园林植物色彩对人的生理和心理的影响
|
摘要
园林植物是构成城市人居环境的重要元素之一,植物色彩对人有着重要的影响,但植物色彩对人会产生何种具体的影响尚无系统的解释。为了科学地评价园林植物和园林植物景观色彩对人的生理和心理的影响,为室内外园林植物色彩应用提供理论依据,本研究采用生物反馈测量法和心理测验法,测定并分析了相同种类不同花色、相同花色不同种类的观花植物、观叶植物以及不同色彩的植物群体景观和秋色叶植物景观对大学生的生理和心理的影响；采用问卷调查法,研究了教师、办公室职员、住院病人、医务工作者和老年人5种人群对不同色彩的切花、花束、观叶植物、乔木、垂直绿化、地被植物、植物群体景观和秋色叶植物景观的情绪反应。在此基础上,提出了校园绿地、办公环境、医院室内环境和户外花园、老年人活动场所的植物色彩配置原则。
主要研究结果如下：
(1)在不同色彩的单体植物和群体植物景观的视觉刺激下,被试者表现出积极的生理反应,包括收缩压、舒张压、心率、指尖脉搏的降低,α波振幅的增加和p波振幅的减少,且色彩刺激前后的变化幅度显著大于对照组中被试者生理指标的变化幅度。不同色彩的园林植物/植物景观对被试者的心理也产生了有益的影响,如人体焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度显著降低,人体活力水平升高；而对照组产生的视觉刺激使被试者的焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度升高,活力水平下降。
(2)方差分析结果表明,切花的花色是导致人体生理和心理指标产生变化的主要因素,不同的切花种类对人体各指标的变化没有显著影响。与黄色花和红色花相比,蓝色、粉红色和白色花能更有效地使人体放松,并降低焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度。观叶植物中,常春藤(Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis)和鹅掌柴(Schefflera octophylla)比绿萝(Scindapsus aureun)、彩叶草(Coleus blumei)和花叶万年青(Dieffenbachia picta)更能有效地帮助人们放松身体和降低焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度。红色、黄色、绿色、白色、紫色和混合色植物群体景观中,绿色和紫色植物群体景观更能有效地帮助人体放松以及缓解焦虑、愤怒和疲劳感；相比红色和红黄混合色秋叶植物景观,黄色秋叶植物景观在帮助人体放松,降低焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度方面具有更明显的作用。
(3)通过问卷调查分析发现,红色最能引发被调查者快乐和兴奋的感受,但也会使部分职员产生紧张的情绪；粉红色最能唤起快乐和平静的情绪,但会导致超过40%的职员产生悲伤的情绪;橙色和黄色最能带来快乐和平静的感受,但也会引起部分被调查者紧张的情绪；绿色最能唤起平静的情绪,绿叶藤本、地被植物和植物景观使大部分教师、病人、医务工作者和老年人感到平静和快乐,但也使部分职员产生了悲伤的情绪；白色最能使被调查者感到悲伤和平静；混合色植物景观会使大部分被调查者感到兴奋和快乐。
(4)根据研究结果,提出以下园林植物和园林植物景观色彩应用原则：红色可应用于校园环境和老年活动场所,但不推荐在办公和医院环境中使用。粉红色可应用于校园、医院和老年人活动场所来营造快乐的氛围,而办公环境中不宜过多使用。室内外环境中推荐使用橙色和黄色以唤起不同人群的积极情绪。绿色可广泛应用于各类环境中以帮助人们缓解压力。白色可用于办公环境帮助职员缓解压力,但不建议在病房和老年活动场所使用。混合色可用来帮助老年人改善抑郁心情,但应尽量避免在在医院病房和医院花园中使用。
Landscape plant is one of the important elements in urban habitant environment. Plant color has important impacts on human. However, there is no systematic explanation for the specific influences of plant colors on human. In order to scientifically evaluate the influences of landscape plant colors and plantscape colors on human physiological and psychological responses, and provide theoretical basis for indoor and outdoor landscape plants color application, this research took biofeedback measurement and psychology test to survey and analysis the effects of different colors of plant/plantscape, including the same species but different colors cut flowers, the same colors but different species cut flowers, foliage plants, and different colors of group plantscape and autumn-leaf plantscape to college students'psycho-physiological responses. Questionnaire was used to study teachers, office workers, patients, medical workers and elderly people's emotion reactions to different colors of cut flower, bouquet, foliage plant, arbor crown, vertical greening, plant group landscape and autumn-leaf plantscape. Based on the results, plant/plantscape color design principles for campus green space, office environment, hospital indoor environment and outdoor garden, and elderly people activity space were proposed.
The main research results are listed as follows:
(1) After receiving visual stimuli of plant and plantscape with different colors, the participants showed positive physiological responses, including decreased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, fingertip pulse, increased a wave and reducedβwave. The physiological changes pre- and post- color stimuli in test groups were more significant than those in the control group. Different colors of plant/plantscape were also beneficial to participants' psychological reactions, such as decreased anxiety, irritability and fatigue level, and increased vigor level. However, visual stimuli of the control group led to the increased anxiety, irritability and fatigue level, and decreased vigor level of participants.
(2) Analysis of variance results indicated that flower color is the main factor that led to the psycho-physiological changes, while different species had no significant influences on participants'physiological and psychological responses. Compared with red and yellow flowers, pink, white and blue flowers were more effective in relaxing body and reducing anxiety, irritability and fatigue level. In the foliage plant groups, Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis and Schefflera octophylla could more effectively help people to relax body and alleviate anxiety, anger and fatigue degree, compared to Scindapsus aureun, Coleus blumei and Dicffenbachia picta. In the plantscape groups, participants displayed more positive physiological reactions and had lower levels of negative feelings, including anxiety, irritability and fatigue in green and purple plantscape groups than in red, yellow, white and mixed-color groups. In the autumn-leaf plantscape groups, compared with red and red-yellow plantscapes, yellow autumn-leaf plantscape showed the more obvious effects in body relaxation and negative emotion alleviation.
(3) The results of "plant/plantscape color emotion questionnaire" indicated that red had the most effect to evoke respondents'happy and excited feelings, while red also made a part of employees feel nervous. Pink evoked most respondents'feelings of happy and calm, however, more than 40% employees felt sad after viewing pink plan/plantscape pictures. Orange and yellow could bring most respondents happy and calm emotions, but some respondent showed nervous in reacting to orange and yellow plan/plantscape. Green was the most peaceful color; green vine, ground cover and plantscape made most respondents feel calm and happy, however, a part of employees showed sad to green vine, ground cover and plantscape. White made most respondents feel sad or calm. Mixed-color plantscape evoked the majority of respondents'excited and happy feelings.
(4) Based on the research results, the following color application principles of landscape plant and plantscape were put forward. Red can be applied in campus environment and the elderly activity area, but is not suggested to be used in the office and hospital environment. Pink is recommended in campus, hospital and the elderly activity area to create delightful atmosphere, while pink should not be used too much in the office environment. It is suggested to use orange and yellow to evoke different populations'positive emotions. Green can be used broadly in different environments to help people relieve stress. White can be applied in office environment to help employees relieve pressure, however, it is not be suggested to be used in the ward and the elderly activity area. Mixed-color can be used to help the elderly improve depression, but it should avoid using white plants in wards and hospital garden.
主要研究结果如下：
(1)在不同色彩的单体植物和群体植物景观的视觉刺激下,被试者表现出积极的生理反应,包括收缩压、舒张压、心率、指尖脉搏的降低,α波振幅的增加和p波振幅的减少,且色彩刺激前后的变化幅度显著大于对照组中被试者生理指标的变化幅度。不同色彩的园林植物/植物景观对被试者的心理也产生了有益的影响,如人体焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度显著降低,人体活力水平升高；而对照组产生的视觉刺激使被试者的焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度升高,活力水平下降。
(2)方差分析结果表明,切花的花色是导致人体生理和心理指标产生变化的主要因素,不同的切花种类对人体各指标的变化没有显著影响。与黄色花和红色花相比,蓝色、粉红色和白色花能更有效地使人体放松,并降低焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度。观叶植物中,常春藤(Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis)和鹅掌柴(Schefflera octophylla)比绿萝(Scindapsus aureun)、彩叶草(Coleus blumei)和花叶万年青(Dieffenbachia picta)更能有效地帮助人们放松身体和降低焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度。红色、黄色、绿色、白色、紫色和混合色植物群体景观中,绿色和紫色植物群体景观更能有效地帮助人体放松以及缓解焦虑、愤怒和疲劳感；相比红色和红黄混合色秋叶植物景观,黄色秋叶植物景观在帮助人体放松,降低焦虑、愤怒和疲劳程度方面具有更明显的作用。
(3)通过问卷调查分析发现,红色最能引发被调查者快乐和兴奋的感受,但也会使部分职员产生紧张的情绪；粉红色最能唤起快乐和平静的情绪,但会导致超过40%的职员产生悲伤的情绪;橙色和黄色最能带来快乐和平静的感受,但也会引起部分被调查者紧张的情绪；绿色最能唤起平静的情绪,绿叶藤本、地被植物和植物景观使大部分教师、病人、医务工作者和老年人感到平静和快乐,但也使部分职员产生了悲伤的情绪；白色最能使被调查者感到悲伤和平静；混合色植物景观会使大部分被调查者感到兴奋和快乐。
(4)根据研究结果,提出以下园林植物和园林植物景观色彩应用原则：红色可应用于校园环境和老年活动场所,但不推荐在办公和医院环境中使用。粉红色可应用于校园、医院和老年人活动场所来营造快乐的氛围,而办公环境中不宜过多使用。室内外环境中推荐使用橙色和黄色以唤起不同人群的积极情绪。绿色可广泛应用于各类环境中以帮助人们缓解压力。白色可用于办公环境帮助职员缓解压力,但不建议在病房和老年活动场所使用。混合色可用来帮助老年人改善抑郁心情,但应尽量避免在在医院病房和医院花园中使用。
Landscape plant is one of the important elements in urban habitant environment. Plant color has important impacts on human. However, there is no systematic explanation for the specific influences of plant colors on human. In order to scientifically evaluate the influences of landscape plant colors and plantscape colors on human physiological and psychological responses, and provide theoretical basis for indoor and outdoor landscape plants color application, this research took biofeedback measurement and psychology test to survey and analysis the effects of different colors of plant/plantscape, including the same species but different colors cut flowers, the same colors but different species cut flowers, foliage plants, and different colors of group plantscape and autumn-leaf plantscape to college students'psycho-physiological responses. Questionnaire was used to study teachers, office workers, patients, medical workers and elderly people's emotion reactions to different colors of cut flower, bouquet, foliage plant, arbor crown, vertical greening, plant group landscape and autumn-leaf plantscape. Based on the results, plant/plantscape color design principles for campus green space, office environment, hospital indoor environment and outdoor garden, and elderly people activity space were proposed.
The main research results are listed as follows:
(1) After receiving visual stimuli of plant and plantscape with different colors, the participants showed positive physiological responses, including decreased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, fingertip pulse, increased a wave and reducedβwave. The physiological changes pre- and post- color stimuli in test groups were more significant than those in the control group. Different colors of plant/plantscape were also beneficial to participants' psychological reactions, such as decreased anxiety, irritability and fatigue level, and increased vigor level. However, visual stimuli of the control group led to the increased anxiety, irritability and fatigue level, and decreased vigor level of participants.
(2) Analysis of variance results indicated that flower color is the main factor that led to the psycho-physiological changes, while different species had no significant influences on participants'physiological and psychological responses. Compared with red and yellow flowers, pink, white and blue flowers were more effective in relaxing body and reducing anxiety, irritability and fatigue level. In the foliage plant groups, Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis and Schefflera octophylla could more effectively help people to relax body and alleviate anxiety, anger and fatigue degree, compared to Scindapsus aureun, Coleus blumei and Dicffenbachia picta. In the plantscape groups, participants displayed more positive physiological reactions and had lower levels of negative feelings, including anxiety, irritability and fatigue in green and purple plantscape groups than in red, yellow, white and mixed-color groups. In the autumn-leaf plantscape groups, compared with red and red-yellow plantscapes, yellow autumn-leaf plantscape showed the more obvious effects in body relaxation and negative emotion alleviation.
(3) The results of "plant/plantscape color emotion questionnaire" indicated that red had the most effect to evoke respondents'happy and excited feelings, while red also made a part of employees feel nervous. Pink evoked most respondents'feelings of happy and calm, however, more than 40% employees felt sad after viewing pink plan/plantscape pictures. Orange and yellow could bring most respondents happy and calm emotions, but some respondent showed nervous in reacting to orange and yellow plan/plantscape. Green was the most peaceful color; green vine, ground cover and plantscape made most respondents feel calm and happy, however, a part of employees showed sad to green vine, ground cover and plantscape. White made most respondents feel sad or calm. Mixed-color plantscape evoked the majority of respondents'excited and happy feelings.
(4) Based on the research results, the following color application principles of landscape plant and plantscape were put forward. Red can be applied in campus environment and the elderly activity area, but is not suggested to be used in the office and hospital environment. Pink is recommended in campus, hospital and the elderly activity area to create delightful atmosphere, while pink should not be used too much in the office environment. It is suggested to use orange and yellow to evoke different populations'positive emotions. Green can be used broadly in different environments to help people relieve stress. White can be applied in office environment to help employees relieve pressure, however, it is not be suggested to be used in the ward and the elderly activity area. Mixed-color can be used to help the elderly improve depression, but it should avoid using white plants in wards and hospital garden.
引文
[1]常青,岩松,周梅.皮电生物反馈训练前后被试皮电反应参数的变化[J].中国行为医学科学.1996,2：58-61.
[2]陈炳锟,张俊彦.办公室环境中窗景与植栽对使用者效益之研究[A].休闲、游憩、观光研究成研讨会论文集[C].台北：2001,37-53.
[3]陈方华,柯文棋,顾卫国,常小海,章建程,赵敏.皮电生物反馈训练对被试者生理及心理影响的研究[J].海军医学杂志.2005,26(2)：115-116.
[4]陈仲庚.实验临床心理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2001.
[5]邓树勋,洪泰田,曹志发.运动生理学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1999.
[6]郭德才.在五彩缤纷的世界里——色彩对人体和植物的影响[J].科学24小时,2002(9)：14.
[7]郭会丁.园林景观色彩设计初探[D].北京：北京林业大学,2005.
[8]高显恩.现代疗养学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,1989.
[9]何国兴.颜色科学[M].上海：东华大学出版社.2004.
[10]洪珊娜,汪洋.人居环境科学对当代建筑学的指导意义.山西建筑[J],2009,35(36)：53-54,72.
[11]康宁,李树华,李法红.园林景观对人体心理影响的研究[J].中国园林,2008,7：69-72.
[12]李法红,李树华,刘国杰.苹果树花叶的观赏活动对人体脑波的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(4)：62-68.
[13]李树华.尽早建立具有中国特色的园艺疗法学科体系(上)[J].中国园林,2000a,16(3)：17-19.
[14]李树华.尽早建立具有中国特色的园艺疗法学科体系(下)[J].中国园林,2000b,16(4)：32-34.
[15]李文利,钱铭怡.状态特质焦虑量表中国大学生常模修订[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1995,31(1)：108-112.
[16]李王鸣,叶信岳,祁巍锋.中外人居环境理论与实践发展述评[J].浙江大学学报,2000,27(2)：205-211.
[17]刘晓燕.临床脑电图学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006.
[18]泷本孝雄,藤漦英昭.色彩心理学[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,1989.
[19]邱扶东.旅游心理学[M].上海：立信会计出版社,2003.
[20]沈德立,马惠霞.论心理健康素质[J].心理与行为研究.2004,2(4)：567-571.
[21]斯托曼K T.情绪心理学[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2006.
[22]孙基哲.室内杆物可以挽救人的生命[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,2007.
[23]唐学山,李雄,曹礼昆.园林设计[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1996.
[24]吴良镛.人居环境科学导论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[25]吴良镛.“人居二”与人居环境科学[J].城市规划,1997,3：4-9.
[26]王晓俊.城市.植被与人类身心健康[J].中国园林,1995,33(1)：33-36.
[27]汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)[M].北京：中国心理卫生杂志社,1999.
[28]王莉.谈室内自然景观设计的作用[J].热带林业,2007,35(2)：18-21.
[29]王艳,叶青.色彩的视觉特性在建筑设计中的应用[J].装饰,2004,137：39.
[30]希波克拉底著,赵洪均,武鹏译.希波克拉底文集[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2007.
[31]修美玲.园艺操作活动及观赏植物色彩对人的生理和心理影响的定量研究[D].北京：中国农业大学,2006.
[32]叶鸿盘.颜色科学[M].北京：文艺出版社,1998.
[33]袁铄慧.中医五色理论在现代色彩心理学及疗法中的佐证初探[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2007,31(1)：34-35.
[34]余敏.浅析色彩在环境景观中的应用[D].北就：北京林业大学,2003.
[35]于晓南,张启南.观赏植物对环境和人体健康的良性调节作用[A].全国观赏植物多性及其应用研讨会[C].北京：中国林业出版社2004：479-482.
[36]章俊华,刘玮.园艺疗法[J].中国园林,2009,25(7)：19-23.
[37]张苏范,毕希名,周夔生.生物反馈----新的心理(行为)治疗[M].北京：北京科学技术出版社,1987.
[38]郑华,北京市绿色嗅觉环境质量评价研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2002.
[39]朱慧,张宇东.基于实验心理学的色彩心理探究[J].中国包装工业,2008,7：49-51.
[40]Adachi M. Psychological effect and preference of flower color [J]. Agriculture and Horticulture. 2002,77(1):11-16.
[41]Adachi M, Rohde C L E and Kendle A D. Effects of floral and foliage displays on human emotions [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):59-63.
[42]Asaumi H, Nishina H, Nakamura H, Masui Y and Hashimoto Y. Effect of ornamental plants to visual fatigue caused by visual display terminal operation [J]. Journal of Shita.1995,7:138-143.
[43]Balling J D and Falk J H. Development of visual preference for natural environments [J]. Environment and Behavior.1982,14(1):5-28.
[44]Barnhart S K, Perkins N H, and Fitzsimonds J. Behavior and outdoor setting preferences at a psychiatric hospital [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1998,42(2-4):147-156.
[45]Behe B, Nelson R, Barton S, Hall C, Safley C D, and Turner S. Consumer preferences for geranium flower color, leaf variegation, and price [J]. HortScience.1999,34(4):740-742.
[46]Bringslimark T, Hartig T and Patil G G. Psychological benefits of indoor plants in workplaces: putting experimental results into context [J]. HortScience.2007,12(3):581-587.
[47]Bringslimark T, Hartig T and Patil G G. The psychological benefits of indoor plants:A critical review of the experimental literatue [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2009,29(4):422-433.
[48]Cammack C, Waliczek T M, and Zajicek J M. The green bridge:The effects of a community-based horticultural program on the self-development characteristics of juvenile offenders [J]. HortTechnology.2002,12(1):82-86.
[49]Chang C Y. The effect of flower color on respondents'physical and psychological responses [A]. Interaction by design:Bringing people and plants together for health and well-being:An international symposium [C]. Iowa Ames:Iowa State Press,2002:253-260.
[50]Chang C Y. Psychophysiological responses to different landscape settings and a comparison of cultural differences[J]. Acta Horticulturae.2004,639:57-65.
[51]Chang C Y and Chen P K. Human response to window views and indoor plants in the workplace [J]. HortScience.2005,40(5):1354-1359.
[52]Chang C Y, Hammitt W E, Chen P K, Machnik L and Su W C. Psychophysiological responses and restorative values of natural environments in Taiwan [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2008,85(2):79-84.
[53]Coeterier J F. A photo validity test [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1983,3(4):315-323.
[54]Coleman C K and Mattson R H. Influences of foliage plants of human stress during thermal biofeedback training [J]. Hort Technology.1995,5(2):137-140.
[55]DeWolfe J, Waliczek T M, and Zajicek J M. The relationship between levels of greenery and landscaping at track and field sites, anxiety, and sports performance of collegiate track and field athletes [J]. HortTechnology.2011,21(3):329-335.
[56]Diette G B, Lechtzin N, Haponik E, Devrotes A, and Rubin H R. Distraction therapy with nature sights and sounds reduces pain during flexible bronchoscopy [J]. Chest.2003,123:941-948.
[57]Dijkstra K, Pieterse M E, Pruyn A. Stress-reducing effects of indoor plants in the built healthcare environment:the mediating role of perceived attractiveness [J]. Preventive Medicine.2008,47(3): 279-283.
[58]Doxey J S, Waliczek T M, and Zajicek J M. The impact of interior plants in university classrooms on student course performance and on student perceptions of the course and instructor[J]. HortScience.2009,44(2):384-391.
[59]Doxiadis C A. Ekistics and regional science [J]. Papers in Regional Science.1962,10(1):9-46.
[60]Doxiadis C A. Man's movement and his city [J]. Science.1968,162:326-334.
[61]Doxiadis C A. Ekistics the science of human settlements [J]. Science.1970,170:393-404.
[62]Dravigne A, Waliczek T M, Lineberger R D, and Zajicek J M. The effect of live plants and window views of green spaces on employee perceptions of job satisfaction [J]. HortScience. 2008,43(1):183-187.
[63]Dunnett N and Qasim M. Perceived benefits to huaman well-being of urban gardens [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):40-45.
[64]Fjeld T. The Effects of Interior Planting on Health and Discomfort amng Workers and School Chirldren [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):46-52.
[65]Fjeld T, Veiersted B, Sandvik L, Riise G, and Levy F. The effect of indoor foliage plants on health and discomfort symptoms among office workers [J]. Indoor and Built Environment. 1998,7(4):204-209.
[66]Fuller R A, Irvine K N, Devine-Wright P, Warren P H, and Gaston K J. Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity [J]. Biology Letters.2007,3(4):390-394.
[67]Grahn P and Stigsdotter U A. Landscape planning and stress [J]. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.2003,2(1):1-18.
[68]Grinde B and Patil G G. Biophilia:Does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being? [J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2009,6(9):2332-2343
[69]Han K. Are liable and valid self-rating measure of the restorative quality of natural environments [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2003,64(4):209-232.
[70]Hansmann R, Hug S, Seeland K. Restoration and stress relief through physical activities in forests and parks [J]. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.2007,6(4):213-225.
[71]Hartig T, Book A, Garvill J, Olsson T, and Garling T. Environmental influences on psychological restoration[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.1996,37(4):378-393.
[72]Hartig T M, Evans G W, Jamner L D, Davis D S, and Garling T. Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings [J]. Journal of Environment and Psychology.2003,23(2),109-123.
[73]Hartig T, Mang M, and Evans G W. Restorative effects of natural environment experiences [J]. Environment and Behavior.1991,23(1):3-26.
[74]Heerwagen J H and Orians G H. Adaptations to windowlessness:A study of the use of visual decor in windowed and windowless offices [J]. Environment and Behavior.1986,18(5),623-639.
[75]Hemphill M. A note on adults'color-emotion associations [J]. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 1996,157:275-280.
[76]Herzog T R, Maguire C P, and Nebel M B. Assessing the restorative components of environments [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2003,23(2):159-170.
[77]Herzog T R, Black A M and Knotts G W. Reflection and attention recovery as distinctive benefits of restorative environments [J]. Journal of Environment Psychology.1997,17(2):165-170.
[78]Hommaa S, Matsunami, K, Han X Y, and Deguchi K. Hippocampus in relation to mental sweating response evoked by memory recall and mental calculation:a human electroencephalography study with dipole tracing [J]. Neuroscience Letters.2001,305(1):1-4.
[79]Hongratanaworakit T. Physiological effects in aromatherapy [J]. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology.2004,26(1):117-125.
[80]Hull R B and Stewart W P. Validity of photo-based science beauty judgments [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1992,12:101-114.
[81]Kaplan R. Some psychological benefits of gardening [J]. Environment and Behavior.1973, 5:145-162.
[82]Kaplan R. The nature of the view from home:psychological benefits [J]. Environment and Behavior.2001,33(4):507-542.
[83]Kaplan R. The role of nature in the context of workplace [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1993,26(1-4):193-201.
[84]Kaplan R and Herbert E J. Culture and sub-culture comparisons in preferences for natural setting [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1987,14:281-293.
[85]Kaplan R and Kaplan S. Humanscape:Environments for People [M]. California:Duxbury Press,1978.
[86]Kaplan R and Kaplan S. The Experience of Nature:A Psychological Perspective [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press,1989.
[87]Kaplan S. The restorative benefits of nature:Towards an integrative framework [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1995,15(1):169-182.
[88]Kaufman A J and Lohr V I. Does plant color affect emotional and physiological responses to landscape? [J]. Acta Horticulturae.2004,639:229-233.
[89]Kavanaugh J S. A Thumbnail History of Therapeutic Gardens in Healthcare[A]. Landscape Architecture Technical information (LATIS) Fofum on Therapeutic Garden Design:Part One Therapeutic Gardens in Healthcare Seffings. Washington D. C.:American Society of Landscape Architects.2005,2-3.
[90]Kellert S R and Wilson E O. The Biophilia Hypothesis [M]. Washington D. C.:Island Press,1993.
[91]Kim E. Human psycho-physiological and self-rated emotional responses to geranium visual stimuli during recovery from stress [D]. Manhattan, Kansas:Kansas State University, PhD Diss,1999.
[92]Kim E and Mattson R H. Stress recovery effects of viewing red-flowering geraniums [J]. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture.2002,13:4-12.
[93]Kondo M and Toriyama T. Experimental research on the effectiveness of using green in reducing of visual fatigue caused by VDT operation [J]. Journal of Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture.1989,52:139-144.
[94]Korpela K and Ylen M. Perceived health is associated with visiting natural favorite places in the vicinity [J]. Health Place.2007,13(1):138-151.
[95]Kuo F E and Sullivan W C. Environment and crime in the inner city:Does vegetation reduce crime? [J]. Environment and Behavior.2001,3(33):343-367.
[96]Lancaster M. Colorscape [M]. London:Academy Editions,1996.
[97]Larsen L, Adams J, Deal B, Kweon B S, and Tyler E. Plants in the workplace:the effects of plant density on productivity, attitudes, and perceptions [J]. Environment and Behavior.1998, 3(30):261-281.
[98]Lewis C A. People-plant interaction:a new horticultural perspective [J]. American Horticulturist. 1973,52:18-25.
[99]Liu M. Visual and olfactory effects of flowers and floral fragrance on human psychophysiological, emotional, and cognitive responses [D]. Manhattan:Kansas State University,2001.
[100]Liu M, Kim E, and Mattson R. Physiological and emotional influences of cut flowers arrangements and lavender fragrances on university students [J]. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture.2003,14:18-27.
[101]Lohr V I, Pearson-Mims C H, and Goodwin G K. Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless environment [J]. Journal of Environmental Horticulture.1996,14(2):97-100.
[102]Lohr V I and Pearson-Mims C H. Physical discomfort may be reduced in the presence of interior plants [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):53-58.
[103]Manaker, G. H. Interior Plantscapes:Installation, Maintenance, and Management (3rd ed.) [M]. Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1996
[104]Marcus C C and Barnes M. Gardens in Healthcare Facilities:Uses, Therapeutic Benefits, and Design Recommendations [M]. The United States of America:Eusey Press,1995.
[105]Marcus CC, Marni B. Healing Gardens:Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations [M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1999.
[106]McNair D M, Lohr M, and Dropleman L F. Edits Manual for the Profile of Mood States [M]. California:Educational and industrial testing service,1992.
[107]Midden K S and Chambers J. An Evaluation of a Childrens Garden in Developing a Greater Sensitivity of the Environment in Preschool Children [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(2):385-390.
[108]Moore E O. A prison environment's effect on health care servce demands [J]. Journal of Environment Systems.1981,11 (1):17-34.
[109]Moore E O. A prison environment's effect on health care service demands [J]. Journal of environmental systems.1982,11(1):17-34.
[110]Morfeld M, Petersen C, Kruger-Bodeker A, Mackensen S V, and Bullinger M. The assessment of mood at workplace-psychometric analyses of the revised Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire [J]. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine.2007,4(10):1-9.
[Ill]Ohmi M, Tanigawa M, Yamada A, Ueda Y, and Harun M. Dynamic analysis of internal and external mental sweating by optical coherence tomography [J]. Journal of Biomedical Optics. 2009,14:014026.
[112]Ottosson J and Grahn P. Measures of restoration in geriatric care residences:the influence of nature on elderly people's power of concentration, blood pressure and pulse rate [J]. Journal of Housing for the Elderly.2006,19(3-4):227-256.
[113]Owen P J. The influences of a botanical garden experience on human health [D]. Manhattan: Kansas State University,1994.
[114]Park S H, Mattson R H, and Kim E. Pain tolerance effects of ornamental plants in a simulated hospital patient room [J]. Acta Horticulturae.2004,639;241-247.
[115]Park S H and Mattson R H. Effects of flowering and foliage plants in hospital rooms on patients recovering from abdominal surgery [J]. HortTechonology.2008,18(4):563-568.
[116]Park S H and Mattson R H. Therapeutic influences of plants in hospital rooms on surgical recovery [J]. HortScience.2009,44(1):1-4.
[117]Peterson R A. On the use of college students in social science research:insight from a second-order meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Consumer Research.2001,28(3):450-461.
[119]Pearson-Mims C H and Lohr V I. Reported impacts of interior plantscaping in office environment in the United States [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):82-86.
[119]Prince T L, Robertson J L, and Chatfield L H. Factors affecting the marketability of roses [J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.1980,105(3):388-393.
[120]Raanaas R K, Evensen K H, Rich D. Sj(?)str(?)m G, and Patil G. Benefits of indoor plants on attention capacity in an office setting[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2011, 31(1):99-105.
[121]Raanaas R K, Patil G G, and Hartig T. Effects of an indoor foliage plant intervention on patient well-being during a residential rehabilitation program [J]. HortScience.2010,45(3):387-392.
[122]Rapoport A and Kantor R E. Complexity and ambiguity in environmental design [J]. Journal of the American Planning Association.1967,33(4):210-221.
[123]Satio M A. Comparative study of color preferences in Japan, China and Indonesia, with emphasis on the preference for white[J]. Perceptual and Motor Skills.1996,83(1):115-128.
[124]Scopelliti M and Giuliani M V. Choosing restorative environments across the life span:A matter of place experience[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2004,24(4):423-437.
[125]Shafer E L and Richards T A. A Comparison of Viewer Reactions to Outdoor Scenes and Photographs of Those Scenes [M]. Minneapolis:Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,1974.
[126]Shibata S and Suzuki N. Effects of indoor foliage plants on subjects'recovery from mental fatigue [J]. North American Journal of Psychology.2001,3:385-395.
[127]Shibata S and Suzuki N. Effects of the foliage plant on creative task performance and mood [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2002,22(3):265-272.
[128]Shibata S and Suzuki N. Effects of an indoor plant on creative task performance and mood [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.2004,45(5):373-381.
[129]Shin W S. The influence of forest view through a window on job satisfaction and job stress [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research.2007,22(3):248-253.
[130]Shoemaker C A, Randall K, Relf P D and Geller E S. Relationships between Plants, Bahavior, and Attitude in an Office Environment [J]. Hort Technology.1992,2(2):205-206.
[131]Shuttleworth S. The use of photographs as an environmental presentation medium in landscape studies [J]. Journal of Environmental Management.1980,11:61-76.
[132]Sibel M and Ali A. Evaluating primary schools'gardens in terms of environmental contribution to student learning:A case study in Antalya, Turkey [J]. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 2010,8(2):1097-1102.
[133]Sommer R. and Summit J.An exploratory study of preferred tree form [J]. Environment and Behavior.1995,27:541-557.
[134]Spielberger C D, Gorsuch R L, Vagg P R, and Jacobs G A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) [M]. Palo Alto, California:Consulting Psychologists Press,1983.
[135]Stamps A E. Demographic effects in environmental aesthetics:a metanalysis [J]. Journal of Planning Literatue.1999,14(2):155-175.
[136]Stigsdotter U A and Grahn P. Experiencing a garden:A healing garden for people suffering from burnout diseases [J]. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture.2003,14:8-48.
[137]Stone N J and Irvine J M. Performance, mood, satisfaction, and task type in various work environments:A preliminary study [J]. The Journal of General Psychology.1992,120(4):489-497.
[138]Stone N J and Irvine J M. Direct or inderect window access, task type, and performance[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1994,14(1):57-63.
[139]Talbott J A, Stern D, Ross J, and Gillen C. Flowering plants as therapeutic/environmental agent in a psychiatric hospital [J]. HortScience.1976,11(4):365-366.
[140]Talbot J F and Kaplan R. The benefits of nearby nature for elderly apartment residents [J]. International Journal of Aging and Human Development.1991,33(2):119-130.
[141]Tennessen C M and Cimprich B. Views to nature:Effects on attention [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1995,15(3):77-85.
[142]Ulrich R S. Visual landscape and psychological well-being [J]. Landscape Research.1979, 4(1):17-23.
[143]Ulrich R S. Natural versus urban scenes:Some psychophysiological effects [J]. Environment and Behavior.1981,13(5):523-556.
[144]Ulrich R S. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery [J]. Science.1984, 224(4647):420-421.
[145]Ulrich R S. Human responses to vegetation and landscape [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1986,13:29-44.
[146]Ulrich R S, "Effects of Gardens on Health Outcomes:Theory and Research in Healing Gardens," Therapeutic benefits and design recommendations, eds., Cooper M C and Barnes M (New York: John Wiley & Sons,1999), p.27-86.
[147]Ulrich R S and Addoms D L. Psychological and Recreational Benefits of a Residential Park [J]. Journal of Leisure Research.1981,13(1):43-65.
[148]Ulrich R S and Simons R F. Recovery from stress during exposure to everyday outdoor environments [A]. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association [C]. Washington D. C.:EDRA.1986,115-122.
[149]Ulrich R S and Parsons R, "Influences of passive experiences with plants on individual well-being and health," The role of horticulture in human well-being and social development, ed., Relf D (Portland:Timber Press,1992), p.93-105.
[150]Ulrich R S, Simons R F, Losito B D, Fiorito E, Miles M A, and Zelson M. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 1991,11(3):201-230.
[151]Verderber S and Reuman D. Windows, views, and health status in hospital therapeutic environments [J]. Journal of Architectural Planning Research.1987,4(2):120-133.
[152]Verlarde M D, Fry G, and Tveit M. Health effects of viewing landscapes:landscape types in environmental psychology [J]. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.2007,6(4):199-212.
[153]Waliczek T M, Zajicek J M and Lineberger R D. The influence of gardening activities on consumer perceptions of life satisfaction [J]. HortScience.2005,40(5):1360-1365.
[154]Wilson E O. Biophilia [M]. Cambridge, MA, USA:Harvard University Press,1984.
[155]Whitehouse S, Varni J W, Seid M, Cooper-Marcus C, Ensberg M J, Jacobs J J and Mehlenbeck R S. Evaluating a children's hospital garden environment:Utilization and consumer satisfaction [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2001,21:301-314.
[156]Wells NM and Evans G W. Nearby nature-a buffer of life stress among rural children [J]. Environment and Behavior.2003,35(3):311-330.
[157]Wolf K L. Trees in the Small City Retail Business District:Comparing Resident and Visitor Perceptions [J]. Journal of Forestry.2005a,103(8):390-395.
[158]Wolf K L. Business District Streetscapes, Trees, and Consumer Response [J]. Journal of Forestry. 2005b,103(8):396-400.
[159]Yamane K and Adachi M. Roles of daily horticultural activities in physical and mental QOL for elderly adults [J]. Acta Horticulturae.2008,790:165-171.
[2]陈炳锟,张俊彦.办公室环境中窗景与植栽对使用者效益之研究[A].休闲、游憩、观光研究成研讨会论文集[C].台北：2001,37-53.
[3]陈方华,柯文棋,顾卫国,常小海,章建程,赵敏.皮电生物反馈训练对被试者生理及心理影响的研究[J].海军医学杂志.2005,26(2)：115-116.
[4]陈仲庚.实验临床心理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2001.
[5]邓树勋,洪泰田,曹志发.运动生理学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1999.
[6]郭德才.在五彩缤纷的世界里——色彩对人体和植物的影响[J].科学24小时,2002(9)：14.
[7]郭会丁.园林景观色彩设计初探[D].北京：北京林业大学,2005.
[8]高显恩.现代疗养学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,1989.
[9]何国兴.颜色科学[M].上海：东华大学出版社.2004.
[10]洪珊娜,汪洋.人居环境科学对当代建筑学的指导意义.山西建筑[J],2009,35(36)：53-54,72.
[11]康宁,李树华,李法红.园林景观对人体心理影响的研究[J].中国园林,2008,7：69-72.
[12]李法红,李树华,刘国杰.苹果树花叶的观赏活动对人体脑波的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(4)：62-68.
[13]李树华.尽早建立具有中国特色的园艺疗法学科体系(上)[J].中国园林,2000a,16(3)：17-19.
[14]李树华.尽早建立具有中国特色的园艺疗法学科体系(下)[J].中国园林,2000b,16(4)：32-34.
[15]李文利,钱铭怡.状态特质焦虑量表中国大学生常模修订[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1995,31(1)：108-112.
[16]李王鸣,叶信岳,祁巍锋.中外人居环境理论与实践发展述评[J].浙江大学学报,2000,27(2)：205-211.
[17]刘晓燕.临床脑电图学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006.
[18]泷本孝雄,藤漦英昭.色彩心理学[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,1989.
[19]邱扶东.旅游心理学[M].上海：立信会计出版社,2003.
[20]沈德立,马惠霞.论心理健康素质[J].心理与行为研究.2004,2(4)：567-571.
[21]斯托曼K T.情绪心理学[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2006.
[22]孙基哲.室内杆物可以挽救人的生命[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,2007.
[23]唐学山,李雄,曹礼昆.园林设计[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1996.
[24]吴良镛.人居环境科学导论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[25]吴良镛.“人居二”与人居环境科学[J].城市规划,1997,3：4-9.
[26]王晓俊.城市.植被与人类身心健康[J].中国园林,1995,33(1)：33-36.
[27]汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)[M].北京：中国心理卫生杂志社,1999.
[28]王莉.谈室内自然景观设计的作用[J].热带林业,2007,35(2)：18-21.
[29]王艳,叶青.色彩的视觉特性在建筑设计中的应用[J].装饰,2004,137：39.
[30]希波克拉底著,赵洪均,武鹏译.希波克拉底文集[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2007.
[31]修美玲.园艺操作活动及观赏植物色彩对人的生理和心理影响的定量研究[D].北京：中国农业大学,2006.
[32]叶鸿盘.颜色科学[M].北京：文艺出版社,1998.
[33]袁铄慧.中医五色理论在现代色彩心理学及疗法中的佐证初探[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2007,31(1)：34-35.
[34]余敏.浅析色彩在环境景观中的应用[D].北就：北京林业大学,2003.
[35]于晓南,张启南.观赏植物对环境和人体健康的良性调节作用[A].全国观赏植物多性及其应用研讨会[C].北京：中国林业出版社2004：479-482.
[36]章俊华,刘玮.园艺疗法[J].中国园林,2009,25(7)：19-23.
[37]张苏范,毕希名,周夔生.生物反馈----新的心理(行为)治疗[M].北京：北京科学技术出版社,1987.
[38]郑华,北京市绿色嗅觉环境质量评价研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2002.
[39]朱慧,张宇东.基于实验心理学的色彩心理探究[J].中国包装工业,2008,7：49-51.
[40]Adachi M. Psychological effect and preference of flower color [J]. Agriculture and Horticulture. 2002,77(1):11-16.
[41]Adachi M, Rohde C L E and Kendle A D. Effects of floral and foliage displays on human emotions [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):59-63.
[42]Asaumi H, Nishina H, Nakamura H, Masui Y and Hashimoto Y. Effect of ornamental plants to visual fatigue caused by visual display terminal operation [J]. Journal of Shita.1995,7:138-143.
[43]Balling J D and Falk J H. Development of visual preference for natural environments [J]. Environment and Behavior.1982,14(1):5-28.
[44]Barnhart S K, Perkins N H, and Fitzsimonds J. Behavior and outdoor setting preferences at a psychiatric hospital [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1998,42(2-4):147-156.
[45]Behe B, Nelson R, Barton S, Hall C, Safley C D, and Turner S. Consumer preferences for geranium flower color, leaf variegation, and price [J]. HortScience.1999,34(4):740-742.
[46]Bringslimark T, Hartig T and Patil G G. Psychological benefits of indoor plants in workplaces: putting experimental results into context [J]. HortScience.2007,12(3):581-587.
[47]Bringslimark T, Hartig T and Patil G G. The psychological benefits of indoor plants:A critical review of the experimental literatue [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2009,29(4):422-433.
[48]Cammack C, Waliczek T M, and Zajicek J M. The green bridge:The effects of a community-based horticultural program on the self-development characteristics of juvenile offenders [J]. HortTechnology.2002,12(1):82-86.
[49]Chang C Y. The effect of flower color on respondents'physical and psychological responses [A]. Interaction by design:Bringing people and plants together for health and well-being:An international symposium [C]. Iowa Ames:Iowa State Press,2002:253-260.
[50]Chang C Y. Psychophysiological responses to different landscape settings and a comparison of cultural differences[J]. Acta Horticulturae.2004,639:57-65.
[51]Chang C Y and Chen P K. Human response to window views and indoor plants in the workplace [J]. HortScience.2005,40(5):1354-1359.
[52]Chang C Y, Hammitt W E, Chen P K, Machnik L and Su W C. Psychophysiological responses and restorative values of natural environments in Taiwan [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2008,85(2):79-84.
[53]Coeterier J F. A photo validity test [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1983,3(4):315-323.
[54]Coleman C K and Mattson R H. Influences of foliage plants of human stress during thermal biofeedback training [J]. Hort Technology.1995,5(2):137-140.
[55]DeWolfe J, Waliczek T M, and Zajicek J M. The relationship between levels of greenery and landscaping at track and field sites, anxiety, and sports performance of collegiate track and field athletes [J]. HortTechnology.2011,21(3):329-335.
[56]Diette G B, Lechtzin N, Haponik E, Devrotes A, and Rubin H R. Distraction therapy with nature sights and sounds reduces pain during flexible bronchoscopy [J]. Chest.2003,123:941-948.
[57]Dijkstra K, Pieterse M E, Pruyn A. Stress-reducing effects of indoor plants in the built healthcare environment:the mediating role of perceived attractiveness [J]. Preventive Medicine.2008,47(3): 279-283.
[58]Doxey J S, Waliczek T M, and Zajicek J M. The impact of interior plants in university classrooms on student course performance and on student perceptions of the course and instructor[J]. HortScience.2009,44(2):384-391.
[59]Doxiadis C A. Ekistics and regional science [J]. Papers in Regional Science.1962,10(1):9-46.
[60]Doxiadis C A. Man's movement and his city [J]. Science.1968,162:326-334.
[61]Doxiadis C A. Ekistics the science of human settlements [J]. Science.1970,170:393-404.
[62]Dravigne A, Waliczek T M, Lineberger R D, and Zajicek J M. The effect of live plants and window views of green spaces on employee perceptions of job satisfaction [J]. HortScience. 2008,43(1):183-187.
[63]Dunnett N and Qasim M. Perceived benefits to huaman well-being of urban gardens [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):40-45.
[64]Fjeld T. The Effects of Interior Planting on Health and Discomfort amng Workers and School Chirldren [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):46-52.
[65]Fjeld T, Veiersted B, Sandvik L, Riise G, and Levy F. The effect of indoor foliage plants on health and discomfort symptoms among office workers [J]. Indoor and Built Environment. 1998,7(4):204-209.
[66]Fuller R A, Irvine K N, Devine-Wright P, Warren P H, and Gaston K J. Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity [J]. Biology Letters.2007,3(4):390-394.
[67]Grahn P and Stigsdotter U A. Landscape planning and stress [J]. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.2003,2(1):1-18.
[68]Grinde B and Patil G G. Biophilia:Does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being? [J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2009,6(9):2332-2343
[69]Han K. Are liable and valid self-rating measure of the restorative quality of natural environments [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2003,64(4):209-232.
[70]Hansmann R, Hug S, Seeland K. Restoration and stress relief through physical activities in forests and parks [J]. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.2007,6(4):213-225.
[71]Hartig T, Book A, Garvill J, Olsson T, and Garling T. Environmental influences on psychological restoration[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.1996,37(4):378-393.
[72]Hartig T M, Evans G W, Jamner L D, Davis D S, and Garling T. Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings [J]. Journal of Environment and Psychology.2003,23(2),109-123.
[73]Hartig T, Mang M, and Evans G W. Restorative effects of natural environment experiences [J]. Environment and Behavior.1991,23(1):3-26.
[74]Heerwagen J H and Orians G H. Adaptations to windowlessness:A study of the use of visual decor in windowed and windowless offices [J]. Environment and Behavior.1986,18(5),623-639.
[75]Hemphill M. A note on adults'color-emotion associations [J]. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 1996,157:275-280.
[76]Herzog T R, Maguire C P, and Nebel M B. Assessing the restorative components of environments [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2003,23(2):159-170.
[77]Herzog T R, Black A M and Knotts G W. Reflection and attention recovery as distinctive benefits of restorative environments [J]. Journal of Environment Psychology.1997,17(2):165-170.
[78]Hommaa S, Matsunami, K, Han X Y, and Deguchi K. Hippocampus in relation to mental sweating response evoked by memory recall and mental calculation:a human electroencephalography study with dipole tracing [J]. Neuroscience Letters.2001,305(1):1-4.
[79]Hongratanaworakit T. Physiological effects in aromatherapy [J]. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology.2004,26(1):117-125.
[80]Hull R B and Stewart W P. Validity of photo-based science beauty judgments [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1992,12:101-114.
[81]Kaplan R. Some psychological benefits of gardening [J]. Environment and Behavior.1973, 5:145-162.
[82]Kaplan R. The nature of the view from home:psychological benefits [J]. Environment and Behavior.2001,33(4):507-542.
[83]Kaplan R. The role of nature in the context of workplace [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1993,26(1-4):193-201.
[84]Kaplan R and Herbert E J. Culture and sub-culture comparisons in preferences for natural setting [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1987,14:281-293.
[85]Kaplan R and Kaplan S. Humanscape:Environments for People [M]. California:Duxbury Press,1978.
[86]Kaplan R and Kaplan S. The Experience of Nature:A Psychological Perspective [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press,1989.
[87]Kaplan S. The restorative benefits of nature:Towards an integrative framework [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1995,15(1):169-182.
[88]Kaufman A J and Lohr V I. Does plant color affect emotional and physiological responses to landscape? [J]. Acta Horticulturae.2004,639:229-233.
[89]Kavanaugh J S. A Thumbnail History of Therapeutic Gardens in Healthcare[A]. Landscape Architecture Technical information (LATIS) Fofum on Therapeutic Garden Design:Part One Therapeutic Gardens in Healthcare Seffings. Washington D. C.:American Society of Landscape Architects.2005,2-3.
[90]Kellert S R and Wilson E O. The Biophilia Hypothesis [M]. Washington D. C.:Island Press,1993.
[91]Kim E. Human psycho-physiological and self-rated emotional responses to geranium visual stimuli during recovery from stress [D]. Manhattan, Kansas:Kansas State University, PhD Diss,1999.
[92]Kim E and Mattson R H. Stress recovery effects of viewing red-flowering geraniums [J]. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture.2002,13:4-12.
[93]Kondo M and Toriyama T. Experimental research on the effectiveness of using green in reducing of visual fatigue caused by VDT operation [J]. Journal of Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture.1989,52:139-144.
[94]Korpela K and Ylen M. Perceived health is associated with visiting natural favorite places in the vicinity [J]. Health Place.2007,13(1):138-151.
[95]Kuo F E and Sullivan W C. Environment and crime in the inner city:Does vegetation reduce crime? [J]. Environment and Behavior.2001,3(33):343-367.
[96]Lancaster M. Colorscape [M]. London:Academy Editions,1996.
[97]Larsen L, Adams J, Deal B, Kweon B S, and Tyler E. Plants in the workplace:the effects of plant density on productivity, attitudes, and perceptions [J]. Environment and Behavior.1998, 3(30):261-281.
[98]Lewis C A. People-plant interaction:a new horticultural perspective [J]. American Horticulturist. 1973,52:18-25.
[99]Liu M. Visual and olfactory effects of flowers and floral fragrance on human psychophysiological, emotional, and cognitive responses [D]. Manhattan:Kansas State University,2001.
[100]Liu M, Kim E, and Mattson R. Physiological and emotional influences of cut flowers arrangements and lavender fragrances on university students [J]. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture.2003,14:18-27.
[101]Lohr V I, Pearson-Mims C H, and Goodwin G K. Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless environment [J]. Journal of Environmental Horticulture.1996,14(2):97-100.
[102]Lohr V I and Pearson-Mims C H. Physical discomfort may be reduced in the presence of interior plants [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):53-58.
[103]Manaker, G. H. Interior Plantscapes:Installation, Maintenance, and Management (3rd ed.) [M]. Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1996
[104]Marcus C C and Barnes M. Gardens in Healthcare Facilities:Uses, Therapeutic Benefits, and Design Recommendations [M]. The United States of America:Eusey Press,1995.
[105]Marcus CC, Marni B. Healing Gardens:Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations [M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1999.
[106]McNair D M, Lohr M, and Dropleman L F. Edits Manual for the Profile of Mood States [M]. California:Educational and industrial testing service,1992.
[107]Midden K S and Chambers J. An Evaluation of a Childrens Garden in Developing a Greater Sensitivity of the Environment in Preschool Children [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(2):385-390.
[108]Moore E O. A prison environment's effect on health care servce demands [J]. Journal of Environment Systems.1981,11 (1):17-34.
[109]Moore E O. A prison environment's effect on health care service demands [J]. Journal of environmental systems.1982,11(1):17-34.
[110]Morfeld M, Petersen C, Kruger-Bodeker A, Mackensen S V, and Bullinger M. The assessment of mood at workplace-psychometric analyses of the revised Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire [J]. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine.2007,4(10):1-9.
[Ill]Ohmi M, Tanigawa M, Yamada A, Ueda Y, and Harun M. Dynamic analysis of internal and external mental sweating by optical coherence tomography [J]. Journal of Biomedical Optics. 2009,14:014026.
[112]Ottosson J and Grahn P. Measures of restoration in geriatric care residences:the influence of nature on elderly people's power of concentration, blood pressure and pulse rate [J]. Journal of Housing for the Elderly.2006,19(3-4):227-256.
[113]Owen P J. The influences of a botanical garden experience on human health [D]. Manhattan: Kansas State University,1994.
[114]Park S H, Mattson R H, and Kim E. Pain tolerance effects of ornamental plants in a simulated hospital patient room [J]. Acta Horticulturae.2004,639;241-247.
[115]Park S H and Mattson R H. Effects of flowering and foliage plants in hospital rooms on patients recovering from abdominal surgery [J]. HortTechonology.2008,18(4):563-568.
[116]Park S H and Mattson R H. Therapeutic influences of plants in hospital rooms on surgical recovery [J]. HortScience.2009,44(1):1-4.
[117]Peterson R A. On the use of college students in social science research:insight from a second-order meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Consumer Research.2001,28(3):450-461.
[119]Pearson-Mims C H and Lohr V I. Reported impacts of interior plantscaping in office environment in the United States [J]. HortTechnology.2000,10(1):82-86.
[119]Prince T L, Robertson J L, and Chatfield L H. Factors affecting the marketability of roses [J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.1980,105(3):388-393.
[120]Raanaas R K, Evensen K H, Rich D. Sj(?)str(?)m G, and Patil G. Benefits of indoor plants on attention capacity in an office setting[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2011, 31(1):99-105.
[121]Raanaas R K, Patil G G, and Hartig T. Effects of an indoor foliage plant intervention on patient well-being during a residential rehabilitation program [J]. HortScience.2010,45(3):387-392.
[122]Rapoport A and Kantor R E. Complexity and ambiguity in environmental design [J]. Journal of the American Planning Association.1967,33(4):210-221.
[123]Satio M A. Comparative study of color preferences in Japan, China and Indonesia, with emphasis on the preference for white[J]. Perceptual and Motor Skills.1996,83(1):115-128.
[124]Scopelliti M and Giuliani M V. Choosing restorative environments across the life span:A matter of place experience[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2004,24(4):423-437.
[125]Shafer E L and Richards T A. A Comparison of Viewer Reactions to Outdoor Scenes and Photographs of Those Scenes [M]. Minneapolis:Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,1974.
[126]Shibata S and Suzuki N. Effects of indoor foliage plants on subjects'recovery from mental fatigue [J]. North American Journal of Psychology.2001,3:385-395.
[127]Shibata S and Suzuki N. Effects of the foliage plant on creative task performance and mood [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2002,22(3):265-272.
[128]Shibata S and Suzuki N. Effects of an indoor plant on creative task performance and mood [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.2004,45(5):373-381.
[129]Shin W S. The influence of forest view through a window on job satisfaction and job stress [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research.2007,22(3):248-253.
[130]Shoemaker C A, Randall K, Relf P D and Geller E S. Relationships between Plants, Bahavior, and Attitude in an Office Environment [J]. Hort Technology.1992,2(2):205-206.
[131]Shuttleworth S. The use of photographs as an environmental presentation medium in landscape studies [J]. Journal of Environmental Management.1980,11:61-76.
[132]Sibel M and Ali A. Evaluating primary schools'gardens in terms of environmental contribution to student learning:A case study in Antalya, Turkey [J]. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 2010,8(2):1097-1102.
[133]Sommer R. and Summit J.An exploratory study of preferred tree form [J]. Environment and Behavior.1995,27:541-557.
[134]Spielberger C D, Gorsuch R L, Vagg P R, and Jacobs G A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) [M]. Palo Alto, California:Consulting Psychologists Press,1983.
[135]Stamps A E. Demographic effects in environmental aesthetics:a metanalysis [J]. Journal of Planning Literatue.1999,14(2):155-175.
[136]Stigsdotter U A and Grahn P. Experiencing a garden:A healing garden for people suffering from burnout diseases [J]. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture.2003,14:8-48.
[137]Stone N J and Irvine J M. Performance, mood, satisfaction, and task type in various work environments:A preliminary study [J]. The Journal of General Psychology.1992,120(4):489-497.
[138]Stone N J and Irvine J M. Direct or inderect window access, task type, and performance[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1994,14(1):57-63.
[139]Talbott J A, Stern D, Ross J, and Gillen C. Flowering plants as therapeutic/environmental agent in a psychiatric hospital [J]. HortScience.1976,11(4):365-366.
[140]Talbot J F and Kaplan R. The benefits of nearby nature for elderly apartment residents [J]. International Journal of Aging and Human Development.1991,33(2):119-130.
[141]Tennessen C M and Cimprich B. Views to nature:Effects on attention [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.1995,15(3):77-85.
[142]Ulrich R S. Visual landscape and psychological well-being [J]. Landscape Research.1979, 4(1):17-23.
[143]Ulrich R S. Natural versus urban scenes:Some psychophysiological effects [J]. Environment and Behavior.1981,13(5):523-556.
[144]Ulrich R S. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery [J]. Science.1984, 224(4647):420-421.
[145]Ulrich R S. Human responses to vegetation and landscape [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1986,13:29-44.
[146]Ulrich R S, "Effects of Gardens on Health Outcomes:Theory and Research in Healing Gardens," Therapeutic benefits and design recommendations, eds., Cooper M C and Barnes M (New York: John Wiley & Sons,1999), p.27-86.
[147]Ulrich R S and Addoms D L. Psychological and Recreational Benefits of a Residential Park [J]. Journal of Leisure Research.1981,13(1):43-65.
[148]Ulrich R S and Simons R F. Recovery from stress during exposure to everyday outdoor environments [A]. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association [C]. Washington D. C.:EDRA.1986,115-122.
[149]Ulrich R S and Parsons R, "Influences of passive experiences with plants on individual well-being and health," The role of horticulture in human well-being and social development, ed., Relf D (Portland:Timber Press,1992), p.93-105.
[150]Ulrich R S, Simons R F, Losito B D, Fiorito E, Miles M A, and Zelson M. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 1991,11(3):201-230.
[151]Verderber S and Reuman D. Windows, views, and health status in hospital therapeutic environments [J]. Journal of Architectural Planning Research.1987,4(2):120-133.
[152]Verlarde M D, Fry G, and Tveit M. Health effects of viewing landscapes:landscape types in environmental psychology [J]. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.2007,6(4):199-212.
[153]Waliczek T M, Zajicek J M and Lineberger R D. The influence of gardening activities on consumer perceptions of life satisfaction [J]. HortScience.2005,40(5):1360-1365.
[154]Wilson E O. Biophilia [M]. Cambridge, MA, USA:Harvard University Press,1984.
[155]Whitehouse S, Varni J W, Seid M, Cooper-Marcus C, Ensberg M J, Jacobs J J and Mehlenbeck R S. Evaluating a children's hospital garden environment:Utilization and consumer satisfaction [J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2001,21:301-314.
[156]Wells NM and Evans G W. Nearby nature-a buffer of life stress among rural children [J]. Environment and Behavior.2003,35(3):311-330.
[157]Wolf K L. Trees in the Small City Retail Business District:Comparing Resident and Visitor Perceptions [J]. Journal of Forestry.2005a,103(8):390-395.
[158]Wolf K L. Business District Streetscapes, Trees, and Consumer Response [J]. Journal of Forestry. 2005b,103(8):396-400.
[159]Yamane K and Adachi M. Roles of daily horticultural activities in physical and mental QOL for elderly adults [J]. Acta Horticulturae.2008,790:165-171.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |