冬小麦生产力对昼夜不同增温的响应研究
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摘要
由于人类对地球的干扰加剧,20世纪全球平均气温已经上升0.74℃,而且预计到2100年全球气温仍将上升1.8℃-4.0℃,相关预测认为2000-2050年我国平均气温将升高1.2℃-2.0℃。目前,就陆地生态系统对增温响应的试验研究主要集中在自然生态系统,对农田生态系统的研究较少。已有研究表明全球变暖将对我国粮食产量的持续提高构成严重威胁。但这些研究多基于历史资料的模型分析,仅有的少量试验研究也多是在非田间条件下进行的,且很少对昼夜不同增温的差异展开深入研究。同时,学术界和政界普遍认为,今后中国全球变化研究必须把重点放在与国计民生息息相关、具有显著区域特色和国际影响力的重大科学问题上。因此,研究全球变暖背景下小麦生产力对昼夜不同增温的响应,符合我国中长期农业科技发展和粮食安全战略要求,具有重要的意义。小麦是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,全球变暖以冬春影响最大,冬小麦受冬春增温的影响将更为显著,冬小麦能否持续增产及其响应特征一直受到国际社会的广泛关注。为此,笔者参考国际相关增温系统,于2007-2009年在江苏南京设计并运行了我国首个农田开放式主动增温系统(FATI, Free Air Temperature Increased),研究了昼夜不同增温下江淮地区冬小麦生物学性状、光合及呼吸速率、灌浆速率、灌浆关键酶、干物质积累、产量及产量构成、物质生产效率,获得主要结论如下：
开放式主动增温系统可以在4m2有效面积内显著增温,且不会影响田间温度的变化趋势。昼夜不同增温略微降低了土壤水分含量,但未达到差异显著水平。3种增温处理显著缩短了小麦播种至始穗和成熟的天数。本试验设计的开放式主动增温系统符合气候变暖的机制,基本能满足小麦所代表的典型农田生态系统对昼夜不同增温响应与适应的试验研究要求。
昼夜不同增温条件下,冬小麦的无效分蘖减少,有效分蘖增加。对照(CK)的无效分蘖分别是全天增温(AW)、白天增温(DW)和夜间增温(NW)处理的2.6、1.7和3.5倍,但有效分蘖却比3个增温处理分别减少13.7%、3.2%和0.5%。同时,相对于不增温对照,AW、DW和NW处理小麦株高分别提高了5.6%、4.5%和1.3%,旗叶面积分别提高了45.7%、39.4%和26.1%,开花期总绿叶面积分别提高了25.1%、29.8%和17.3%,同期绿叶比分别提高了37.7%、43.3%和38.7%,也使冬小麦从播种至抽穗期年均分别缩短14d、9.5 d和11.5 d,灌浆成熟期延长3d、3d和2.5d。另外,AW、DW和NW处理的每穗颖花数平均比CK提高了4.1%、5.7%和1.7%,每穗实粒数分别提高了2.2%、5.3%和2.6%,但冬小麦的粒叶比年均降低了15.3%、8.5%和11.3%。结果表明3种增温处理对江淮地区冬小麦生长发育的影响均倾向有利于产量形成的方向,在预期的增温幅度下冬小麦生产力将可能进一步提高。
在AW、DW和NW 3种增温处理条件下,干物质积累量两年平均分别较CK提高了6.3%、7.9%和7.2%,产量提高了8.5%、16.6%和21.3%,有效穗数提高了7.5%、3.8%和6.9%,每穗粒数提高了2.3%、6.5%和3.3%,千粒重提高了7.8%、9.2%和18.1%(P<0.05)。籽粒中淀粉组分、蛋白质含量及组分发生明显变化。3种增温处理下,冬小麦总淀粉含量差异不显著,但均显著提高了籽粒中直／支淀粉的比例。增温处理使籽粒中总蛋白质含量显著降低,并呈现CK>DW>NW>AW的趋势。白天增温条件下,清蛋白含量最低,球蛋白含量最高,谷／醇比最低。可见,气候变暖对江淮地区冬小麦的生产有利,但对籽粒品质会有一定影响,在未来气候变暖的背景下,可以利用冬小麦自身对气候变暖的响应与适应能力,通过加强肥水运筹来促进冬小麦的高产、优质栽培。
昼夜不同增温会提高叶片和茎鞘中的氮含量,而降低了穗部的氮含量。AW、DW和NW处理两年分别使成熟期叶片中氮含量较CK提高了8.4%、15.9%和28.3%,茎鞘中氮含量提高了29.6%、21.0%和45.1%,而穗部氮含量下降了11.7%、5.2%和8.3%。昼夜不同增温还提高了冬小麦的成穗率、干物质转运率、收获指数、氮素利用效率和氮素生产效率。AW、DW和NW处理两年分别使成穗率较CK提高了55.2%、29.4%和71.2%,干物质转运率提高了32.3%、12.6%和23.9%,收获指数提高了10.2%、15.2%和14.8%,氮肥生产效率提高了13.0%、19.3%和24.0%。可见,气候变暖将提高江淮地区冬小麦的物质生产效率。
气温升高会显著改变叶片的叶绿素含量及组成。拔节期DW处理区旗叶叶绿素a提高了18.8%,NW处理区旗叶叶绿素a却降低了21.8%；叶绿素b在拔节期和花后20 d显著提高,提高幅度在21.4%-48.9%之间。昼夜不同增温对旗叶净光合速率的影响不显著,但旗叶光合产物却显著提高,提高幅度在15.5%-37.0%之间。夜间呼吸速率和呼吸产物在增温后会显著升高,呼吸速率升高幅度在18.4%-119.8%之间,呼吸产物升高幅度在52.6%-160.2%之间。气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率对增温的响应基本呈一致降低的趋势,这种反馈机制可能是冬小麦的一种有效响应与适应对策。从以上冬小麦旗叶光合及呼吸特性对增温的响应趋势来看,在水分不缺乏的条件下,气候变暖可能会对江淮地区冬小麦的生产有利。
不增温条件下,冬小麦强势粒中蔗糖合酶(SS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性较弱势粒高,而且三者白天的活性均比夜间高。不增温条件下,整个灌浆期强势粒中SS、AGPase和SBE的活性平均分别比弱势粒高72.9%、111.4%和7.8%。全天、白天和夜间增温条件下,强势粒SS白天的活性比常温对照的高8.4%-31.2%,夜间的活性比对照高11.1%-20.3%；弱势粒SS白天的活性比对照高9.7%-20.3%之间,夜间的活性比对照高6.1%-32.0%。弱势粒中AGPase活性在不同增温处理下也显著提高,其白天的活性比对照高54.2%～124.4%,夜间的活性比CK高20.7%-99.3%。增温对SBE活性的影响较小,强势粒和弱势粒在增温条件下其白天的活性均比对照高3.9%-12.1%,夜间的活性均比对照高1.0%-7.6%。相关分析表明,AGPase和SBE的活性与千粒重之间存在极显著正相关,增温条件下AGPase和SBE的活性显著提高,尤其是弱势粒中AGPase和SBE活性的显著提高是千粒重提高的一个重要原因。
Due to the aggravating human intervention, the global mean temperature in 20st century has increased 0.74℃and is projected to rise about 1.8℃-4.0℃by 2100. In our country, relevant forecast reports that the mean temperature will increase 2.3℃-3.3℃. Until now, the studies on the responses of terrestrial ecosystem to elevated temperature mainly focused on the natural ecosystem with few on agroecosystem. There exist researches showing that the global climate change will greatly threat the sustainability of food production increase in our country. However, these researches were mostly the model analysis based on historical data. Moreover, only a few experiments were not conducted in field and rarely studied the effects of asymmetric warming. At the same time, the academic and political societies think the researches about the global change in China must emphasize on the scientific problems relating the economy of our country and the people's life, significant district traits and international impacts. Therefore, to study the responses of wheat production to the asymmetric warming accords with our country agricultural science and technology development and food security, and has great significance. Wheat is the major grain crops in our country. The global climate warming is more severe in spring and winter, which impacts the winter-wheat even greater. The sustainability of winter-wheat yield increase and the corresponding environmental problems are concerned by international society. Therefore, according to the field warming experiment in other countries, we set up the first Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI) system in winter wheat yield in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China during 2007 to 2009. Under different warming treatments in day and night in our experiment, we studied the winter wheat responses in biological characters, photosynthesis rate, respiration rate, grain filling rate, key enzymes in grain filling, dry matter accumulation, yield and its components, dry matter production efficiency. The main results were as follows:
The FATI system could significantly increase the temperature within 4 m2 area and did not affect the trend of field temperature development. The asymmetric warming decreased soil moisture content but the effect was insignificant. In the three different warming treatments, the days from sowing to the beginning of the earing and from sowing to maturity shortened significantly. Therefore, our FATI system could accord with climate warming trend, and meet the experiment demands of the wheat responses to the asymmetric warming in typical agroecosystem.
Asymmetric warming increased the effective tillers and decreased the ineffective tillers of winter wheat. The ineffective tillers in the control were 1.6,0.7 and 2.5 times higher than in all-day warming (AW), day warming (DW) and night warming (NW) treatments, respectively. But the effective tillers in the control decreased 13.7%,3.2% and 0.5% than in AW, DW and NW, respectively. The plant height in AW, DW and NW increased 5.6%,4.5% and 1.3%. The AW, DW and NW treatments significantly enhanced the flag leaf area by 45.7%,39.4% and 26.1%, and the total green leaves area at blooming stage by 25.1%,29.8% and 17.3%. Meanwhile, the green leaves biomass ratio significantly increased 37.7%,43.3% and 38.7%, respectively, in the AW, DW and NW treatments. Averaged across two years, AW, DW and NW shortened the period from sowing to heading by 14,9.5, and 11.5 days, and prolonged the period of maturity by 3,3 and 2.5 days. Warming increased the grain number per panicle by 4.1%,5.7%and 1.7%, respectively, in AW, DW and NW, and the filled grain number per panicle by 2.2%,5.3% and 2.6% averaged during the two years. However, the grain-leaf ratio averagely decreased 15.3%, 8.5% and 11.3% in AW, DW and NW, respectively, during two years. These results showed that the effects of the three warming treatments on the winter wheat benefit its yield formation. So, the anticipated warming may further improve wheat yield in Jianghuai region.
Averaged across two years in AW, DW and NW treatments, the dry matter accumulations were 6.3%,7.9% and 7.2% higher than the control, and the yields were 8.5%, 16.6% and 21.3% higher, and the effective panicles were 7.5%,3.8% and 6.9% higher, and the grains per spike were 2.3%,6.5% and 3.3% higher, and the 1000 grain weights were 7.8%,9.2%and 18.1% higher(P<0.05). Starch components, protein content and components in grains changed obviously, also. Three warming treatments impacted the total starch content insignificant but significantly increased the ratio of amylose to amylopectin. The content of total protein in the grain protein was significantly decreased by warming with the order as CK> DW> NW> AW. In DW, the albumin content and the ratio of glutelin to gliadin were the lowest, and the globulin content was the highest. Therefore, climate warming benefits the winter wheat production in Jianghuai region. In future climate warming, based on the adaptive ability of winter wheat to the climate warming, we can take effective measures on application of fertilizer and water to improve winter wheat high-yield and high-quality cultivation.
The asymmetric warming could increase the N content in the leaf and stem but decreased the N content in the panicle. Averaged across two years at wheat maturity, the N contents in the leaf were 8.4%,15.9% and 28.3% higher in the AW, DW and NW treatments than in the control, and the N contents in the stem were 29.6%,21.0% and 45.1% higher, and the N contents in the panicle were 11.7%,5.2% and 8.3% higher. The asymmetric warming also increased the spike rate, dry matter transport rate, harvesting index, N use efficiency and N production efficiency. The AW, DW and NW treatments increased the spike rate by 55.2%,29.4% and 71.2%, dry matter transport rate by 32.3%, 12.6% and 23.9%, harvesting index by 10.2%,15.2% and 14.8% and nitrogen fertilizer production efficiencyby 13.0%,19.3% and 24.0%. Therefore, the climate warming will improve the wheat material production efficiency in Jianghuai region.
Warming can significantly change the content and composition of the leaf. The chlorophyll a of flag leaf at jointing stage increased 18.8% in DW and decreased 21.8% in NW. The chlorophyll b significantly increased 21.4%-48.9% at jointing stage and 20 days post-anthesis (DPA). The net photosynthesis rate of flag leaf has a decreasing trend under warming with insignificant difference. But the photosynthesis product of flag leaf has a significantly increased 15.5%-37.0% from jointing stage to 20 days post-anthesis (DPA) under warming. The respiration rate in night was significantly decreased 18.4-119.8% under warming. The responses of stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate to warming were the same. They were lower at jointing stage and 20 DPA but higher at 10 DPA. The responses of winter-wheat flag leaf to warming indicate that the climate warming may positively impact the winter-wheat production in Jianghuai region.
The activities of sucrose synthase (SS), ADP-giucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) were higher in superior grains than in inferior grains, and also higher in the daytime than at night. In the control during the grain filling stage, the average activities of SS, AGPase, and SBE were 72.9%,111.4% and 7.8% higher in superior grains than in inferior grains. In superior grains, the SS activities in all-day warming, daytime warming and nighttime warming treaments were 8.4%-31.2% higher than those in the ambient control in the daytime, and 11.1%-20.3%higher than those in the control at night. In inferior grains, the increased percentages were 9.7%-20.3%in the daytime and 6.1%-32.0%at night. In inferior grains, the AGPase activities were elevated significantly compared to the control with 54.2%-124.4%in the daytime and 20.7%-99.3% at night. The SBE activities were also higher in the warming treatments than in the control with the increase of 3.9%-12.1%in the daytime and 1.0%-7.6%at night. Besides, the correlations existed between the activities of AGPase and SBE and the 1000-grain weight were positive and significant, therefore, this result indicated that elevation of AGPase and SBE activities play an important role in the enhancement of 1000-grain weight.
开放式主动增温系统可以在4m2有效面积内显著增温,且不会影响田间温度的变化趋势。昼夜不同增温略微降低了土壤水分含量,但未达到差异显著水平。3种增温处理显著缩短了小麦播种至始穗和成熟的天数。本试验设计的开放式主动增温系统符合气候变暖的机制,基本能满足小麦所代表的典型农田生态系统对昼夜不同增温响应与适应的试验研究要求。
昼夜不同增温条件下,冬小麦的无效分蘖减少,有效分蘖增加。对照(CK)的无效分蘖分别是全天增温(AW)、白天增温(DW)和夜间增温(NW)处理的2.6、1.7和3.5倍,但有效分蘖却比3个增温处理分别减少13.7%、3.2%和0.5%。同时,相对于不增温对照,AW、DW和NW处理小麦株高分别提高了5.6%、4.5%和1.3%,旗叶面积分别提高了45.7%、39.4%和26.1%,开花期总绿叶面积分别提高了25.1%、29.8%和17.3%,同期绿叶比分别提高了37.7%、43.3%和38.7%,也使冬小麦从播种至抽穗期年均分别缩短14d、9.5 d和11.5 d,灌浆成熟期延长3d、3d和2.5d。另外,AW、DW和NW处理的每穗颖花数平均比CK提高了4.1%、5.7%和1.7%,每穗实粒数分别提高了2.2%、5.3%和2.6%,但冬小麦的粒叶比年均降低了15.3%、8.5%和11.3%。结果表明3种增温处理对江淮地区冬小麦生长发育的影响均倾向有利于产量形成的方向,在预期的增温幅度下冬小麦生产力将可能进一步提高。
在AW、DW和NW 3种增温处理条件下,干物质积累量两年平均分别较CK提高了6.3%、7.9%和7.2%,产量提高了8.5%、16.6%和21.3%,有效穗数提高了7.5%、3.8%和6.9%,每穗粒数提高了2.3%、6.5%和3.3%,千粒重提高了7.8%、9.2%和18.1%(P<0.05)。籽粒中淀粉组分、蛋白质含量及组分发生明显变化。3种增温处理下,冬小麦总淀粉含量差异不显著,但均显著提高了籽粒中直／支淀粉的比例。增温处理使籽粒中总蛋白质含量显著降低,并呈现CK>DW>NW>AW的趋势。白天增温条件下,清蛋白含量最低,球蛋白含量最高,谷／醇比最低。可见,气候变暖对江淮地区冬小麦的生产有利,但对籽粒品质会有一定影响,在未来气候变暖的背景下,可以利用冬小麦自身对气候变暖的响应与适应能力,通过加强肥水运筹来促进冬小麦的高产、优质栽培。
昼夜不同增温会提高叶片和茎鞘中的氮含量,而降低了穗部的氮含量。AW、DW和NW处理两年分别使成熟期叶片中氮含量较CK提高了8.4%、15.9%和28.3%,茎鞘中氮含量提高了29.6%、21.0%和45.1%,而穗部氮含量下降了11.7%、5.2%和8.3%。昼夜不同增温还提高了冬小麦的成穗率、干物质转运率、收获指数、氮素利用效率和氮素生产效率。AW、DW和NW处理两年分别使成穗率较CK提高了55.2%、29.4%和71.2%,干物质转运率提高了32.3%、12.6%和23.9%,收获指数提高了10.2%、15.2%和14.8%,氮肥生产效率提高了13.0%、19.3%和24.0%。可见,气候变暖将提高江淮地区冬小麦的物质生产效率。
气温升高会显著改变叶片的叶绿素含量及组成。拔节期DW处理区旗叶叶绿素a提高了18.8%,NW处理区旗叶叶绿素a却降低了21.8%；叶绿素b在拔节期和花后20 d显著提高,提高幅度在21.4%-48.9%之间。昼夜不同增温对旗叶净光合速率的影响不显著,但旗叶光合产物却显著提高,提高幅度在15.5%-37.0%之间。夜间呼吸速率和呼吸产物在增温后会显著升高,呼吸速率升高幅度在18.4%-119.8%之间,呼吸产物升高幅度在52.6%-160.2%之间。气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率对增温的响应基本呈一致降低的趋势,这种反馈机制可能是冬小麦的一种有效响应与适应对策。从以上冬小麦旗叶光合及呼吸特性对增温的响应趋势来看,在水分不缺乏的条件下,气候变暖可能会对江淮地区冬小麦的生产有利。
不增温条件下,冬小麦强势粒中蔗糖合酶(SS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性较弱势粒高,而且三者白天的活性均比夜间高。不增温条件下,整个灌浆期强势粒中SS、AGPase和SBE的活性平均分别比弱势粒高72.9%、111.4%和7.8%。全天、白天和夜间增温条件下,强势粒SS白天的活性比常温对照的高8.4%-31.2%,夜间的活性比对照高11.1%-20.3%；弱势粒SS白天的活性比对照高9.7%-20.3%之间,夜间的活性比对照高6.1%-32.0%。弱势粒中AGPase活性在不同增温处理下也显著提高,其白天的活性比对照高54.2%～124.4%,夜间的活性比CK高20.7%-99.3%。增温对SBE活性的影响较小,强势粒和弱势粒在增温条件下其白天的活性均比对照高3.9%-12.1%,夜间的活性均比对照高1.0%-7.6%。相关分析表明,AGPase和SBE的活性与千粒重之间存在极显著正相关,增温条件下AGPase和SBE的活性显著提高,尤其是弱势粒中AGPase和SBE活性的显著提高是千粒重提高的一个重要原因。
Due to the aggravating human intervention, the global mean temperature in 20st century has increased 0.74℃and is projected to rise about 1.8℃-4.0℃by 2100. In our country, relevant forecast reports that the mean temperature will increase 2.3℃-3.3℃. Until now, the studies on the responses of terrestrial ecosystem to elevated temperature mainly focused on the natural ecosystem with few on agroecosystem. There exist researches showing that the global climate change will greatly threat the sustainability of food production increase in our country. However, these researches were mostly the model analysis based on historical data. Moreover, only a few experiments were not conducted in field and rarely studied the effects of asymmetric warming. At the same time, the academic and political societies think the researches about the global change in China must emphasize on the scientific problems relating the economy of our country and the people's life, significant district traits and international impacts. Therefore, to study the responses of wheat production to the asymmetric warming accords with our country agricultural science and technology development and food security, and has great significance. Wheat is the major grain crops in our country. The global climate warming is more severe in spring and winter, which impacts the winter-wheat even greater. The sustainability of winter-wheat yield increase and the corresponding environmental problems are concerned by international society. Therefore, according to the field warming experiment in other countries, we set up the first Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI) system in winter wheat yield in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China during 2007 to 2009. Under different warming treatments in day and night in our experiment, we studied the winter wheat responses in biological characters, photosynthesis rate, respiration rate, grain filling rate, key enzymes in grain filling, dry matter accumulation, yield and its components, dry matter production efficiency. The main results were as follows:
The FATI system could significantly increase the temperature within 4 m2 area and did not affect the trend of field temperature development. The asymmetric warming decreased soil moisture content but the effect was insignificant. In the three different warming treatments, the days from sowing to the beginning of the earing and from sowing to maturity shortened significantly. Therefore, our FATI system could accord with climate warming trend, and meet the experiment demands of the wheat responses to the asymmetric warming in typical agroecosystem.
Asymmetric warming increased the effective tillers and decreased the ineffective tillers of winter wheat. The ineffective tillers in the control were 1.6,0.7 and 2.5 times higher than in all-day warming (AW), day warming (DW) and night warming (NW) treatments, respectively. But the effective tillers in the control decreased 13.7%,3.2% and 0.5% than in AW, DW and NW, respectively. The plant height in AW, DW and NW increased 5.6%,4.5% and 1.3%. The AW, DW and NW treatments significantly enhanced the flag leaf area by 45.7%,39.4% and 26.1%, and the total green leaves area at blooming stage by 25.1%,29.8% and 17.3%. Meanwhile, the green leaves biomass ratio significantly increased 37.7%,43.3% and 38.7%, respectively, in the AW, DW and NW treatments. Averaged across two years, AW, DW and NW shortened the period from sowing to heading by 14,9.5, and 11.5 days, and prolonged the period of maturity by 3,3 and 2.5 days. Warming increased the grain number per panicle by 4.1%,5.7%and 1.7%, respectively, in AW, DW and NW, and the filled grain number per panicle by 2.2%,5.3% and 2.6% averaged during the two years. However, the grain-leaf ratio averagely decreased 15.3%, 8.5% and 11.3% in AW, DW and NW, respectively, during two years. These results showed that the effects of the three warming treatments on the winter wheat benefit its yield formation. So, the anticipated warming may further improve wheat yield in Jianghuai region.
Averaged across two years in AW, DW and NW treatments, the dry matter accumulations were 6.3%,7.9% and 7.2% higher than the control, and the yields were 8.5%, 16.6% and 21.3% higher, and the effective panicles were 7.5%,3.8% and 6.9% higher, and the grains per spike were 2.3%,6.5% and 3.3% higher, and the 1000 grain weights were 7.8%,9.2%and 18.1% higher(P<0.05). Starch components, protein content and components in grains changed obviously, also. Three warming treatments impacted the total starch content insignificant but significantly increased the ratio of amylose to amylopectin. The content of total protein in the grain protein was significantly decreased by warming with the order as CK> DW> NW> AW. In DW, the albumin content and the ratio of glutelin to gliadin were the lowest, and the globulin content was the highest. Therefore, climate warming benefits the winter wheat production in Jianghuai region. In future climate warming, based on the adaptive ability of winter wheat to the climate warming, we can take effective measures on application of fertilizer and water to improve winter wheat high-yield and high-quality cultivation.
The asymmetric warming could increase the N content in the leaf and stem but decreased the N content in the panicle. Averaged across two years at wheat maturity, the N contents in the leaf were 8.4%,15.9% and 28.3% higher in the AW, DW and NW treatments than in the control, and the N contents in the stem were 29.6%,21.0% and 45.1% higher, and the N contents in the panicle were 11.7%,5.2% and 8.3% higher. The asymmetric warming also increased the spike rate, dry matter transport rate, harvesting index, N use efficiency and N production efficiency. The AW, DW and NW treatments increased the spike rate by 55.2%,29.4% and 71.2%, dry matter transport rate by 32.3%, 12.6% and 23.9%, harvesting index by 10.2%,15.2% and 14.8% and nitrogen fertilizer production efficiencyby 13.0%,19.3% and 24.0%. Therefore, the climate warming will improve the wheat material production efficiency in Jianghuai region.
Warming can significantly change the content and composition of the leaf. The chlorophyll a of flag leaf at jointing stage increased 18.8% in DW and decreased 21.8% in NW. The chlorophyll b significantly increased 21.4%-48.9% at jointing stage and 20 days post-anthesis (DPA). The net photosynthesis rate of flag leaf has a decreasing trend under warming with insignificant difference. But the photosynthesis product of flag leaf has a significantly increased 15.5%-37.0% from jointing stage to 20 days post-anthesis (DPA) under warming. The respiration rate in night was significantly decreased 18.4-119.8% under warming. The responses of stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate to warming were the same. They were lower at jointing stage and 20 DPA but higher at 10 DPA. The responses of winter-wheat flag leaf to warming indicate that the climate warming may positively impact the winter-wheat production in Jianghuai region.
The activities of sucrose synthase (SS), ADP-giucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) were higher in superior grains than in inferior grains, and also higher in the daytime than at night. In the control during the grain filling stage, the average activities of SS, AGPase, and SBE were 72.9%,111.4% and 7.8% higher in superior grains than in inferior grains. In superior grains, the SS activities in all-day warming, daytime warming and nighttime warming treaments were 8.4%-31.2% higher than those in the ambient control in the daytime, and 11.1%-20.3%higher than those in the control at night. In inferior grains, the increased percentages were 9.7%-20.3%in the daytime and 6.1%-32.0%at night. In inferior grains, the AGPase activities were elevated significantly compared to the control with 54.2%-124.4%in the daytime and 20.7%-99.3% at night. The SBE activities were also higher in the warming treatments than in the control with the increase of 3.9%-12.1%in the daytime and 1.0%-7.6%at night. Besides, the correlations existed between the activities of AGPase and SBE and the 1000-grain weight were positive and significant, therefore, this result indicated that elevation of AGPase and SBE activities play an important role in the enhancement of 1000-grain weight.
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