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上海近代纺织技术的引进与创新
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摘要
在近代纺织工业开创之前,上海仅有棉纺织、印染等手工纺织业的基础。在近代纺织工业创设之后,通过纺织技术的引进和创新,上海纺织业形成了缫丝业、丝织业、棉纺织业、毛纺织业、印染业、针织业等各行业齐全的行业布局,各行业的生产能力和生产规模均位于全国前列。本文以《申报》史料作为历史线索,将其与其他史料相结合,对近代上海纺织工业的技术引进与创新过程进行系统的研究,主要从以下几个方面进行阐述:
     第一章为绪论部分,首先介绍了本文的选题目的、选题意义,然后对已有研究进行了回顾,最后对本文的研究方法、创新之处和研究的具体内容进行了详细的阐述。
     第二章对《申报》中的纺织工业内容进行整理与分析。本章首先对纺织工业的报道方式进行分类,通过分类可知《申报》最初以新闻报道为主,后来增加了增刊、特刊、专栏及周刊等各种宣传方式,其中国货周刊、丝绸专号和生产特辑等栏目,对纺织业的发展起到了积极的推动作用。随后对纺织工业的报道内容进行研究,将《申报》中的报道内容分为行业发展资讯、行业发展综述、行业发展调查、纺织厂家介绍和纺织知识介绍等六大方面。通过对《申报》中纺织工业内容的整理与分析可知,在近代纺织工业的发展过程中,《申报》起到了非常重要的宣传和推动作用,是近代纺织史研究中不可或缺的重要报刊类史料。
     第三章介绍了上海近代缫丝业和丝织业的发展概况,对缫丝业和丝织业的工艺流程及引进的各种设备进行探讨,并对美亚织绸厂的技术引进及创新做出了具体分析。通过本章的研究,可以得出以下结论:1、上海近代缫丝业虽然是从外商投资开始的,但在随后的发展过程中,其经营者皆为华商。2、上海缫丝业先后引进了坐缫机和立缫机,并且发明了双宫缫丝机。国产坐缫机仿制成功后得到普遍推广,而国产立缫机试制成功后,并未能推广使用。3、上海近代丝织业虽然起步较晚,但是由于采用先进的电力织机所以发展迅速,其经营者全部为华商。4、上海近代丝织业成功的关键在于电力织机和人造丝的使用。5、电力织机的发展可分为两个阶段:1915年至1927年,为电力织机的引进阶段。1928年至1948年,为电力织机的仿制与改进阶段,民族机器工业已经能够生产丝织机,并针对生产需要对其加以改进。6、美亚织绸厂成功的原因主要在于注重新式设备的引进,重视丝织工艺的完善,注重丝织产品的创新和技术人员的引进。
     第四章首先介绍了上海近代棉纺织业的发展概况,然后对棉纺织业的设备引进、仿制及创新进行详细的分析与比较,最后对申新纺织公司的技术引进及创新进行了具体的分析。通过本章的研究,可得出以下结论:1、上海近代棉纺织业虽以华商设厂为开端,但在其后的发展中,美、德、英、日等国的外商乘机侵入,最后日商纱厂的生产规模和生产能力均超过华商。2、棉纺技术的引进与创新过程,可分为三个阶段:1890年至1920年,为棉纺技术的引进阶段。1921年至1936年,为少量引进与大量改进阶段。1937年至1948年,为仿制、改进与创新阶段。3、在棉纺设备改进与创新方面,最突出的成果是雷炳林式大牵伸、纺建式大牵伸和新农式纺纱机。4、棉织技术的引进与创新过程,可分为三个阶段:1890年至1920年,为力织机的引进阶段。1921年至1936年,为力织机的仿制与自动织机的引进阶段。1937年至1948年,为力织机的改进和自动织机的仿制阶段。5、申新纺织公司之所以能成为中国近代棉纺织业排名第一的民营棉纺织企业,是由于其注重先进的设备的引进,重视已有设备的改进和技术人员的引进与培养。
     第五章首先介绍了上海近代毛纺织业的发展概况,然后对毛纺织业的工艺流程及粗纺、精纺业引进的各种设备进行深入研究,最后对章华毛绒纺织厂的技术引进及创新作出了详细的分析。通过本章的研究,可得出以下结论:1、上海毛纺织业的经营者以华商、日商和英商为主,先后发展了粗纺、驼绒、精纺和绒线四大行业。2、上海近代毛纺织业所用的毛纺设备几乎全部来源于国外,民族机器工业仅可以仿造少数简单的设备,并且未能做出任何的改进与创新。3、毛织设备的引进与仿制分为两个阶段:1909年至1930年,为毛织设备的引进阶段。1931年至1948年,为少量引进与大量仿制阶段。4、章华毛绒纺织厂成功的关键首先在于改变生产策略,由粗梳毛纺转为精梳毛纺,其次在于注重先进设备的引进、注意生产配套设施的完善和技术及管理人员的引进与培养。
     第六章对上海近代印染业的发展概况进行介绍,并对印染业设备的引进及仿制情况进行了详细的分析。通过本章的研究,可以得出以下结论:1、上海印染业的经营者华商与外商并存,华商印染厂虽然数量众多,但生产能力和生产规模根本无法与外商相比。2、上海近代印染业的技术引进过程可分为三个阶段:1897年至1914年,为印染设备的引进阶段。1915年至1936年,为引进与仿制阶段。1937年至1948年,为印染设备的仿制阶段。
     第七章对上海近代针织业的发展及技术引进过程进行研究。通过本章的研究,可得出下列结论:1、上海近代针织业先后经历了三次繁荣,形成了袜业、内衣业和手套业三大针织行业。2、针织业的设备引进与仿制,基本上是同步的。多数针织设备在引进后不久,民族机器工业便可进行仿制,所以针织业使用的设备以仿制设备为主。
     第八章对上海近代纺织工业的产生和发展进行了综合分析。通过本章的研究,可得出以下结论:1、上海近代纺织业迅速兴起的前提,是上海在开埠之后逐步具备了成为纺织工业中心的各种条件。2、在上海近代纺织工业的发展过程中,战争、经济、政治、文化等社会因素和原料供应、经营方式等行业内部因素,都对其造成一定程度的影响。3、上海近代纺织工业的发展对近代上海的社会、经济、文化等方面也产生了深远的影响。
     第九章为结论,对上海近代纺织业的技术引进与创新进行总结性分析。
Before the creation of modern textile industry, Shanghai only had handicraft industry basis of cotton textile, printing and dyeing textile. After the creation of modern textile industry, through the introduction and innovation of textile technology, Shanghai textile industry had formed a complete industry structure, including silk reeling industry, silk industry, cotton textile industry, wool textile industry, printing and dyeing industry, knitting industry and others industries. Each industry's production capacity and production scale was located in the national textile industry. This paper made the Shen Daily as history clues, combined it with other historical materials, made a systematic research on the technology introduction and innovation of modern textile industry in Shanghai, the main contents included the fellowing sections:
     ChapterⅠwas introduction, it introduced the seclection purposes and meanings of this article at first, then conducted a review on the existing research, and made a detailed introduction on the research methods, innovations and specific contents of this article at last.
     ChapterⅡmade the consolidation and analysis on the textile industry in Shen Daily. This chapter made a category on the report ways of the textile industry at first, through the category we can see that, Shen Daily mainly reported in the way of news at first, and then increased other report ways, such as special issue, supplement, weekly and etc.; the column of domestics'weekly, silk special issue and production special edition had played a positive role in promoting the development of textile industry. Then made a research on the report content of textile industry, the report content could be divided into six parts, such as industry development information, industry development review, industry development survey, textile manufactures introduction, textile knowledge introduction. By the collation and analysis of textile contents of Shen Daily, we can see that it made an active promotion and operation for the development of modern textile industry; it was an indispensable historical newspaper on the research of modern textile history.
     ChapterⅢintroduced the development of modern silk reeling industry and silk industry in Shanghai, studied on the technological process of silk reeling and silk industry, made a comparison and analysis of the equipment, and then made a specific analysis on the technology introduction and innovation of Meiya silk factory. Through the research of this chapter, we can draw the following conclusions:First, although Shanghai modern silk reeling industry was started by foreign investment, but in the subsequent development process, the operators were all Chinese businessmen. Second, Shanghai modern silk reeling industry had introduced sitting reeling machine and multi-end reeling machine, and invented double placed cocoon silk reeling machine. The domestic sitting reeling machine was commonly used in silk reeling factories after imitated; but the domestic multi-end reeling machine failed to popularize after imitated. Third, Shanghai modern silk industry started very late, but by the using of advanced power looms, it developed very fast, and the operators were all Chinese businessmen. Forth, the success key of Shanghai modern silk industry lied in the using of power loom and artificial silk. Fifth, the development of the power loom could be divided into two phases:from 1915 to 1927, was the introduction stage for the power loom; from 1928 to 1948, was the copy and improvement stage, the national machinery industry had been able to produce power looms, and made some improvement on the looms. Sixth, the success of Meiya silk factory was mainly due to focusing on the introduction of silk machine, paying attention to the perfection of the silk technology, focusing on the innovation of silk product and the introduction of technical staff.
     ChapterⅣintroduced the development of Shanghai modern cotton textile industry at first, then made a detailed analysis and comparison of the introduction, imitation and innovation of cotton textile industry, and made a specific analysis on the technical introduction and innovation of Shenxin Textile Company at last. Through the research of this chapter, we can draw the following conclusions:First, although Shanghai modern cotton textile industry was set up by Chinese entrepreneurs at the beginning, but in the subsequent development, the United States, Germany, Britain, Japan and other foreign countries took the opportunity to invade, Japanese mill exceeded Chinese businesses on the production scale and capacity at last. Second, the introduction and innovation process of cotton spinning technology could be divided into three phases:from 1890 to 1920, was the introduction stage of cotton spinning technology; from 1921 to 1936, was the stage of small introduction and numerous improvements; from 1937 to 1948, was the stage of copy, improvement and innovation. Third, on the improvement and innovation of cotton spinning equipment, the most prominent results were Lei Binglin big drawing, Fangjian type big drawing and new farming style spinning machine. Forth, the introduction and innovation of cotton technology could be divided into three phases:from 1890 to 1920, was the introduction stage of power loom; from 1921 to 1936, was the stage of copy power loom and introduction of automatic loom; and from 1937 to 1948, were the improvement stage of power loom and the copy stage of automatic loom. Fifth, the reasons that Shenxin Textile Company became the biggest private cotton textile company in Modern China, were because of it focused on the introduction of advanced equipment, paid attention to the improvement of existing equipment and the introduction and training of technical person.
     ChapterⅤintroduced the development of Shanghai modern wool textile industry at first, then researched on the technological progress of wool textile industry and the introduction of equipment in woolen textile industry and worsted textile industry; and made a detailed analysis on the technology introduction and innovation of Zhanghua wool textile factory at last. Through the research of this chapter, we can draw the following conclusions:First, the operators of Shanghai modern wool textile industry included Chinese, Japanese and British businessmen; it had developed woolen textile, camel hair textile, worsted textile and knitting textile successively. Second, the wool textile equipments using in Shanghai modern wool textile industry were all imported from abroad; national machinery industry could only imitate a small number of simple equipment, and failed to make any improvements and innovation on the equipment. Third, the introduction and copy of wool equipment could be divided into two phases: from 1909 to 1930, was the introduction stage of wool equipment; from 1931 to 1948, were the stage of small introduction and numerous copies. Forth, the success key of Zhanghua wool textile factory was that it changed production strategy, turned from woolen textile into worsted textile at first, and followed by focusing on the introduction of advanced equipment, paying attention on the improvement of production facilities and the introduction and training of technical and management personnel.
     ChapterⅥintroduced the development of Shanghai modern printing and dyeing industry, and made a detailed analysis of the introduction and imitation of equipment in printing and dyeing industry. Through the research of this chapter, we can draw the following conclusions:First, Shanghai modern printing and dyeing industry had Chinese factory and foreign factory, the quantity of Chinese printing and dyeing factory was numerous, but their production scale and production capacity could not compared with foreign firms. Second, the technology transfer process of Shanghai modern printing and dyeing industry could be divided into three phases:from 1897 to 1914, was the introduction stage of printing and dyeing equipment; from 1915 to 1936, was the introduction and copy stage; from 1937 to 1948, was the copy stage of printing and dyeing equipment.
     ChapterⅦresearched on the development and technology introduction process of Shanghai modern knitting industry. Through the research of this chapter, we can draw the following conclusions:First, Shanghai modern knitting industry had experienced three times prosperity, had formed socks industry, underwear industry and gloves industry. Second, the introduction and copy of knitting industry was basically synchronous. Most knitting equipment could be copy shortly after the introduction, so the equipment using in knitting industry mainly were copy equipment.
     ChapterⅧmade a comprehensive analysis of the development of modern textile industry in Shanghai. Through the research of this chapter, we can draw the following conclusions:First, the premise of Shanghai modern textile industry's rapid rise was that, after its inception, Shanghai gradually possessed the variety conditions of becoming a center city of textile industry. Second, in the development process of Shanghai modern textile industry, social factors and inter factors, including war, economic, political, cultural factors, supply of raw materials and operation mode of the industry all had certain influence on it. Third, the development of Shanghai modern textile industry had made a profound impact on modern Shanghai's social, economic and cultural aspects also.
     ChapterⅨwas the conclusion; it made a summary analysis of the technology introduction and innovation of Shanghai modern textile industry.
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