松辽平原沙地榆树林生态学研究
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摘要
榆树林是松辽平原沙地上发育的顶级植物群落,按其建群种划分出蒙古黄榆(Ulmus. macrocarpa var. mongolica )林,家榆(Ulmus pumila )林和刺榆(Hemipelea davidii )林,构成森林草原景观,具有独特的群落种类构成和生态过程,对于维持区域生态平衡乃至东北草原区生态环境质量均具有重要作用。目前本区榆树林生态系统退化严重,群落更新不良,分布范围不断缩小,亟需开展榆树林种群和群落生态学基础研究。本文应用典型样地定位法对三种榆树林种群特征(不同年龄枝条的叶构件、枝条构件和刺构件、果实构件数量特征,种子雨散布特征)和群落特征(乔木层和草本层种类构成及其数量特征)进行野外调查,应用变异系数表征各构件可塑性,应用数学模型模拟种子雨动态、应用重要值和物种多样性指数等表征群落结构,通过以上方法揭示三种榆树林种群和群落结构与动态。本研究具有重要的理论和实践意义,可在一定程度上开拓种群和群落研究的新途径,并可为松辽平原沙地榆树林管理和生态恢复提供科学依据和技术支撑。
1刺榆林生态学研究
1)刺榆林种群生态学研究
刺榆不同年龄枝条的构件数量性状变异程度不尽相同,总体变化规律为:刺榆不同年龄枝条构件的生物量变异程度大于构件数变异程度,而且一龄枝和二龄枝变异程度要普遍高于三龄枝的。表明外界因素对刺榆构件生物量(尤其枝条生物量)影响比较大,而对构件数影响较小。回归分析结果表明刺榆一龄枝和二龄枝的生物量、构件数均与总生物量具有极好的回归关系,并且一龄枝和二龄枝的决定系数总体上高于三龄枝的。因此在刺榆林天然更新中一龄枝和二龄枝对种群和群落的贡献高于三龄枝,是种群更新和拓展能力的体现。相关分析结果表明刺榆一龄枝和二龄枝各构件均表现为同速生长,具有极好的相关性,三龄枝除刺构件外,其他各构件也表现为同速生长。
2)刺榆林种子雨及种子散布格局
刺榆林下和林缘的种子雨沉降的数量特征和孤立单株及林缘的种子散布格局结果表明,刺榆的种子雨密度平均以林下最大(13732.5±3106.2粒·m~(-2)),孤立单株以东南样带最多(5449.4±1429.3粒·m~(-2)),并显著地高于其他方向,以西北最少(650.2±631.6粒·m~(-2)),并显著地少于其他方向;林缘以东(4583.4±1341.0粒·m~(-2))和南(3744.4±2673.4粒·m~(-2))样带显著地高于西(1410.0±1499.3粒·m~(-2))和北(902.7±802.5粒·m~(-2))样带。孤立单株和林缘不同方向种子雨密度的变异普遍较大,其变异系数为25.7-106.3%。刺榆具有风播植物远离种子源的种子散布特性。8个样带在单位面积和累积面积上远离种子源的种子散布格局均具有多样性,包括直线、幂、指数、二次抛物线和对数函数。
3)刺榆林群落生态学研究
刺榆林不存在灌木层;其乔木层可划分为2个亚层,上、下层高度分别为4.05-7.86和2.05-3.20 m;林下共有32种草本植物,隶属13科27属,以禾本科、豆科和菊科为主;研究区有11个植被分布区型,其中,蒙古-东北-兴安-华北分布区型种类最多(34.38%),其次为东北-华北分布区型(12.5%)。在3个水分生态类型中,中生植物最多,占59.37%,中旱生类型和旱生类型分别占25%和15.63%。在6个生活型中,地面芽植物最多(31.25%),具有温带草原的典型生活型特征。刺榆林草本层物种多样性与乔木层的发育程度有关,乔木层郁闭度的降低将导致草本层生态优势度增加,群落均匀度和物种多样性下降。群落生产力与功能群内的物种数之间无明显相关关系,而与功能群内的个体数表现出显著的正相关关系(p<0.05)。
4)放牧干扰对刺榆林物种多样性的影响
随着放牧强度的增加,刺榆林生活型构成发生显著变化,轻度干扰和中度干扰阶段均以多年生丛生禾草地上芽植物占优势,重度干扰阶段以一年生植物占优势。从物种多样性的变化趋势看,以轻度干扰阶段的物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性均最高,尤其丰富度的差异显著(p<0.05)。随干扰程度的增加,群落物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性均显著的单调降低,表现出种类明显减少、群落结构简单化和旱生化的趋势。
2蒙古黄榆林生态学研究
1)蒙古黄榆林种群生态学研究
蒙古黄榆不同年龄枝条的构件数量性状变异程度差异较大,总体变化规律为:蒙古黄榆各构件的构件数变异程度大于生物量变异程度,而且一龄枝和二龄枝变异程度要普遍低于三龄枝的,这一点与刺榆林变化趋势相反,表明外界因素对刺榆构件数影响比较大,而对构件生物量影响较小。这可能与物种自身生物学特性有关。从回归分析结果看,不同年龄枝条的生物量、构件数均与总生物量的回归方程决定系数总体上表现为一龄枝<二龄枝<三龄枝,这与变异系数在各龄枝条间的分布状况较一致,反映出蒙古黄榆一龄枝和二龄枝在空间拓展和种群更新能力上的弱化。从相关分析结果看,不同年龄枝条的各构件均表现为同速生长,各构件数量与生物量之间具有极好的相关性,反映出各构件在资源利用上的同步性。
2)蒙古黄榆林群落生态学研究
蒙古黄榆林郁闭度一般在40-60%之间,高度5.83-9.33米,胸径0.13-0.19m,枝下高2.16-2.63m,株距3.72m-8.16m。蒙古黄榆林下草本植物总共出现47种,隶属21科39属,以禾本科、豆科和菊科植物最多。在分布区型结构上,总计13种分布区型,以华北-东北-兴安-蒙古分布区型种类最多,具有四种分布区型相汇聚的特征。水分生态类型以中生植物最多,但中旱生及旱生种类亦丰富,具有明显的适应干旱生境的水分特点。生活型以一年生植物最多,其次地面芽植物。蒙古黄榆群落生产力与物种丰富度之间并不存在必然的联系,而生产力与植物个体数具有显著的正相关关系。
3家榆林生态学研究
1)家榆林种群生态学研究
家榆不同年龄枝条的构件数量性状变异程度总体变化规律为:家榆各构件的生物量变异程度大于构件数变异程度,而且一龄枝和二龄枝变异程度要普遍低于三龄枝的,这一点与蒙古黄榆林变化趋势相同,表明外界因素对家榆构件数影响比较大,而对构件生物量影响较小。从回归分析结果看,家榆不同年龄枝条的生物量、构件数均与总生物量的回归方程决定系数总体上表现为一龄枝的低于二龄枝和三龄枝的,反映出家榆一龄枝各构件受环境因素和人为干扰程度较大,其空间拓展能力受到影响,不利于种群更新和群落结构的维持。从相关分析结果看,家榆不同年龄枝条的各构件亦表现为同速生长,各构件数量与生物量之间均具有极好的相关性,反映出各构件在资源利用上的同步性。
2)家榆林群落生态学研究
家榆林群落结构比较简单,常无灌木层,仅乔木层和草本层,林下草本无温带森林的典型种,而是由草原种构成,一般物种丰富度较高,常见种类糙隐子草、沙地委陵菜、羊草等草原种,个别地段亦伴生山杏、叶底珠灌丛。从群落生态类型结构组成和分布区型结构组成看,与1981年李建东等调查结果相比,现时群落地面芽植物和隐芽植物发育均受到严重干扰,一年生植物大量增加。湿生植物消失,旱生和中旱生植物比例也显著减少。在分布区型结构上,以蒙古-兴安-华北-东北分布区型为主,具有4个分布区型相汇聚的特点,但类型数已严重减少。此外在物种多样性变化上,三个家榆样地间物种多样性相差不大,表明家榆林受人为干扰严重,使群落物种组成表现出同质化的趋势,从而使群落结构趋同。
The elm woods ecosystem was the clamix community type in sandy land in Songliao Plain and could be divided into Hemipelea davidii woods、Ulmus pumila woods and U. macrocarpa var. mongolica woods based on the construted species. The ecosystem had a unique species and ecological process which constitute the forest-steppe landscape and played an important role maintaining regional ecological balance as well as the quality of northeastern grassland ecological environment. At present, the elm woods had degraded seriously such as the community regeneration slowly, the distribution area shrinkage and need to carry out population and community ecology basic research. In this paper, the typical located plot of the three elm woods were used to investigated the population characteristics (such as the quantative characteristics of leaf modules, branch modules, thorn modules and fruit modules) and the community characteristics (such as the scpecies composition and quantative characteristics of arbor layer and herbal layer). The coefficient of variation, mathematical models, the important value and species diversity indexes were applied to analyze the phenotypic plasticity of mudules, seed rain dynamics and community structure characterization respectively. We aimed to discover the structure and dynamics of elm woods population and community. This paper has important theoretical and practical significance and can create some degree of new perspective of plant population and community research, as well as provide scientific evidences and technical supports for the elm woods management and restoration in Songliao Plain.
1 Research of H. davidii woods Ecology
1)Population Ecology
The variation degree of H. davidii modules varied greatly in different age-class branches. The regulation was as follows: the variation degree of modules biomass is greater than the modules numbers. Furthermore the variation degree of 1a and 2a branches were higher than 3a branches commonly, which indicated that the effect of external factors on modules biomass (in particular branches biomass) was relatively large, but little effect on the modules numbers.
Regression analysis showed that there were significant regression between the biomass, modules numbers of 1a and 2a branches and the total biomass of branches. Furthermore, the regression function determination coefficient (R2) of 1a and 2a branches were higher than those of 3a branches commonly, which indicated that the contribution of 1a and 2a branches to the capacity of population regeration and expansion were higher than those of 3a branches. Correlation analysis showed that the modules of 1a and 2a branches all growed at the same rate, and the modules of 3a branches except of thorn modules showed the same growth rate too.
2)Seed rain and the patterns of the seed dispersal in H. davidii woods
The quantitative characteristics of the H. davidii seed rain in the understory and at the woodsides, as well as the seed dispersal patterns at the woodsides and of the isolating trees were analyzed. The results indicated that among three smpling plots, the average density of the seed rain in the understory was the highest (13732.5±3106.2 seeds·m~(-2)). For isolating trees, the seed rain had the highest density (5449.4±1429.3seeds·m~(-2)) in southeast transect, being significantly higher than that in other directions, and the lowest one (650.2±631.6 seeds·m~(-2)) in the northwest transect, being significantly lower that in other directions. At the woodsides, the seed rain density was significantly higher in the east and south transects than in the west and north transects. The variation of the seed density was greater, with the variation coefficient being 25.7%-106.3% in different directions in the two plots of isolating trees and woodsides. Same as other anemochorous plants, H. davidii had the characteristies of seed dispersal away from the seed source. In the eight sampling transects, there existed diversity in the patterns of the dispersal away from the seed source in per unity area and in accumulated area, including linear, power, exponential, quadratic parabola and logarithmic functions.
3)The synecology
There were not shrubs in H. davidii woods and the arbor layer could be divided into two inferior layers, which the height of upper-arbor layer was 4.05-7.86 m and the lower-arbor layer height was 2.05-3.20 m. There were totally 32 herbal species belonging to 13 families and 27 genera, which were dominant by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Compositae. There were 11 areal type, most of which were Mongolian-Northeastern China-Dahuricia-North China accounting for 34.38%, and the Northeastern China- North China areal type taking up 12.5%. The species of mesophyte dominated three water ecological types, making up 59.37%, and the mesoxerophyte and xerophyte species occupying 25% and 15.63% respectively. Most plants among the six life forms belonged to the hemicryptophyte which accounted for 31.25%. The H. davidii community had the typical characteristic of temperate steppe.
The species diversity of herbal layers in H. davidii woods were correlated to the extent of arbor layer development, the decrease of camopy would lead to the increase of ecological dominant diversity of herbaceous layer and decrease of eveness and species diversity. There were no significantly correlations between the community production and species number within functional group, but with the individuals within functional group showed a significant positive correlation (p <0.05).
4)The impact of grazing on species diversity of H. davidii woods
With the increase of grazing intensity, the life form structure showed a significant change. The dominance type of life form was hemicryptophyte under moderate and medium disturbance, and under the heavy disturbance the dominance type was therophyte. The change of the species diversity indicated that the community under moderate disturbance had the highest richness, evenness and species diversity, particularly there were sigmificant difference between richness (p<0.05). With the increased of the disturbance extent, the species diverstiy of community decreased linearly. H. davidii woods showed the degraded characteristic such as species number decrease, community structure simplified and xerotic trends.
2 Research of Ulmus macrocarpa var. mongolica woods Ecology
1)Population ecology
The variation degree of U. macrocarpa var. mongolica modules varied greatly in different age-class branches. The regulation was as follows: the variation degree of modules numbers is greater than the modules biomass. Furthermore, contrast to H. davidii, the variation degree of 1a and 2a branches were lower than 3a branches commonly, which indicated that the effect of external factors on modules numbers was relatively large, but little effect on the modules biomass. These may be determined by the spcies biological characteristics.
Regression analysis showed that there were significant regression between the biomass, modules numbers of different age-class branches and the total biomass of branches. The order of regression function determination coefficient (R2) of different age-class branches was 1a <2a<3a, which was accordance with the coefficient of variation. The results showed that the contribution of 1a and 2a branches to the capacity of population regeration and expansion were decreased. Correlation analysis showed that the modules of 1a, 2a and 3a branches all growed at the same rate, the numbers and biomass of modules in different age-class branches were correlated with the total biobass significantly, which indicated the coincidence of modules in resource utilization.
2)The synecology
The canopy of arbor layers was 40-60%, the height 5.83-9.33m, DBH 0.13-0.19m, Under branch height 2.16-2.63m, row distance 3.72-8.16m. The total number of herbal species were 47 and belonged to 2 families and 39 genuses, The main families embraced Poaceae, Fabaceae and Compositae. Most areal type were Mongolian-Northeastern China-Dahuricia-China north within 13 areal types.The area has the influx characteristics of 4 areal type. The species of mesophyte dominated three water ecological types, the rest was xerophyte and mesoxerophyte, which had the trends of dried habitat condition. The life forms of most of the plants belonged to the therophytes, followed by hemicryptophytes. There were no significantly correlations between the community production and species number within functional group, but with the individuals within functional group showed a significant positive correlation (p <0.05).
3 Research of U. pumila woods Ecology
1)Population ecology
The regulation of U. pumila modules in different age-class branches was as follows: the variation degree of modules biomass is greater than the modules numbers. Furthermore, coincide with macrocarpa var. mongolica, the variation degree of 1a and 2a branches were lower than 3a branches commonly, which indicated that the effect of external factors on modules numbers was relatively large, but little effect on the modules biomass. Regression analysis showed that there were significant regression between the modules biomass, modules numbers of different age-class branches and the total biomass of branches. The order of regression function determination coefficient (R2) of different age-class branches was 1a <2a<3a. The results showed that the contribution of 1a branches to the capacity of population regeration and expansion were decreased under the impact of human disturbance and external factors. As the result the population regeneration and community structure were unsustainable. Correlation analysis showed that the modules of 1a, 2a and 3a branches all growed at the same rate, the numbers and biomass of modules in different age-class branches were correlated with the total biobass significantly, which indicated the coincidence of modules in resource utilization.
2)The synecology
The U. pumila woods structure was relatively simple, there were only arbor and herbal layers without shrub layers , furthermore there were not typical temperate forest species but steppe species. Usually there were higher species richness of herbal layers. The dominant species were Celeistogenes squarosa, Pottentilla sp., Leymus chinensis, et al.. There were also Prunus armeniaca and Securinega suffruticosa shrubs in some local topography.
View from the composition of ecological and areal type structure, compared to the survey by Li jiandong in 1981, the hemicryptophyte and geophyte decreased and the therophyte increased dramatically. The hygrophilous disappeared and Xerophytes decreased dramatically. In terms of the areal type, most areal type were Mongolian-Northeastern China-Dahurica-China north. The area has the influx characteristics of 4 areal type but the number of areal type decreased dramatically too. In addition, there were no significantly differences between three plots, which indicated that there were seriously human disturbance and lead to homogenization in species composition and community structure.
1刺榆林生态学研究
1)刺榆林种群生态学研究
刺榆不同年龄枝条的构件数量性状变异程度不尽相同,总体变化规律为:刺榆不同年龄枝条构件的生物量变异程度大于构件数变异程度,而且一龄枝和二龄枝变异程度要普遍高于三龄枝的。表明外界因素对刺榆构件生物量(尤其枝条生物量)影响比较大,而对构件数影响较小。回归分析结果表明刺榆一龄枝和二龄枝的生物量、构件数均与总生物量具有极好的回归关系,并且一龄枝和二龄枝的决定系数总体上高于三龄枝的。因此在刺榆林天然更新中一龄枝和二龄枝对种群和群落的贡献高于三龄枝,是种群更新和拓展能力的体现。相关分析结果表明刺榆一龄枝和二龄枝各构件均表现为同速生长,具有极好的相关性,三龄枝除刺构件外,其他各构件也表现为同速生长。
2)刺榆林种子雨及种子散布格局
刺榆林下和林缘的种子雨沉降的数量特征和孤立单株及林缘的种子散布格局结果表明,刺榆的种子雨密度平均以林下最大(13732.5±3106.2粒·m~(-2)),孤立单株以东南样带最多(5449.4±1429.3粒·m~(-2)),并显著地高于其他方向,以西北最少(650.2±631.6粒·m~(-2)),并显著地少于其他方向;林缘以东(4583.4±1341.0粒·m~(-2))和南(3744.4±2673.4粒·m~(-2))样带显著地高于西(1410.0±1499.3粒·m~(-2))和北(902.7±802.5粒·m~(-2))样带。孤立单株和林缘不同方向种子雨密度的变异普遍较大,其变异系数为25.7-106.3%。刺榆具有风播植物远离种子源的种子散布特性。8个样带在单位面积和累积面积上远离种子源的种子散布格局均具有多样性,包括直线、幂、指数、二次抛物线和对数函数。
3)刺榆林群落生态学研究
刺榆林不存在灌木层;其乔木层可划分为2个亚层,上、下层高度分别为4.05-7.86和2.05-3.20 m;林下共有32种草本植物,隶属13科27属,以禾本科、豆科和菊科为主;研究区有11个植被分布区型,其中,蒙古-东北-兴安-华北分布区型种类最多(34.38%),其次为东北-华北分布区型(12.5%)。在3个水分生态类型中,中生植物最多,占59.37%,中旱生类型和旱生类型分别占25%和15.63%。在6个生活型中,地面芽植物最多(31.25%),具有温带草原的典型生活型特征。刺榆林草本层物种多样性与乔木层的发育程度有关,乔木层郁闭度的降低将导致草本层生态优势度增加,群落均匀度和物种多样性下降。群落生产力与功能群内的物种数之间无明显相关关系,而与功能群内的个体数表现出显著的正相关关系(p<0.05)。
4)放牧干扰对刺榆林物种多样性的影响
随着放牧强度的增加,刺榆林生活型构成发生显著变化,轻度干扰和中度干扰阶段均以多年生丛生禾草地上芽植物占优势,重度干扰阶段以一年生植物占优势。从物种多样性的变化趋势看,以轻度干扰阶段的物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性均最高,尤其丰富度的差异显著(p<0.05)。随干扰程度的增加,群落物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性均显著的单调降低,表现出种类明显减少、群落结构简单化和旱生化的趋势。
2蒙古黄榆林生态学研究
1)蒙古黄榆林种群生态学研究
蒙古黄榆不同年龄枝条的构件数量性状变异程度差异较大,总体变化规律为:蒙古黄榆各构件的构件数变异程度大于生物量变异程度,而且一龄枝和二龄枝变异程度要普遍低于三龄枝的,这一点与刺榆林变化趋势相反,表明外界因素对刺榆构件数影响比较大,而对构件生物量影响较小。这可能与物种自身生物学特性有关。从回归分析结果看,不同年龄枝条的生物量、构件数均与总生物量的回归方程决定系数总体上表现为一龄枝<二龄枝<三龄枝,这与变异系数在各龄枝条间的分布状况较一致,反映出蒙古黄榆一龄枝和二龄枝在空间拓展和种群更新能力上的弱化。从相关分析结果看,不同年龄枝条的各构件均表现为同速生长,各构件数量与生物量之间具有极好的相关性,反映出各构件在资源利用上的同步性。
2)蒙古黄榆林群落生态学研究
蒙古黄榆林郁闭度一般在40-60%之间,高度5.83-9.33米,胸径0.13-0.19m,枝下高2.16-2.63m,株距3.72m-8.16m。蒙古黄榆林下草本植物总共出现47种,隶属21科39属,以禾本科、豆科和菊科植物最多。在分布区型结构上,总计13种分布区型,以华北-东北-兴安-蒙古分布区型种类最多,具有四种分布区型相汇聚的特征。水分生态类型以中生植物最多,但中旱生及旱生种类亦丰富,具有明显的适应干旱生境的水分特点。生活型以一年生植物最多,其次地面芽植物。蒙古黄榆群落生产力与物种丰富度之间并不存在必然的联系,而生产力与植物个体数具有显著的正相关关系。
3家榆林生态学研究
1)家榆林种群生态学研究
家榆不同年龄枝条的构件数量性状变异程度总体变化规律为:家榆各构件的生物量变异程度大于构件数变异程度,而且一龄枝和二龄枝变异程度要普遍低于三龄枝的,这一点与蒙古黄榆林变化趋势相同,表明外界因素对家榆构件数影响比较大,而对构件生物量影响较小。从回归分析结果看,家榆不同年龄枝条的生物量、构件数均与总生物量的回归方程决定系数总体上表现为一龄枝的低于二龄枝和三龄枝的,反映出家榆一龄枝各构件受环境因素和人为干扰程度较大,其空间拓展能力受到影响,不利于种群更新和群落结构的维持。从相关分析结果看,家榆不同年龄枝条的各构件亦表现为同速生长,各构件数量与生物量之间均具有极好的相关性,反映出各构件在资源利用上的同步性。
2)家榆林群落生态学研究
家榆林群落结构比较简单,常无灌木层,仅乔木层和草本层,林下草本无温带森林的典型种,而是由草原种构成,一般物种丰富度较高,常见种类糙隐子草、沙地委陵菜、羊草等草原种,个别地段亦伴生山杏、叶底珠灌丛。从群落生态类型结构组成和分布区型结构组成看,与1981年李建东等调查结果相比,现时群落地面芽植物和隐芽植物发育均受到严重干扰,一年生植物大量增加。湿生植物消失,旱生和中旱生植物比例也显著减少。在分布区型结构上,以蒙古-兴安-华北-东北分布区型为主,具有4个分布区型相汇聚的特点,但类型数已严重减少。此外在物种多样性变化上,三个家榆样地间物种多样性相差不大,表明家榆林受人为干扰严重,使群落物种组成表现出同质化的趋势,从而使群落结构趋同。
The elm woods ecosystem was the clamix community type in sandy land in Songliao Plain and could be divided into Hemipelea davidii woods、Ulmus pumila woods and U. macrocarpa var. mongolica woods based on the construted species. The ecosystem had a unique species and ecological process which constitute the forest-steppe landscape and played an important role maintaining regional ecological balance as well as the quality of northeastern grassland ecological environment. At present, the elm woods had degraded seriously such as the community regeneration slowly, the distribution area shrinkage and need to carry out population and community ecology basic research. In this paper, the typical located plot of the three elm woods were used to investigated the population characteristics (such as the quantative characteristics of leaf modules, branch modules, thorn modules and fruit modules) and the community characteristics (such as the scpecies composition and quantative characteristics of arbor layer and herbal layer). The coefficient of variation, mathematical models, the important value and species diversity indexes were applied to analyze the phenotypic plasticity of mudules, seed rain dynamics and community structure characterization respectively. We aimed to discover the structure and dynamics of elm woods population and community. This paper has important theoretical and practical significance and can create some degree of new perspective of plant population and community research, as well as provide scientific evidences and technical supports for the elm woods management and restoration in Songliao Plain.
1 Research of H. davidii woods Ecology
1)Population Ecology
The variation degree of H. davidii modules varied greatly in different age-class branches. The regulation was as follows: the variation degree of modules biomass is greater than the modules numbers. Furthermore the variation degree of 1a and 2a branches were higher than 3a branches commonly, which indicated that the effect of external factors on modules biomass (in particular branches biomass) was relatively large, but little effect on the modules numbers.
Regression analysis showed that there were significant regression between the biomass, modules numbers of 1a and 2a branches and the total biomass of branches. Furthermore, the regression function determination coefficient (R2) of 1a and 2a branches were higher than those of 3a branches commonly, which indicated that the contribution of 1a and 2a branches to the capacity of population regeration and expansion were higher than those of 3a branches. Correlation analysis showed that the modules of 1a and 2a branches all growed at the same rate, and the modules of 3a branches except of thorn modules showed the same growth rate too.
2)Seed rain and the patterns of the seed dispersal in H. davidii woods
The quantitative characteristics of the H. davidii seed rain in the understory and at the woodsides, as well as the seed dispersal patterns at the woodsides and of the isolating trees were analyzed. The results indicated that among three smpling plots, the average density of the seed rain in the understory was the highest (13732.5±3106.2 seeds·m~(-2)). For isolating trees, the seed rain had the highest density (5449.4±1429.3seeds·m~(-2)) in southeast transect, being significantly higher than that in other directions, and the lowest one (650.2±631.6 seeds·m~(-2)) in the northwest transect, being significantly lower that in other directions. At the woodsides, the seed rain density was significantly higher in the east and south transects than in the west and north transects. The variation of the seed density was greater, with the variation coefficient being 25.7%-106.3% in different directions in the two plots of isolating trees and woodsides. Same as other anemochorous plants, H. davidii had the characteristies of seed dispersal away from the seed source. In the eight sampling transects, there existed diversity in the patterns of the dispersal away from the seed source in per unity area and in accumulated area, including linear, power, exponential, quadratic parabola and logarithmic functions.
3)The synecology
There were not shrubs in H. davidii woods and the arbor layer could be divided into two inferior layers, which the height of upper-arbor layer was 4.05-7.86 m and the lower-arbor layer height was 2.05-3.20 m. There were totally 32 herbal species belonging to 13 families and 27 genera, which were dominant by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Compositae. There were 11 areal type, most of which were Mongolian-Northeastern China-Dahuricia-North China accounting for 34.38%, and the Northeastern China- North China areal type taking up 12.5%. The species of mesophyte dominated three water ecological types, making up 59.37%, and the mesoxerophyte and xerophyte species occupying 25% and 15.63% respectively. Most plants among the six life forms belonged to the hemicryptophyte which accounted for 31.25%. The H. davidii community had the typical characteristic of temperate steppe.
The species diversity of herbal layers in H. davidii woods were correlated to the extent of arbor layer development, the decrease of camopy would lead to the increase of ecological dominant diversity of herbaceous layer and decrease of eveness and species diversity. There were no significantly correlations between the community production and species number within functional group, but with the individuals within functional group showed a significant positive correlation (p <0.05).
4)The impact of grazing on species diversity of H. davidii woods
With the increase of grazing intensity, the life form structure showed a significant change. The dominance type of life form was hemicryptophyte under moderate and medium disturbance, and under the heavy disturbance the dominance type was therophyte. The change of the species diversity indicated that the community under moderate disturbance had the highest richness, evenness and species diversity, particularly there were sigmificant difference between richness (p<0.05). With the increased of the disturbance extent, the species diverstiy of community decreased linearly. H. davidii woods showed the degraded characteristic such as species number decrease, community structure simplified and xerotic trends.
2 Research of Ulmus macrocarpa var. mongolica woods Ecology
1)Population ecology
The variation degree of U. macrocarpa var. mongolica modules varied greatly in different age-class branches. The regulation was as follows: the variation degree of modules numbers is greater than the modules biomass. Furthermore, contrast to H. davidii, the variation degree of 1a and 2a branches were lower than 3a branches commonly, which indicated that the effect of external factors on modules numbers was relatively large, but little effect on the modules biomass. These may be determined by the spcies biological characteristics.
Regression analysis showed that there were significant regression between the biomass, modules numbers of different age-class branches and the total biomass of branches. The order of regression function determination coefficient (R2) of different age-class branches was 1a <2a<3a, which was accordance with the coefficient of variation. The results showed that the contribution of 1a and 2a branches to the capacity of population regeration and expansion were decreased. Correlation analysis showed that the modules of 1a, 2a and 3a branches all growed at the same rate, the numbers and biomass of modules in different age-class branches were correlated with the total biobass significantly, which indicated the coincidence of modules in resource utilization.
2)The synecology
The canopy of arbor layers was 40-60%, the height 5.83-9.33m, DBH 0.13-0.19m, Under branch height 2.16-2.63m, row distance 3.72-8.16m. The total number of herbal species were 47 and belonged to 2 families and 39 genuses, The main families embraced Poaceae, Fabaceae and Compositae. Most areal type were Mongolian-Northeastern China-Dahuricia-China north within 13 areal types.The area has the influx characteristics of 4 areal type. The species of mesophyte dominated three water ecological types, the rest was xerophyte and mesoxerophyte, which had the trends of dried habitat condition. The life forms of most of the plants belonged to the therophytes, followed by hemicryptophytes. There were no significantly correlations between the community production and species number within functional group, but with the individuals within functional group showed a significant positive correlation (p <0.05).
3 Research of U. pumila woods Ecology
1)Population ecology
The regulation of U. pumila modules in different age-class branches was as follows: the variation degree of modules biomass is greater than the modules numbers. Furthermore, coincide with macrocarpa var. mongolica, the variation degree of 1a and 2a branches were lower than 3a branches commonly, which indicated that the effect of external factors on modules numbers was relatively large, but little effect on the modules biomass. Regression analysis showed that there were significant regression between the modules biomass, modules numbers of different age-class branches and the total biomass of branches. The order of regression function determination coefficient (R2) of different age-class branches was 1a <2a<3a. The results showed that the contribution of 1a branches to the capacity of population regeration and expansion were decreased under the impact of human disturbance and external factors. As the result the population regeneration and community structure were unsustainable. Correlation analysis showed that the modules of 1a, 2a and 3a branches all growed at the same rate, the numbers and biomass of modules in different age-class branches were correlated with the total biobass significantly, which indicated the coincidence of modules in resource utilization.
2)The synecology
The U. pumila woods structure was relatively simple, there were only arbor and herbal layers without shrub layers , furthermore there were not typical temperate forest species but steppe species. Usually there were higher species richness of herbal layers. The dominant species were Celeistogenes squarosa, Pottentilla sp., Leymus chinensis, et al.. There were also Prunus armeniaca and Securinega suffruticosa shrubs in some local topography.
View from the composition of ecological and areal type structure, compared to the survey by Li jiandong in 1981, the hemicryptophyte and geophyte decreased and the therophyte increased dramatically. The hygrophilous disappeared and Xerophytes decreased dramatically. In terms of the areal type, most areal type were Mongolian-Northeastern China-Dahurica-China north. The area has the influx characteristics of 4 areal type but the number of areal type decreased dramatically too. In addition, there were no significantly differences between three plots, which indicated that there were seriously human disturbance and lead to homogenization in species composition and community structure.
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