生态位相似度很高,表明前者对后者有跟随关系。
6.根据锈色粒肩天牛成虫补充营养的习性,选用了对环境安全的植物源农药印楝素和仿生制剂灭幼脲对锈色粒肩天牛成虫进行了生物活性测定。印楝素对锈色粒肩天牛成虫的生物活性测定表明,不同浓度印楝素药液对锈色粒肩天牛均具有一定的生物活性:0.3%印楝素乳油300倍、400倍、500倍、600倍及700倍液处理后第6d时,锈色粒肩天牛成虫的死亡率分别达97.6%,86.0%,73.8%,50.0%和36.1%;成虫对印楝素的拒食作用随着药剂浓度的增加和时间的延长而增强,在第6d时,300倍、400倍液处理的拒食率达到了94.87%和90.22%,成虫取食量显著低于对照;随着浓度减小拒食率降低,500倍、600倍及700倍液处理的拒食率分别为61.28%、41.54%和37.00%。
灭幼脲对锈色粒肩天牛成虫的生物活性测定表明,不同浓度的灭幼脲处理对该天牛雌雄性成虫的取食量、产卵量的影响差异不显著,但对卵的孵化有显著的抑制作用,卵孵化抑制率最高可达76.32%;解剖发现浓度为0.20mg/mL的灭幼脲能够干扰锈色粒肩天牛雌、雄成虫内生殖系统的正常生长及发育,表现出一系列畸变反应。
Apriona swainsoni Hope(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae), is a serious pest of wood borer on Sophora. japonica Linn, an important trees species in China. The whole larval stage was spended in their host trees.Not only the larva damaged the xylem of the trees, but also the adult must feed on the bark for sexual mature which caused trees to die. It is one of China's quarantine pest, and caused our urban landscape and trees a major threat. To control this important pest, from 2009 the author studied the biological control techniques on Apriona swainsoni.This article study the biological characteristics and ecological characteristics of A. swainsoni . For control the pest its biology, ecology characteristics and biological control techniques were conducted. This paper studied clearly biological and ecological characteristics of the major pest A. swainsoni and studied the integrated control techniques based biological control. Including the techniques of yong A. swainsoni larva controled by Sclerodermus pupariae and S. harmandi, aged larva controled by Dastarcus helophoroides and A. swainsoni adult controled by Azadirachtin and Diflubenzuron. There was a well-established biological control techniques for every stage of the pest.The main results were as follows:
1. The biological characteristics of A. swainsoni was studied indoor and outdoor, the result showed that the time of A. swainsoni adult emergence from late June until early October and the emergence peak in early July. The ratio of female to male was 1.45:1,and the fecundity of female was 27-62. There are 4 types and 8 kinds of sensilla on the antennae, distributing quantity of each type on scape, pedicel and each flagellomeres were also different
2. The hatching peak of A. swainsoni eggs was form August 3 to August 10 and natural hatching rate was 92.68%. A mew species of parasitoid for A. swainsoni eggs was found for the first time, it belongs Trigonoderus and has good prospects for biological control.
3. The spatial pattern of egg, larva and pupa or adult were all the aggregated distribution, 60.73% larva are centralized in the host tree trunks below 2.0 m. The sampling technique was study and provided the sequential sampling table for production reference
4. Sclerodermus pupariae and S. harmandi have better learning ability for the odor of frass and the host tree. The highest mortality and parasitic rate of S. pupariae to the young larva indoor was 100.00% and 80.00% respectively, and the relative control effect was 15.00% in field. The highest mortality and parasitization rate of S. harmandi to the young larva indoor was 100.00% and 62.22% respectively, and the relative control effect was 12.61% in field.
5. Used Dastarcus helophoroide to A. swainsoni aged larvae and pupa in control.The parasitic effect was determination of Dastarcus helophoroides eggs and adults to A. swainsoni larva indoor, the result showed that the best parasitization rate were 60.00% and 86.11% respectively. The relative control effect after 30 days released D. helophoroides eggs and adults in field were 38.63% and 46.50% respectively, after 60 days were 38.63%和46.50% respectively. The control effect of D. helophoroides to A. swainsoni larva represented persistence. The spatial analyzed showed the spatial distribution patterns of A. swainsoni and D. helophoroides were consistent and niche similarity was very high. All showed the latter was spatially following the former.
6. According to the complementary nutrition habits of A. swainsoni adults two kinds of environment safety pesticides were selected to control the pest. The effects of the insecticide azadirachtin on adult survival, antifeedant activity, oviposition and egg hatching were investigated. The results showed that all treatments with azadirachtin significant toxicity against A. swainsoni. When the concentration was dilute by 300-fold, 400-fold, 500-fold, 600-fold and 700-fold,the mortalities of the adults were 97.6%,86.0%,73.8%,50.0% and 36.1% within 6 days, respectively. The antifeedant activity enhanced accordingly with increasing and prolongation of concentration and time. the antifeeding rates of the treatments of 300-fold and 400-fold were 94.87%,90.22% within 6 days, respectively. The consumption of the branches was significant less than that in control. When the concentration was diluted by 500-fold,600-fold and 700-fold, the antifeeding rates of the beetle adults were 61.28%,41.54% and 37.00% within 6 day, respectively.
The twigs of the S. japonica were treated by different concentration Diflubenzuron(DFB). The final results showed that there were no obvious difference for feeding amount and fecundity between treated groups and CK groups. However, there was significantly inhibition effect on the egg hatching, the most anti-hatching index was 76.32%. DFB of concentration 0.20mg/g was found to disturb growth and development of reproductive system of A. swainsoni adults.It caused a series lesions performance.
1.通过室内室外生物学特性的研究表明,锈色粒肩天牛成虫羽化期从6月下旬开始一直持续到10月上旬,但羽化盛期集中在7月上旬;雌雄性比约为1.45:1;雌虫一生可产卵27-62粒。通过对锈色粒肩天牛成虫触角上的电子显微观察发现,共存在4类8种不同的感器,每种感器在触角不同位置分布不同数量也不同。
2.锈色粒肩天牛卵在林间孵化高峰期在8月3-10日,自然孵化率为92.68%,首次发现了其卵期寄生蜂——锈色粒肩天牛奥金小蜂(Oxysychus sp),是寄生该天牛卵的重要天敌,在生物防治上具有一定的应用前景。
3.对锈色粒肩天牛各虫态的空间分布的分析表明,锈色粒肩天牛幼虫、蛹或成虫和卵的空间分布为聚集分布,60.73%幼虫集中分布于国槐树干的2.0 m以下危害,通过抽样技术研究给出了供生产参考的序贯抽样分析表。
4.利用两种肿腿蜂对锈色粒肩天牛幼龄幼虫进行了防治,室内试验表明蜡吉丁肿腿蜂(Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao)和哈氏肿腿蜂(Sclerodermus harmandi Buysson)对锈色粒肩天牛虫粪及其寄主植物有较好的学习能力。白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对锈色粒肩天牛幼龄幼虫的室内最高致死率和寄生率分别为100.00%和80.00%,野外相对防效为15.00%。哈氏肿腿蜂对锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的室内最高致死率和寄生率分别为100.00%和62.22%,野外相对防效为12.61%。
5.利用花绒寄甲对锈色粒肩天牛中老龄幼虫和蛹进行防治。室内测定花绒寄甲(Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire)卵和成虫对锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的最好寄生率分别能够达到60.00%和86.11%,林间释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫30 d后相对防效分别达到38.63%和46.50%,释放60 d后的相对防效分别达到了52.67%和60.72,且花绒寄甲对锈色粒肩天牛的控制作用有持续性。空间分析表明花绒寄甲与其寄主锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的三维分布格局一致,生态位相似度很高,表明前者对后者有跟随关系。
6.根据锈色粒肩天牛成虫补充营养的习性,选用了对环境安全的植物源农药印楝素和仿生制剂灭幼脲对锈色粒肩天牛成虫进行了生物活性测定。印楝素对锈色粒肩天牛成虫的生物活性测定表明,不同浓度印楝素药液对锈色粒肩天牛均具有一定的生物活性:0.3%印楝素乳油300倍、400倍、500倍、600倍及700倍液处理后第6d时,锈色粒肩天牛成虫的死亡率分别达97.6%,86.0%,73.8%,50.0%和36.1%;成虫对印楝素的拒食作用随着药剂浓度的增加和时间的延长而增强,在第6d时,300倍、400倍液处理的拒食率达到了94.87%和90.22%,成虫取食量显著低于对照;随着浓度减小拒食率降低,500倍、600倍及700倍液处理的拒食率分别为61.28%、41.54%和37.00%。
灭幼脲对锈色粒肩天牛成虫的生物活性测定表明,不同浓度的灭幼脲处理对该天牛雌雄性成虫的取食量、产卵量的影响差异不显著,但对卵的孵化有显著的抑制作用,卵孵化抑制率最高可达76.32%;解剖发现浓度为0.20mg/mL的灭幼脲能够干扰锈色粒肩天牛雌、雄成虫内生殖系统的正常生长及发育,表现出一系列畸变反应。
Apriona swainsoni Hope(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae), is a serious pest of wood borer on Sophora. japonica Linn, an important trees species in China. The whole larval stage was spended in their host trees.Not only the larva damaged the xylem of the trees, but also the adult must feed on the bark for sexual mature which caused trees to die. It is one of China's quarantine pest, and caused our urban landscape and trees a major threat. To control this important pest, from 2009 the author studied the biological control techniques on Apriona swainsoni.This article study the biological characteristics and ecological characteristics of A. swainsoni . For control the pest its biology, ecology characteristics and biological control techniques were conducted. This paper studied clearly biological and ecological characteristics of the major pest A. swainsoni and studied the integrated control techniques based biological control. Including the techniques of yong A. swainsoni larva controled by Sclerodermus pupariae and S. harmandi, aged larva controled by Dastarcus helophoroides and A. swainsoni adult controled by Azadirachtin and Diflubenzuron. There was a well-established biological control techniques for every stage of the pest.The main results were as follows:
1. The biological characteristics of A. swainsoni was studied indoor and outdoor, the result showed that the time of A. swainsoni adult emergence from late June until early October and the emergence peak in early July. The ratio of female to male was 1.45:1,and the fecundity of female was 27-62. There are 4 types and 8 kinds of sensilla on the antennae, distributing quantity of each type on scape, pedicel and each flagellomeres were also different
2. The hatching peak of A. swainsoni eggs was form August 3 to August 10 and natural hatching rate was 92.68%. A mew species of parasitoid for A. swainsoni eggs was found for the first time, it belongs Trigonoderus and has good prospects for biological control.
3. The spatial pattern of egg, larva and pupa or adult were all the aggregated distribution, 60.73% larva are centralized in the host tree trunks below 2.0 m. The sampling technique was study and provided the sequential sampling table for production reference
4. Sclerodermus pupariae and S. harmandi have better learning ability for the odor of frass and the host tree. The highest mortality and parasitic rate of S. pupariae to the young larva indoor was 100.00% and 80.00% respectively, and the relative control effect was 15.00% in field. The highest mortality and parasitization rate of S. harmandi to the young larva indoor was 100.00% and 62.22% respectively, and the relative control effect was 12.61% in field.
5. Used Dastarcus helophoroide to A. swainsoni aged larvae and pupa in control.The parasitic effect was determination of Dastarcus helophoroides eggs and adults to A. swainsoni larva indoor, the result showed that the best parasitization rate were 60.00% and 86.11% respectively. The relative control effect after 30 days released D. helophoroides eggs and adults in field were 38.63% and 46.50% respectively, after 60 days were 38.63%和46.50% respectively. The control effect of D. helophoroides to A. swainsoni larva represented persistence. The spatial analyzed showed the spatial distribution patterns of A. swainsoni and D. helophoroides were consistent and niche similarity was very high. All showed the latter was spatially following the former.
6. According to the complementary nutrition habits of A. swainsoni adults two kinds of environment safety pesticides were selected to control the pest. The effects of the insecticide azadirachtin on adult survival, antifeedant activity, oviposition and egg hatching were investigated. The results showed that all treatments with azadirachtin significant toxicity against A. swainsoni. When the concentration was dilute by 300-fold, 400-fold, 500-fold, 600-fold and 700-fold,the mortalities of the adults were 97.6%,86.0%,73.8%,50.0% and 36.1% within 6 days, respectively. The antifeedant activity enhanced accordingly with increasing and prolongation of concentration and time. the antifeeding rates of the treatments of 300-fold and 400-fold were 94.87%,90.22% within 6 days, respectively. The consumption of the branches was significant less than that in control. When the concentration was diluted by 500-fold,600-fold and 700-fold, the antifeeding rates of the beetle adults were 61.28%,41.54% and 37.00% within 6 day, respectively.
The twigs of the S. japonica were treated by different concentration Diflubenzuron(DFB). The final results showed that there were no obvious difference for feeding amount and fecundity between treated groups and CK groups. However, there was significantly inhibition effect on the egg hatching, the most anti-hatching index was 76.32%. DFB of concentration 0.20mg/g was found to disturb growth and development of reproductive system of A. swainsoni adults.It caused a series lesions performance.
引文
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