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基于耕地质量及其立地条件评价体系的基本农田划定研究
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摘要
基本农田是耕地的精华,是稳定粮食生产能力的重要保障。传统的基本农田划定思想过多的依赖于耕地的质量条件,而对耕地的立地环境条件考虑较少,导致基本农田被频繁的调整、补划及破坏,基本农田数量减少,质量降低,稳定性差,这些问题的出现严重扭曲和违背了国家法规政策中基本农田划定的主旨,撼动了土地规划的权威性。本文以分析基本农田的内涵和功能特性为基础,提出了耕地质量和耕地立地条件是基本农田划定的两项必要条件,在此基础上分别构建耕地质量评价体系和耕地立地条件评价体系,开展耕地质量评价和耕地立地条件评价,分析耕地质量特征和立地环境特征,最终借鉴美国LESA体系思想,构建了耕地质量与立地条件综合评价体系,并以此为依据建立基本农田划定标准,保障了划定的基本农田既具有良好自然质量条件,又具有协调的立地条件,保障了基本农田永久稳定。
     (1)本文对基本农田内涵进行了界定,提出了基本农田是指优质、连片、永久、稳定的耕地。在此基础上分析了基本农田的功能特性,提出了基本农田所特有的6项功能特性,并以基本农田功能特性为依据,建立了基本农田划定的理论体系,提出划定基本农田既要考虑耕地自然条件,还要考虑耕地立地条件,缺一不可。
     (2)本文构建了耕地质量评价体系、耕地立地条件评价体系以及耕地质量与立地条件综合评价体系。其中耕地质量评价体系主要以ArcGis软件作为技术手段,采用图件叠置法划分了评价单元,参照农用地分等体系,运用主成分分析法、专家咨询法筛选了以土壤为主的自然因素条件组成耕地质量评价指标,构建了耕地质量评价综合指数模型。耕地立地条件体系中选取了与耕地利用相关的社会经济发展条件、耕地连片度条件和耕地景观格局条件等作为评价指标,分别开展了社会经济发展条件评价、耕地连片度条件评价和耕地景观格局条件评价,在此基础上,采用综合指数模型构建了耕地立地条件评价体系。耕地质量与立地条件综合评价体系是由耕地质量评价体系和耕地立地条件评价体系组合构成,其模式为Fij=a×Fi+b×Fj,其权重比值因不同目标服务而异。
     (3)本文以辽宁省凌源市为研究区域,开展了耕地质量与立地条件综合评价体系构建的实证研究分析。从基于促进粮食生产能力目标角度,确定了该评价体系中耕地质量和立地条件之间的权重比例,即3:2,依据该权重比例关系,建立了凌源市耕地质量与立地条件综合评价体系。结果表明该研究区域耕地自然因素条件对基本农田划定起主导作用。
     (4)本文以耕地质量与立地条件综合评价结果为依据,探讨了基本农田划定的阈值临界点,分析了临界点范围耕地质量与耕地立地条件的变化差异,并将耕地区划分为现实基本农田区、潜在基本农田区、建设用地预留区和低产田改造或生态退耕区。本文以耕地质量与立地条件综合评价结果为依据,开展了基本农田划定的实证研究分析。根据评价结果,该区域适宜的基本农田划定比例以60.35%为宜,保障了划定的基本农田既具有稳定的自然质量条件,又与社会经济发展相协调,基本农田保护永久稳定。
The basic farmland is the essence of farmland and also an important guarantee for stabilizing grain productivity.traditional mechanic of farmland planning depend on the farmland quality conditions, and consider less of the farmland site conditions, which lead the basic farmland frequent adjusted, delimited and destructed frequently, the quantity of the basic fannland is decreasing, the quality is declining and the stability is poor, all these problems seriously distort and violate the national law purport of the basic farmland planning, and touch the authority of land use planning. The paper is based on the analyzing the connotation and the functional properties of the farmland and put forward that farmland quality and site condition are two necessary conditions for fannland planning. On this basis, the paper constructs the evaluating system of farmland quality and site conditions, conducts the evaluation of farmland quality and site conditions, and analyses the characteristics of the farmland quality and site environment conditions. Finally, the comprehensive evaluating system of farmland quality and site conditions are constructed Referencing to American LESA system idea, the criteria is constructed on the basis of the above research, all these guarantee good farmland quality and coordinated site conditions and permanent stability of the planned farmland.
     (1) The paper defines the basic farmland connotation, puts forward that the basic farmland refer to high-quality, sectors-connecting, pennanent, stable of farmland. On this basis, the functional properties of the basic farmland are analyzed, including six special features, the theory system of the basic farmland planning is constructed on the basis of above functional properties, fannland quality and site conditions are necessary considered and none is dispensable in the basic farmland planning.
     (2) The paper constructs the system of farmland quality evaluation,the system of farmland site evaluation and the comprehensive evaluation system of farmland quality and site conditions, in which, the fannland quality evaluating system uses ArcGis software as primarily technical means, evaluation units are drawing by superposition method. Referring to agricultural land classifying system, six index constituted of soil conditions as dominant natural elements for fannland quality evaluating are determined by lessons learning and Delphi method, the comprehensive index model is constructed for fannland quality evaluation. In the system of fannland site conditions, it selects the conditions of social economic development, fannland connectivity and Landscape pattern relating with farmland using as evaluating index, and develops the evaluation of above conditions separately. On this basis, the evaluation system of farmland site conditions is constructed by comprehensive index mode. The comprehensive evaluation system are combined the evaluation system of farmland quality with the evaluation system of site conditions, the model of the combined system is Fij=a×Fi+b×Fj, and it's weight ratio varies with the service of different objects.
     (3) The pape carries out the empirical study of constructing the comprehensive evaluation system of farmland quality and site conditions in the study are of Lingyuan City, it measures the weight ratio between farmland quality and site conditions in the evaluation system from the object view of promoting the ability of food productivity, the ratio is 3:2. The comprehensive evaluation system of farmland quality and site conditions is constructed based on the weigt ratio. The empirical results show that the natural factors of farmland are predominant in the basic farmland planning.
     (4) The paper discusses threshold critical point of the planning basic farmland on the result of the comprehensive evaluation, it analyses changing differences in the critical point range, and the farmland zone is divided into realistic basic farmland zone, potential basic farmland zone, reserve zone for construction using, transformation zone for low yield farmland or ecological restoration zone.The pape carries out the empirical study of planning the basic farmland based on the evaluation results of the comprehensive evaluation system of farmland quality and site conditions in the study are of Lingyuan City. The appropriate ratio of planning the basic farmland in the area is 60.35%, which guarantee good quality conditions and coordinating with social economic development, the planning basic farmland is permanent stability.
引文
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