低渗气藏脉冲磨料射流射孔增产机理及实验研究
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摘要
低压低渗气田在我国分布广,储量大,占已探明气藏的80%以上。但由于孔隙度、渗透率和压力低,造成产能低,经济效益差。为了提高天然气产量,解决“气荒”难题,目前大都采用射孔压裂的方式改造地层,增加气井产量。但是常规射孔方式射孔深度浅,孔眼直径小,施工时间长,易引起气井压实伤害,造成气藏渗透率低,增产效果差等问题。基于以上原因,本文提出采用脉冲磨料射流射孔增加低渗气藏的渗透率以提高天然气产量的新思路。
本文对脉冲磨料射流形成机理、脉冲磨料射流特性及脉冲磨料射流射孔增产机理等问题进行了研究,并在四川盆地某气井进行现场实验。主要研究结论如下:
①首次采用大涡模拟方法,通过深入分析自激振荡喷嘴腔室内部流场变化规律、内外流场动压力变化规律、速度矢量变化规律、湍流强度分布规律,揭示了自激振荡脉冲水射流产生机理;并结合振荡、空泡溃灭对磨料在射流中的影响以及固体磨料在脉冲水射流中的分布规律揭示脉冲磨料射流的形成机理。
②结合大涡模拟计算和实验室试验结果,建立了适用于低渗气藏射孔增产的自激振荡磨料喷嘴设计准则,即:腔径比(L/d1)为2.3~3.3,前后喷嘴直径比(d2/d1)为1.2~1.3。自主研发出脉冲磨料射流井下射孔测试系统,该系统由脉冲磨料射流发生装置、脉动压力测试装置、适用PIV测试的围压试验装置、井下冲蚀模拟试验装置组成,研究了脉冲水射流压力振荡特性、脉冲空化特性、高度聚能特性,试验研究表明:自激振荡喷嘴出口峰值压力是普通连续射流压力的2.5倍,且波峰和波谷不完全对称;脉冲水射流空泡云长度随振荡腔长的增加先增大后减小,空泡云长度随泵压的增大而增大,随围压的增大先增大后减少;脉冲磨料射流冲蚀套管模拟试件(8mm钢板+30mm水泥试件)直径和深度是普通磨料射流冲蚀试件的1.9倍和4.7倍左右。
③根据低渗气藏的赋存特征和开发特点,结合脉冲磨料射流自身特性,揭示了脉冲磨料射流射孔增产机理。脉冲磨料射流增加射孔面积和深度,降低射孔压力,避免了炮弹射孔造成的二次污染,机械振动作用以超声波形式在弹性介质中传播,引起声压变化,消除气阻,空泡溃灭瞬间形成激波,扩大岩石的孔隙半径,增强微裂隙作用,有利于后续填砂压裂作用,空泡溃灭瞬间产生局部高温,声波辐射产生热作用,降低天然气体粘度,提高渗流速度。
④首次开发出适用于低渗气藏射孔的自激振荡磨料喷嘴并在四川地区某气井进行射孔增产现场实验,结果表明:该方法能在目的层位冲蚀出清洁渗流通道,解除近井地带储层污染,与常规喷嘴射孔压裂相比,能够降低破裂压力10-20MPa,施工后比施工前日产量提高了35倍,日产量约是相邻井位常规射孔压裂获气量的1.5倍,有效提高了气井的产量,增产效果良好。
本研究的主要创新之处在于:首次采用大涡模拟方法揭示了自激振荡脉冲水射流和脉冲磨料射流的产生机理;建立了适用于低渗气藏射孔增产的自激振荡磨料喷嘴设计准则,自主研发出脉冲磨料射流井下射孔测试系统;揭示了低渗气藏脉冲磨料射流射孔增产机理。本文研究结论为脉冲磨料射流在低渗气藏射孔压裂增产改造应用奠定了理论和实验基础。
At present, low pressure and low permeability gas fields account for 80% of the proved gas reservoir , with the large reserves and wide-ranging distribution. As is well known, if the porosity, permeability and pressure are all low, it would become hard to improve the gas productivity and thereby increases economic benefit to the whole gas industry. In order to improve the yield of gas and solve the "gas hunger" problem, the perforating and fracturing method was put forward. The conventional methods have disadvantages of shallow perforating depth, small diameter of eyelet and time-consuming. Moreover, the compacted zone damage, lower permeability of gas reservoir, poor effect of yield will be caused. In view of the reasons mentioned above, a new idea-using pulsed abrasive water jet(PAWJ) perforation to improve the permeability of low permeability gas reservoirs and the yield of gas has been put forward.
The study of this thesis included the generation mechanism and dynamic characteristics of the PAWJ, yield-increasing mechanism of pulsed abrasive water jet perforation. Field testing and application for this new improved technique had been carried out in Sichuan Basin gas well.The conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
Firstly, large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model was used to investigate the flow behavior in the chamber of self-oscillation nozzle, the change law of dynamic pressure, velocity vector and turbulence peremeters in both internal and external flow field. The formation mechanism of self-excited oscillation pulsed abrasive water jet were revealed.And the formation mechanisms of PAWJ were revealed binding the abrasive effected by pulsing and bubble collapse in jet and distribution law of solid abrasive in pulsed water jet.
And also, design criteria of self-oscillation abrasive nozzle suitable for yield-increasing mechanism of perforation in low permeability gas reservoir was establishmented binding calculation of LES and experimental results, that is: when the chamber length/diameter ratio(L/d1)is 2.3~3.3, the diameter ratio (d2/d1) of anterior nozzle to posterior nozzle is 1.2~1.3. Test system of perforation underground of PAWJ was developmented, the system was composed of gnerating device of pulsed abrasive jet, test device of fluctuating pressure, test system of fluctuating pressure using for PIV and simulation experiment system device of erosion underground, pressure oscillation characteristics, pulsed cavitation characteristics and high energy poly characteristics of pulsed abrasive jet were researched, the results showed that: the outlet peak pressure of self-oscillation nozzle is 2.5 times higher than common continuous jet, and the wave crest and the wave trough are not completely symmetric. The length of bubble cloud increases at first then decreases with the length of oscillation chamber increases, with pump pressure increases, the length of bubble cloud increases, and with confining pressure increases, the length of bubble cloud increases and then decreases. The diameter and depth of pulsed abrasive jet erosion specimen (8mm plate + 30mm sandstone) are 1.9 and 4.7 times higher than common jets.
Thirdly, yield-increasing mechanism of pulsed abrasive jet perforation was researched according to development and occurrence characteristics of low permeability gas reservoir, combining own characteristics of pulsed abrasive jet. Pulsed abrasive water jet could improve the area and depth of perforation, reduce perforation pressure, secondary pollution caused by the shot perforation should be avoided, mechanical vibration communicates in elastic medium as the form of ultrasonic wave, causes to sound pressure variation, eliminates gas resistance, shock wave forms at the moment of bubble collapse, expands the pore radius of rocks, enhances the effect of microfissure, it’s benefit to the effect of follow-up filling sand fracturing, local high temperature is produced at the moment of bubble collapse, and thermal effect is produced by sound radiation, reduces viscosity of natural gas, and improves the seepage velocity.
Last but not least, self-oscillating abrasive water jet nozzle suitable for low permeability gas reservoir perforation was designed originally, and field experiment of perforation yield-increasing was carried out in one gas well in the Sichuan Basin, and the results showes that: the method could erode out sanitary seepage channel and relieve the reservoir pollution of near borehole zones. Compared with perforating and fracturing of conventional nozzle, the method could reduce fracture pressure by 10-20 MPa, daily output increases to 35 times after construction and is 1.5 times higher than conventional perforating and fracturing of adjacent well, the method improves yield of the gas well effectively and has a good effect on increasing production.
The main creative points of the research is: generation mechanism of self-excited oscillation pulsed abrasive water jet and pulsed abrasive jet were revealed through using LES model. Design criteria of self-oscillation abrasive nozzle suitable for yield-increasing mechanism of perforation in low permeability gas reservoir was establishmented, test system of perforation underground of PAWJ was developmented. Yield-increasing mechanism of pulsed abrasive water jet perforation was revealed. Research conclusions established the theoretical and experimental basis for the application of pulsed abrasive water jet in low permeability gas reservoir perforating and fracturing yield-increase reform.
本文对脉冲磨料射流形成机理、脉冲磨料射流特性及脉冲磨料射流射孔增产机理等问题进行了研究,并在四川盆地某气井进行现场实验。主要研究结论如下:
①首次采用大涡模拟方法,通过深入分析自激振荡喷嘴腔室内部流场变化规律、内外流场动压力变化规律、速度矢量变化规律、湍流强度分布规律,揭示了自激振荡脉冲水射流产生机理;并结合振荡、空泡溃灭对磨料在射流中的影响以及固体磨料在脉冲水射流中的分布规律揭示脉冲磨料射流的形成机理。
②结合大涡模拟计算和实验室试验结果,建立了适用于低渗气藏射孔增产的自激振荡磨料喷嘴设计准则,即:腔径比(L/d1)为2.3~3.3,前后喷嘴直径比(d2/d1)为1.2~1.3。自主研发出脉冲磨料射流井下射孔测试系统,该系统由脉冲磨料射流发生装置、脉动压力测试装置、适用PIV测试的围压试验装置、井下冲蚀模拟试验装置组成,研究了脉冲水射流压力振荡特性、脉冲空化特性、高度聚能特性,试验研究表明:自激振荡喷嘴出口峰值压力是普通连续射流压力的2.5倍,且波峰和波谷不完全对称;脉冲水射流空泡云长度随振荡腔长的增加先增大后减小,空泡云长度随泵压的增大而增大,随围压的增大先增大后减少;脉冲磨料射流冲蚀套管模拟试件(8mm钢板+30mm水泥试件)直径和深度是普通磨料射流冲蚀试件的1.9倍和4.7倍左右。
③根据低渗气藏的赋存特征和开发特点,结合脉冲磨料射流自身特性,揭示了脉冲磨料射流射孔增产机理。脉冲磨料射流增加射孔面积和深度,降低射孔压力,避免了炮弹射孔造成的二次污染,机械振动作用以超声波形式在弹性介质中传播,引起声压变化,消除气阻,空泡溃灭瞬间形成激波,扩大岩石的孔隙半径,增强微裂隙作用,有利于后续填砂压裂作用,空泡溃灭瞬间产生局部高温,声波辐射产生热作用,降低天然气体粘度,提高渗流速度。
④首次开发出适用于低渗气藏射孔的自激振荡磨料喷嘴并在四川地区某气井进行射孔增产现场实验,结果表明:该方法能在目的层位冲蚀出清洁渗流通道,解除近井地带储层污染,与常规喷嘴射孔压裂相比,能够降低破裂压力10-20MPa,施工后比施工前日产量提高了35倍,日产量约是相邻井位常规射孔压裂获气量的1.5倍,有效提高了气井的产量,增产效果良好。
本研究的主要创新之处在于:首次采用大涡模拟方法揭示了自激振荡脉冲水射流和脉冲磨料射流的产生机理;建立了适用于低渗气藏射孔增产的自激振荡磨料喷嘴设计准则,自主研发出脉冲磨料射流井下射孔测试系统;揭示了低渗气藏脉冲磨料射流射孔增产机理。本文研究结论为脉冲磨料射流在低渗气藏射孔压裂增产改造应用奠定了理论和实验基础。
At present, low pressure and low permeability gas fields account for 80% of the proved gas reservoir , with the large reserves and wide-ranging distribution. As is well known, if the porosity, permeability and pressure are all low, it would become hard to improve the gas productivity and thereby increases economic benefit to the whole gas industry. In order to improve the yield of gas and solve the "gas hunger" problem, the perforating and fracturing method was put forward. The conventional methods have disadvantages of shallow perforating depth, small diameter of eyelet and time-consuming. Moreover, the compacted zone damage, lower permeability of gas reservoir, poor effect of yield will be caused. In view of the reasons mentioned above, a new idea-using pulsed abrasive water jet(PAWJ) perforation to improve the permeability of low permeability gas reservoirs and the yield of gas has been put forward.
The study of this thesis included the generation mechanism and dynamic characteristics of the PAWJ, yield-increasing mechanism of pulsed abrasive water jet perforation. Field testing and application for this new improved technique had been carried out in Sichuan Basin gas well.The conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
Firstly, large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model was used to investigate the flow behavior in the chamber of self-oscillation nozzle, the change law of dynamic pressure, velocity vector and turbulence peremeters in both internal and external flow field. The formation mechanism of self-excited oscillation pulsed abrasive water jet were revealed.And the formation mechanisms of PAWJ were revealed binding the abrasive effected by pulsing and bubble collapse in jet and distribution law of solid abrasive in pulsed water jet.
And also, design criteria of self-oscillation abrasive nozzle suitable for yield-increasing mechanism of perforation in low permeability gas reservoir was establishmented binding calculation of LES and experimental results, that is: when the chamber length/diameter ratio(L/d1)is 2.3~3.3, the diameter ratio (d2/d1) of anterior nozzle to posterior nozzle is 1.2~1.3. Test system of perforation underground of PAWJ was developmented, the system was composed of gnerating device of pulsed abrasive jet, test device of fluctuating pressure, test system of fluctuating pressure using for PIV and simulation experiment system device of erosion underground, pressure oscillation characteristics, pulsed cavitation characteristics and high energy poly characteristics of pulsed abrasive jet were researched, the results showed that: the outlet peak pressure of self-oscillation nozzle is 2.5 times higher than common continuous jet, and the wave crest and the wave trough are not completely symmetric. The length of bubble cloud increases at first then decreases with the length of oscillation chamber increases, with pump pressure increases, the length of bubble cloud increases, and with confining pressure increases, the length of bubble cloud increases and then decreases. The diameter and depth of pulsed abrasive jet erosion specimen (8mm plate + 30mm sandstone) are 1.9 and 4.7 times higher than common jets.
Thirdly, yield-increasing mechanism of pulsed abrasive jet perforation was researched according to development and occurrence characteristics of low permeability gas reservoir, combining own characteristics of pulsed abrasive jet. Pulsed abrasive water jet could improve the area and depth of perforation, reduce perforation pressure, secondary pollution caused by the shot perforation should be avoided, mechanical vibration communicates in elastic medium as the form of ultrasonic wave, causes to sound pressure variation, eliminates gas resistance, shock wave forms at the moment of bubble collapse, expands the pore radius of rocks, enhances the effect of microfissure, it’s benefit to the effect of follow-up filling sand fracturing, local high temperature is produced at the moment of bubble collapse, and thermal effect is produced by sound radiation, reduces viscosity of natural gas, and improves the seepage velocity.
Last but not least, self-oscillating abrasive water jet nozzle suitable for low permeability gas reservoir perforation was designed originally, and field experiment of perforation yield-increasing was carried out in one gas well in the Sichuan Basin, and the results showes that: the method could erode out sanitary seepage channel and relieve the reservoir pollution of near borehole zones. Compared with perforating and fracturing of conventional nozzle, the method could reduce fracture pressure by 10-20 MPa, daily output increases to 35 times after construction and is 1.5 times higher than conventional perforating and fracturing of adjacent well, the method improves yield of the gas well effectively and has a good effect on increasing production.
The main creative points of the research is: generation mechanism of self-excited oscillation pulsed abrasive water jet and pulsed abrasive jet were revealed through using LES model. Design criteria of self-oscillation abrasive nozzle suitable for yield-increasing mechanism of perforation in low permeability gas reservoir was establishmented, test system of perforation underground of PAWJ was developmented. Yield-increasing mechanism of pulsed abrasive water jet perforation was revealed. Research conclusions established the theoretical and experimental basis for the application of pulsed abrasive water jet in low permeability gas reservoir perforating and fracturing yield-increase reform.
引文
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