大规模水电站群短期联合优化调度研究与应用
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摘要
经过60多年特别是近十几年的水电开发建设,我国水电事业实现了突飞猛进的发展,形成了由巨型梯级水电站群组成的大规模省级电网甚至区域电网水电系统。这类水电系统普遍具有电站数量多、装机容量大、流域特性差异大、输送电范围广、水力电力联系复杂等运行特点,给区域电网、省级电网、流域集控中心的运行和管理带来极大挑战,主要表现在：高水头多振动区等复杂约束的出现使得巨型水电站和电网的安稳运行面临更多的威胁、各级输电线路的运行极限要求导致省级电网调峰矛盾更加突出、复杂水电站群在运行特点与需求上的较大差异使得传统单一目标的建模方法很难满足工程实际要求、区域电网内资源与电力消费分布不均迫切需要进行大规模的跨省电力输送等方面。因此,本文以一个区域电网,五个省级电网以及多个流域梯级的实际工程项目为研究背景,结合区域电网、省级电网、巨型流域梯级的各自运行特点和相互之间的协调运作关系,深入分析当前水电调度面临的关键新颖课题与重大问题,提出了多种切实可用的求解算法与策略,主要成果如下：
(1)提出了基于机组组合方法的巨型梯级水电站群短期负荷分配模型。该模型以梯级水电站群的有效发电出力最大为目标,通过参考日负荷变化过程引入了出力权重系数,以确定不同时段的电站有效出力,使水电站尽量按照负荷峰、平、谷的优先顺序发电。提出了以机组组合为基础的模型求解方法,在求解过程中,分别利用组合数学理论与动态规划技术生成各种组合机组、以及组合机组的振动区与最优发电特性曲线,同时依据巨型发电机组的振动区与水头之间的递增变化关系,给出了快速的振动区避开策略,并将其引入启发式搜索过程指导水电站的出力分配。在红水河流域13座水电站的应用结果显示,该模型与求解方法能高效地得到满足工程实际需求的优化结果。
(2)提出了基于逐次逼近关联搜索算法的省级水电系统调峰电量最大模型。该模型考虑了省级电网存在的多级分区出力限制与复杂电站运行约束,期望通过水电机组对负荷峰值的调节作用,使余留给火电机组的负荷需求尽量平稳不变。将逐次逼近优化与关联搜索算法相耦合进行模型求解,依靠前者的降维优点与后者的强寻优能力,解决短期调度中面临的维数灾、与时段耦合约束和全局性控制目标导致的搜索效率下降等问题；对于多级分区出力约束,引入先松弛后修正的处理策略,在简化原问题的同时,可以基本保留算法的最优化结果。通过云南电网水电系统的实际运行检验,计算结果能够切实满足电网的调峰需求,所提方法可以有效提高逐次逼近算法的搜索性能。
(3)提出了基于多阶段逐步优化算法的复杂水电站群差异化目标调度模型。考虑复杂水电站群在运行特点与需求方面的较大差异,对所有水电站进行归类,每一类水电站群承担一项具体的发电任务,并以此确定适合的调度目标。为避免复杂的出力波动控制约束降低问题的求解效率与结果质量,采用多阶段逐步优化算法(MSPOA)将原问题转化为一系列较大步长的类似调度问题并逐一求解,以削弱甚至消除部分时段耦合约束,扩大决策变量的可行搜索空间,进而改善原问题的初始解。通过三个不同类型的仿真实例表明,MSPOA在计算时间与结果质量两方面均优于POA,且差异化目标调度方式较单目标具有更好的实际应用效果。
(4)针对区域电网内资源与电力消费分布不均引起的缺电与水电弃电情况,提出了大规模区域电网多电源联合发电优化调度方法,采用大系统分解协调原理,将区域电网的跨网协调问题分解为省网内部平衡和网间协调两个子问题。一方面,省网内部平衡问题按能源形式被进一步分为多个单一电源的优化调度子问题,各子问题进行独立建模求解,再按照节能原则进行多电源协调；另一方面,.以各省级电网的内部平衡结果为基础,进行区域电网平衡分析,制定合理的网间受送电计划。所提方法已被应用于中国南方电网发电优化调度系统(包括五个省级电网共188座电站),获得了满意的优化协调结果,有效解决了各省网的缺电或水电弃电问题。
总结了全文的研究内容与重要成果,并就下一步的研究工作进行了初探与展望。
During the past more than 60 years, especially in the past decade, hydropower system has been undergoing the most concentrated and intense development boom in China. Hence, some large-scale hydropower systems for provincial even regional power grids have emerged, which are composed of many huge cascaded hydropower plants. In general, these hydropower systems are characterized with many plants, large installed capacity, discrepant running demands, wide transmission, and complex hydraulic and electric link. Consequently, a lot of general difficulties or problems in operation and management have been brought about. First, the huge hydropower plant and power grid are facing great challenges due to multi-vibration zones with high head. Second, regulating peak load for provincial power grids becomes more difficult while the operation limitation in transmission lines is considered. Third, the great difference in the inflows, total capacity of plants located on different streams, and operation requirements among hydropower plants, single-objective optimization is hard to express the discrepant demands. Furthermore, there is a pressing need for large-scale inter-provincial electric power transmission because of uneven distribution of resources and power consumption in the regional network. Therefore, a number of engineering in one regional power grid, five provincial power grids, and several cascaded hydro operation centers are chosen in the present paper. A series of effective solution methods and strategies are proposed for addressing some key problems faced currently, showing valuable results. The content of present paper is summarized as follows:
(1) A short-term operational model based on unit commitment method is presented for huge cascaded hydropower plants. In this model, the objective is to maximize effective generation production of cascaded hydropower plants. According to load demands, generation weighting coefficients in different periods are provided so that all plants can generate in the order of system loads. A solution method based on the unit commitment is provided to optimize the model. During optimization, the assembled mathematical principle and dynamic programming are taken advantaged of to generate combined units and their vibration zones and optimal power curves respectively. Furthermore, the heuristic search method which has incorporated a rapid and efficient strategy for jumping out the vibration zones designed according to the relationship between vibration zone and water head is used to generate the operational schelduling of hydropower plants. The above solution model and technique are implemented on the Hongshuihe River hydropower system with 13 hydropower plants, generating effective and satisfactory results for real projects.
(2) An objective of maximizing peak power generation is used to cut down peak load and secure stable operation in power grid, a solution method called successive approximation of dynamic programming with associated searching strategy is developed for solving operation problem of large-scale hydropower plants. The proposed model considers the novel limitation of multi-layer generation limitation and complex running constraints. The main objective of this model is to cut down peak loads in order to smooth the remaining loads for thermal systems. Thus, the times of operation and shut-down of thermal units should be reduced. The proposed solution method effectively combines the advantage of reducing dimensions and the strong searching capability to deal with the curse of dimensionality and complex operations and security requirements. Also importantly, the generation limitation are loosed during optimization and considered after optimization in order to simplify the original problem and keep the optimized results basically. The proposed model and method are tested by the hydro system in Yunnan Power Grid. The results indicate that the substitute of original objective function is reasonable, and that solution technique developed is efficient than successive approximation of dynamic programming in solving the present problem.
(3) A novel scheduling method with discrepant objectives is proposed to consider the complex characteristics and demands among large-scale hydropower plants. Coorespondingly, all hydropower plants are classed into several types, and every plant group is responsible for a specific task which decides the operation objective function. To enhance the solution efficiency and improve the optimal solutions while considering complex generation fluctuation constaints, a multi-step of progressive optimality algorithm is proposed to solve short-term hydro scheduling problem. Within the framework, the original problem is first changed into a sequence of problems with different time intervals bigger than fifteen minutes. Next, the optimal solution is gotten by iteratively optimizing SHSP with an initial solution from last bigger time interval using POA. The efficiency of this algorithm is enhanced because the feasible range of state or decision variables will be greatly increased by weakening even eliminating some constraints mentioned earlier and synchronously the number of computational stages also reduced. Three different case studies are utilized to test the discrepant-objective method and MSPOA. The results show that MSPOA can get better results than POA within shorter time, and discrepant objectives among the hydropower plants can express the operation characteristics of large-scale hydroelectric systems more accurately than unique objective or multiple objectives.
(4) Because of uneven distribution of resources and power consumption in the regional network, power shortage and water spill are caused in different provincial power grids. A short-term optimal operation method for several power sources if proposed for the regional power grid. Based on the decomposition and coordination of large-scale system, this problem is decomposed into two subproblems, load distributition problem for each provincial power grid and coordination problem among several multiple grids. On the one hand, the provincial scheduling problem is addressed by resolving several operation sub-problems for each type of plants. It should be noted that each sub-problem is sovled independently. On the other hand, reasonable acceptant and delivered generation schedules are generated based on the results obtained from each provincial operation problem. The proposed method is implemented on the case study called China Southern Power Grid (including five provincial power grids with 188 plants). The sactisfactory optimal solutions are obtained from this method, avoiding the power shortage and water spill of provincial power grids.
Finally, a summary is made and a few issues which need to be further studied are listed.
(1)提出了基于机组组合方法的巨型梯级水电站群短期负荷分配模型。该模型以梯级水电站群的有效发电出力最大为目标,通过参考日负荷变化过程引入了出力权重系数,以确定不同时段的电站有效出力,使水电站尽量按照负荷峰、平、谷的优先顺序发电。提出了以机组组合为基础的模型求解方法,在求解过程中,分别利用组合数学理论与动态规划技术生成各种组合机组、以及组合机组的振动区与最优发电特性曲线,同时依据巨型发电机组的振动区与水头之间的递增变化关系,给出了快速的振动区避开策略,并将其引入启发式搜索过程指导水电站的出力分配。在红水河流域13座水电站的应用结果显示,该模型与求解方法能高效地得到满足工程实际需求的优化结果。
(2)提出了基于逐次逼近关联搜索算法的省级水电系统调峰电量最大模型。该模型考虑了省级电网存在的多级分区出力限制与复杂电站运行约束,期望通过水电机组对负荷峰值的调节作用,使余留给火电机组的负荷需求尽量平稳不变。将逐次逼近优化与关联搜索算法相耦合进行模型求解,依靠前者的降维优点与后者的强寻优能力,解决短期调度中面临的维数灾、与时段耦合约束和全局性控制目标导致的搜索效率下降等问题；对于多级分区出力约束,引入先松弛后修正的处理策略,在简化原问题的同时,可以基本保留算法的最优化结果。通过云南电网水电系统的实际运行检验,计算结果能够切实满足电网的调峰需求,所提方法可以有效提高逐次逼近算法的搜索性能。
(3)提出了基于多阶段逐步优化算法的复杂水电站群差异化目标调度模型。考虑复杂水电站群在运行特点与需求方面的较大差异,对所有水电站进行归类,每一类水电站群承担一项具体的发电任务,并以此确定适合的调度目标。为避免复杂的出力波动控制约束降低问题的求解效率与结果质量,采用多阶段逐步优化算法(MSPOA)将原问题转化为一系列较大步长的类似调度问题并逐一求解,以削弱甚至消除部分时段耦合约束,扩大决策变量的可行搜索空间,进而改善原问题的初始解。通过三个不同类型的仿真实例表明,MSPOA在计算时间与结果质量两方面均优于POA,且差异化目标调度方式较单目标具有更好的实际应用效果。
(4)针对区域电网内资源与电力消费分布不均引起的缺电与水电弃电情况,提出了大规模区域电网多电源联合发电优化调度方法,采用大系统分解协调原理,将区域电网的跨网协调问题分解为省网内部平衡和网间协调两个子问题。一方面,省网内部平衡问题按能源形式被进一步分为多个单一电源的优化调度子问题,各子问题进行独立建模求解,再按照节能原则进行多电源协调；另一方面,.以各省级电网的内部平衡结果为基础,进行区域电网平衡分析,制定合理的网间受送电计划。所提方法已被应用于中国南方电网发电优化调度系统(包括五个省级电网共188座电站),获得了满意的优化协调结果,有效解决了各省网的缺电或水电弃电问题。
总结了全文的研究内容与重要成果,并就下一步的研究工作进行了初探与展望。
During the past more than 60 years, especially in the past decade, hydropower system has been undergoing the most concentrated and intense development boom in China. Hence, some large-scale hydropower systems for provincial even regional power grids have emerged, which are composed of many huge cascaded hydropower plants. In general, these hydropower systems are characterized with many plants, large installed capacity, discrepant running demands, wide transmission, and complex hydraulic and electric link. Consequently, a lot of general difficulties or problems in operation and management have been brought about. First, the huge hydropower plant and power grid are facing great challenges due to multi-vibration zones with high head. Second, regulating peak load for provincial power grids becomes more difficult while the operation limitation in transmission lines is considered. Third, the great difference in the inflows, total capacity of plants located on different streams, and operation requirements among hydropower plants, single-objective optimization is hard to express the discrepant demands. Furthermore, there is a pressing need for large-scale inter-provincial electric power transmission because of uneven distribution of resources and power consumption in the regional network. Therefore, a number of engineering in one regional power grid, five provincial power grids, and several cascaded hydro operation centers are chosen in the present paper. A series of effective solution methods and strategies are proposed for addressing some key problems faced currently, showing valuable results. The content of present paper is summarized as follows:
(1) A short-term operational model based on unit commitment method is presented for huge cascaded hydropower plants. In this model, the objective is to maximize effective generation production of cascaded hydropower plants. According to load demands, generation weighting coefficients in different periods are provided so that all plants can generate in the order of system loads. A solution method based on the unit commitment is provided to optimize the model. During optimization, the assembled mathematical principle and dynamic programming are taken advantaged of to generate combined units and their vibration zones and optimal power curves respectively. Furthermore, the heuristic search method which has incorporated a rapid and efficient strategy for jumping out the vibration zones designed according to the relationship between vibration zone and water head is used to generate the operational schelduling of hydropower plants. The above solution model and technique are implemented on the Hongshuihe River hydropower system with 13 hydropower plants, generating effective and satisfactory results for real projects.
(2) An objective of maximizing peak power generation is used to cut down peak load and secure stable operation in power grid, a solution method called successive approximation of dynamic programming with associated searching strategy is developed for solving operation problem of large-scale hydropower plants. The proposed model considers the novel limitation of multi-layer generation limitation and complex running constraints. The main objective of this model is to cut down peak loads in order to smooth the remaining loads for thermal systems. Thus, the times of operation and shut-down of thermal units should be reduced. The proposed solution method effectively combines the advantage of reducing dimensions and the strong searching capability to deal with the curse of dimensionality and complex operations and security requirements. Also importantly, the generation limitation are loosed during optimization and considered after optimization in order to simplify the original problem and keep the optimized results basically. The proposed model and method are tested by the hydro system in Yunnan Power Grid. The results indicate that the substitute of original objective function is reasonable, and that solution technique developed is efficient than successive approximation of dynamic programming in solving the present problem.
(3) A novel scheduling method with discrepant objectives is proposed to consider the complex characteristics and demands among large-scale hydropower plants. Coorespondingly, all hydropower plants are classed into several types, and every plant group is responsible for a specific task which decides the operation objective function. To enhance the solution efficiency and improve the optimal solutions while considering complex generation fluctuation constaints, a multi-step of progressive optimality algorithm is proposed to solve short-term hydro scheduling problem. Within the framework, the original problem is first changed into a sequence of problems with different time intervals bigger than fifteen minutes. Next, the optimal solution is gotten by iteratively optimizing SHSP with an initial solution from last bigger time interval using POA. The efficiency of this algorithm is enhanced because the feasible range of state or decision variables will be greatly increased by weakening even eliminating some constraints mentioned earlier and synchronously the number of computational stages also reduced. Three different case studies are utilized to test the discrepant-objective method and MSPOA. The results show that MSPOA can get better results than POA within shorter time, and discrepant objectives among the hydropower plants can express the operation characteristics of large-scale hydroelectric systems more accurately than unique objective or multiple objectives.
(4) Because of uneven distribution of resources and power consumption in the regional network, power shortage and water spill are caused in different provincial power grids. A short-term optimal operation method for several power sources if proposed for the regional power grid. Based on the decomposition and coordination of large-scale system, this problem is decomposed into two subproblems, load distributition problem for each provincial power grid and coordination problem among several multiple grids. On the one hand, the provincial scheduling problem is addressed by resolving several operation sub-problems for each type of plants. It should be noted that each sub-problem is sovled independently. On the other hand, reasonable acceptant and delivered generation schedules are generated based on the results obtained from each provincial operation problem. The proposed method is implemented on the case study called China Southern Power Grid (including five provincial power grids with 188 plants). The sactisfactory optimal solutions are obtained from this method, avoiding the power shortage and water spill of provincial power grids.
Finally, a summary is made and a few issues which need to be further studied are listed.
引文
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