河北省农田土壤磷素转化、平衡与产量效应
摘要
针对农业生产中过量施用磷肥导致农田土壤磷素不断积累、磷肥增产效应不断降低、农田磷环境风险逐渐增大等系列问题,安全管理农田磷养分资源已成为目前关注的热点问题。本文宏观上采用大面积调查磷肥施用与产量效应、土壤磷水平和变化相结合的方法研究了河北省30年来肥料-植物-土壤系统中磷素输入输出与平衡状况及土壤磷的时空变化;在微观上采用长期肥料定位试验、长期土壤磷行为与含量变化的定位监测相结合的方法,系统研究了土壤磷行为、形态转化特点与影响因素。通过宏观与微观研究的结合,系统揭示了河北省农业生产中磷肥用量动态变化、不同种植方式下土壤磷素平衡状况的演化,磷养分形态、施用量对作物产量和土壤磷形态转化的影响、积累磷在土壤中纵向运移等规律。主要研究结果如下:
1、河北省从1980年至今磷肥用量快速增长高峰期分别出现在1980~(-1)985年和1990~(-1)995年间,年均增加14.0%,而且复合肥用量不断增加,1980-2009年复合肥中磷占总磷比重从10%增加到48.5%。
2、目前粮田、菜地、果园土壤磷素收支平衡均表现为盈余。其中冬小麦-夏玉米轮作土壤磷素经历了亏缺(1949~(-1)972)、盈余(1972~(-1)995)和大量盈余阶段(1996-今)的变化过程,其中1996年至今磷素盈余量为109.4~(-1)34.9 kg·hm-2;蔬菜生产中盈余量随时间推进而不断增加,1980~(-1)997年间和1998年至今磷素盈余量分别为314.9和367.2 kg·hm-2,日光温室的盈余量高达626.1 kg·hm-2;在水果生产中(以苹果为例),在1980-2000和2000至今期间,磷素的盈余率分别为339.6%和435.7%。
3、与第二次土壤普查结果相比,河北省粮田土壤磷素逐渐积累,土壤有效磷<5 mg·kg~(-1)粮田面积显著减低,10-20 mg·kg~(-1)粮田面积大幅增加。不同区域土壤有效磷含量的增幅有所不同,石家庄、唐山、廊坊3个地区的有效磷的增幅较大,年均增幅为15.0~(-1)9.7%,有效磷年均增加0.7 mg·kg~(-1);而沧州、邢台和邯郸地区有效磷的增幅较小,年均增幅为7.7-9.1%,年均增加0.3-0.4 mg·kg~(-1)。
4、不同种植方式下磷素累积状况有明显差异:冬小麦-夏玉米轮作中粮田耕层土壤有效磷平均为24.5 mg·kg~(-1),年均增加0.6mg·kg~(-1);菜地土壤有效磷为74.9-582.6 mg·kg~(-1) ,平均为271.9 mg·kg~(-1),年均增加23.1-33.7 mg·kg~(-1);果园土壤0～20 cm土壤有效磷含量为159.1-211.3 mg·kg~(-1)。
5、8年施用不同用量磷肥和有机肥的田间定位试验结果表明,施用化学磷肥或有机肥均可显著增加蔬菜产量,P2O5用量为180~360 kg·hm-2 (P1~P2)时,4种蔬菜的产量增加了21.5 %-71.6 %,但施用有机肥基础上增施化学磷肥,蔬菜产量无显著变化。通过分析8年后土壤有效磷的积累量和各处理的磷素表观盈余量的数量关系,计算出土壤磷素盈余每增加100 kg·hm-2可导致土壤有效磷上升1.06 mg·kg~(-1)。
6、通过长期田间定位试验研究不同用量磷肥和有机肥对土壤磷素形态转化的影响,结果表明土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷含量均显著增加。磷肥用量180-720 kg/hm-2条件下每年有效磷的增幅为2.7~(-1)0.5 mg·kg~(-1),有机肥用量150、300t/hm-2时土壤有效磷年均增加2.1和5.9 mg·kg~(-1)。施用化学磷肥土壤全磷含量的增加主要以无机磷为主,而施用有机肥还可增加土壤有机磷含量,而且无论增施磷肥或有机肥,有效磷占全磷的比重都有所增加。
7、连续8年定位施用不同用量的磷肥和有机肥增加了土壤磷素的积累量,土壤Ca2- P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量均显著增加,而O-P、Ca10-P含量变化不显著。随着磷肥和有机肥用量的增加,Ca2-P、Ca8-P无机磷的比重在逐渐增加,而Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P在逐渐降低。积累磷的有效性比重逐渐增加,增施磷肥Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量每年分别增加0.3-6.6、10.5-42.7、3.0~(-1)3.1和1.6-4.7 mg·kg~(-1)。
8、长期的有机-无机肥配施试验表明,连续3年过量施用磷肥或有机肥,土壤0-60cm土壤有效磷显著增加,施肥5年后,60～80cm土壤有效磷显著增加,而且高量施用磷肥和有机肥80~(-1)00cm土层有效磷明显增加,说明随着施肥时间的延长,积累的磷素逐渐向下迁移。
9、定位监测不同土层菜地土壤有效磷的变化结果:土壤磷素主要在表层富集,随着磷肥用量和棚龄的增加,积累磷素逐渐向深层迁移,其中60-80cm土层积累磷素占0-80cm土体总积累量的6.7%~(-1)1.9%。
Safe management practices on the soil phosphorus (P) has been highly concerned by the public due to the consecutive accumulation, decling yield response and increasing environmental risk caused by the excessive application of P fertilizers in the agriculture in China. In this study, the input, balance and spatio-tempeoral variation of phosphorus in the continuum of fertilizer-plant-soil during the last 30 years were investigated from literature at macro scale, and the transformation and availability of the accumulated P in soil were monitored in situ during long-term experiment. The results obtained at macro and plot level were combined to indicate the changes of total P application in Hebei province as well as the P balance, yield response to the application rate and forms of P fertilizers, transformation and movement in the soil profile for the grain, vegetable and orchard production system in Hebei. The main results are as following:
1. It was found that the fast increase periods of P fertilization rate in Hebei province during 1980-1985 and 1990-1995 were observed, where the average annual increase rate was 14%; meanwhile, the total consumption of compound P fertilizers reached up to 894*103 tones and the respective contribution to the total P consumption increased from 10%2. Analysis of P balance based on the input-output indicated that the soil P status of winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems were characterized with depletion period (1949-1972), surplus (1972-1995) and high surplus (1996-), and the current P surplus is estimated to be 109.4-134.9 kg·hm~(-2). In vegetable soils, the estimated annual P surplus ranged from 314.9 kg·hm~(-2) to 367.2 kg·hm~(-2) durng the periods of 1980-1997 and 1998-now, higher P surplus up to 626.1 kg·hm~(-2) were found in greenhouse vegetable production. While in orchard production (e.g. apple), the P surpluses during 1980~(-2)000 and 2000-now were 339.6% and 435.7%, respectively. Thus an increasing P surplus in agricultural soils in Hebei province was recognized.
3. In comparison with the P status obtained in second state survey, the average soil Olsen-P in Hebei increased with 18.5 mg·kg-1 and the annual increase rate was 0.6 mg·kg-1 by 2008. This has been confirmed by the decline arable lands with Olsen-P <5 mg·kg-1 and increase of arable land with Olsen-P 20-40 mg·kg-1. However, the increase rate differed among different regions. For example, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan and Langfang were with greater annual increase rate varied from 15.0% to 19.7% with an annual accumulating rate of 0.7 mg·kg-1; and lower increase rates ranging from 7.7% to 9.1% with an annual accumulating rate of 0.3-0.4 mg·kg-1in Cangzhou, Xingtai and Handan were found. Such difference might be driven by the local economy situation.
4. The accumulative level of soil P was highly different among winter wheat-summer maize rotation (WMR), vegetable production and orchards. For example, Olsen-P in the 0~(-2)0cm layer of WMR soil ranged from 9.5 mg·kg-1 to 47.7 mg·kg-1 with an average of 21.3 mg·kg-1 and average increase rate of 0.6 mg·kg-1; where 43.3% of the sampling sites were associated with an Olsen-P over 20. While the Olsen-P in 0~(-2)0cm layer of vegetable soils ranged from 74.9 to 582.6 mg·kg-1 with an average of 271.9 mg·kg-1, and the estimated annual increase of Olsen-P were 23.1-33.7 mg·kg-1; Similarly, high accumulation of soil P were found in orchards, where Olsen–P in 0~(-2)0cm layer were 159.1~(-2)11.3 mg·kg-1 or 7.6-10.1 times greater than in WMR.
5. It was obtained through a long-term experiment of 8 years on vegetables that P fertilization significantly increased the yields of four vegetables by 21.5%-71.6% when 180~360 kg P2O5/ha (P1~P2) were applied, but no significant impact of applying organic P on the basis of mineral P application were obtained. Such yield response to P application can be fitted with Quadratic function and the maximal P fertilization rate for Chinese cabbage was 357-596 kg·hm~(-2) with an average of 443.0 kg·hm~(-2), 250-350 kg·hm~(-2) for summer cabbage, pepper and kidney bean. The analysis of accumulated P and Olsen-P level showed that the soil Olsen-P level might be increased by 1.06 mg·kg-1 when 100 kg·hm~(-2) of fertilizer P accumulated in soil during the 8-year experiment.
6. P in vegetable soils were significantly increased after continuous 8-year P fertilization, where the annual increase of Olsen-P were 2.7-10.5 mg·kg-1 with the P fertilization of 180-720 kg hm~(-2), and 2.1 mg·kg-1 and 5.9 mg·kg-1 for M1 and M2 treatments. Mineral P mainly accumulated in the form of inorganic P, but the P in organic fertilizer accumulated in both inorganic and organic forms. It also indicated that the ratios of Olsen-P to total P increased under both organic and inorganic P fertilizations, indicating a favored enrichment of soil P in the form of Olsen-P.
7. Significant increases of soil Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P were observed after 8-year P fertilization but such increases were not found in O-P and Ca10-P. It was also indicated that the proportion of Ca2-P and Ca8-P in the total inorganic P increased with P fertilization rate, and the annual increase rate of Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P were 0.3-6.6 mg·kg-1, 10.5-42.7 mg·kg~(-1), 3.0-13.1 mg·kg-1 and 1.6-4.7 mg·kg-1, respectively.
8. In the long-term experiment, P accumulation occurred in 0-60 cm in the first three years, and the increase of Olsen-P in 60-80cm were observed after 5 years, especially in high P fertilization treatments, P accumulation in 80-100 cm were also observed.
9. In situ measurements of Olsen-P in the vegetable soil profiles in Gaocheng, Xushui and Tangshan showed that major accumulation of P occurred in the top layer but the P downward movements were also observed, where accumulated P in 60-80 cm accounted for 6.7%-11.9% of the total accumulation and Olsen-P in this layer increased by 1.8-4.3 mg·kg-1 annually. While in orchard, the accumulated P in 60-80cm layer reached 3.2 kg/hm-2 after 21-year fertilization, accounting for 7.4% of the total accumulation.
1、河北省从1980年至今磷肥用量快速增长高峰期分别出现在1980~(-1)985年和1990~(-1)995年间,年均增加14.0%,而且复合肥用量不断增加,1980-2009年复合肥中磷占总磷比重从10%增加到48.5%。
2、目前粮田、菜地、果园土壤磷素收支平衡均表现为盈余。其中冬小麦-夏玉米轮作土壤磷素经历了亏缺(1949~(-1)972)、盈余(1972~(-1)995)和大量盈余阶段(1996-今)的变化过程,其中1996年至今磷素盈余量为109.4~(-1)34.9 kg·hm-2;蔬菜生产中盈余量随时间推进而不断增加,1980~(-1)997年间和1998年至今磷素盈余量分别为314.9和367.2 kg·hm-2,日光温室的盈余量高达626.1 kg·hm-2;在水果生产中(以苹果为例),在1980-2000和2000至今期间,磷素的盈余率分别为339.6%和435.7%。
3、与第二次土壤普查结果相比,河北省粮田土壤磷素逐渐积累,土壤有效磷<5 mg·kg~(-1)粮田面积显著减低,10-20 mg·kg~(-1)粮田面积大幅增加。不同区域土壤有效磷含量的增幅有所不同,石家庄、唐山、廊坊3个地区的有效磷的增幅较大,年均增幅为15.0~(-1)9.7%,有效磷年均增加0.7 mg·kg~(-1);而沧州、邢台和邯郸地区有效磷的增幅较小,年均增幅为7.7-9.1%,年均增加0.3-0.4 mg·kg~(-1)。
4、不同种植方式下磷素累积状况有明显差异:冬小麦-夏玉米轮作中粮田耕层土壤有效磷平均为24.5 mg·kg~(-1),年均增加0.6mg·kg~(-1);菜地土壤有效磷为74.9-582.6 mg·kg~(-1) ,平均为271.9 mg·kg~(-1),年均增加23.1-33.7 mg·kg~(-1);果园土壤0～20 cm土壤有效磷含量为159.1-211.3 mg·kg~(-1)。
5、8年施用不同用量磷肥和有机肥的田间定位试验结果表明,施用化学磷肥或有机肥均可显著增加蔬菜产量,P2O5用量为180~360 kg·hm-2 (P1~P2)时,4种蔬菜的产量增加了21.5 %-71.6 %,但施用有机肥基础上增施化学磷肥,蔬菜产量无显著变化。通过分析8年后土壤有效磷的积累量和各处理的磷素表观盈余量的数量关系,计算出土壤磷素盈余每增加100 kg·hm-2可导致土壤有效磷上升1.06 mg·kg~(-1)。
6、通过长期田间定位试验研究不同用量磷肥和有机肥对土壤磷素形态转化的影响,结果表明土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷含量均显著增加。磷肥用量180-720 kg/hm-2条件下每年有效磷的增幅为2.7~(-1)0.5 mg·kg~(-1),有机肥用量150、300t/hm-2时土壤有效磷年均增加2.1和5.9 mg·kg~(-1)。施用化学磷肥土壤全磷含量的增加主要以无机磷为主,而施用有机肥还可增加土壤有机磷含量,而且无论增施磷肥或有机肥,有效磷占全磷的比重都有所增加。
7、连续8年定位施用不同用量的磷肥和有机肥增加了土壤磷素的积累量,土壤Ca2- P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量均显著增加,而O-P、Ca10-P含量变化不显著。随着磷肥和有机肥用量的增加,Ca2-P、Ca8-P无机磷的比重在逐渐增加,而Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P在逐渐降低。积累磷的有效性比重逐渐增加,增施磷肥Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量每年分别增加0.3-6.6、10.5-42.7、3.0~(-1)3.1和1.6-4.7 mg·kg~(-1)。
8、长期的有机-无机肥配施试验表明,连续3年过量施用磷肥或有机肥,土壤0-60cm土壤有效磷显著增加,施肥5年后,60～80cm土壤有效磷显著增加,而且高量施用磷肥和有机肥80~(-1)00cm土层有效磷明显增加,说明随着施肥时间的延长,积累的磷素逐渐向下迁移。
9、定位监测不同土层菜地土壤有效磷的变化结果:土壤磷素主要在表层富集,随着磷肥用量和棚龄的增加,积累磷素逐渐向深层迁移,其中60-80cm土层积累磷素占0-80cm土体总积累量的6.7%~(-1)1.9%。
Safe management practices on the soil phosphorus (P) has been highly concerned by the public due to the consecutive accumulation, decling yield response and increasing environmental risk caused by the excessive application of P fertilizers in the agriculture in China. In this study, the input, balance and spatio-tempeoral variation of phosphorus in the continuum of fertilizer-plant-soil during the last 30 years were investigated from literature at macro scale, and the transformation and availability of the accumulated P in soil were monitored in situ during long-term experiment. The results obtained at macro and plot level were combined to indicate the changes of total P application in Hebei province as well as the P balance, yield response to the application rate and forms of P fertilizers, transformation and movement in the soil profile for the grain, vegetable and orchard production system in Hebei. The main results are as following:
1. It was found that the fast increase periods of P fertilization rate in Hebei province during 1980-1985 and 1990-1995 were observed, where the average annual increase rate was 14%; meanwhile, the total consumption of compound P fertilizers reached up to 894*103 tones and the respective contribution to the total P consumption increased from 10%2. Analysis of P balance based on the input-output indicated that the soil P status of winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems were characterized with depletion period (1949-1972), surplus (1972-1995) and high surplus (1996-), and the current P surplus is estimated to be 109.4-134.9 kg·hm~(-2). In vegetable soils, the estimated annual P surplus ranged from 314.9 kg·hm~(-2) to 367.2 kg·hm~(-2) durng the periods of 1980-1997 and 1998-now, higher P surplus up to 626.1 kg·hm~(-2) were found in greenhouse vegetable production. While in orchard production (e.g. apple), the P surpluses during 1980~(-2)000 and 2000-now were 339.6% and 435.7%, respectively. Thus an increasing P surplus in agricultural soils in Hebei province was recognized.
3. In comparison with the P status obtained in second state survey, the average soil Olsen-P in Hebei increased with 18.5 mg·kg-1 and the annual increase rate was 0.6 mg·kg-1 by 2008. This has been confirmed by the decline arable lands with Olsen-P <5 mg·kg-1 and increase of arable land with Olsen-P 20-40 mg·kg-1. However, the increase rate differed among different regions. For example, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan and Langfang were with greater annual increase rate varied from 15.0% to 19.7% with an annual accumulating rate of 0.7 mg·kg-1; and lower increase rates ranging from 7.7% to 9.1% with an annual accumulating rate of 0.3-0.4 mg·kg-1in Cangzhou, Xingtai and Handan were found. Such difference might be driven by the local economy situation.
4. The accumulative level of soil P was highly different among winter wheat-summer maize rotation (WMR), vegetable production and orchards. For example, Olsen-P in the 0~(-2)0cm layer of WMR soil ranged from 9.5 mg·kg-1 to 47.7 mg·kg-1 with an average of 21.3 mg·kg-1 and average increase rate of 0.6 mg·kg-1; where 43.3% of the sampling sites were associated with an Olsen-P over 20. While the Olsen-P in 0~(-2)0cm layer of vegetable soils ranged from 74.9 to 582.6 mg·kg-1 with an average of 271.9 mg·kg-1, and the estimated annual increase of Olsen-P were 23.1-33.7 mg·kg-1; Similarly, high accumulation of soil P were found in orchards, where Olsen–P in 0~(-2)0cm layer were 159.1~(-2)11.3 mg·kg-1 or 7.6-10.1 times greater than in WMR.
5. It was obtained through a long-term experiment of 8 years on vegetables that P fertilization significantly increased the yields of four vegetables by 21.5%-71.6% when 180~360 kg P2O5/ha (P1~P2) were applied, but no significant impact of applying organic P on the basis of mineral P application were obtained. Such yield response to P application can be fitted with Quadratic function and the maximal P fertilization rate for Chinese cabbage was 357-596 kg·hm~(-2) with an average of 443.0 kg·hm~(-2), 250-350 kg·hm~(-2) for summer cabbage, pepper and kidney bean. The analysis of accumulated P and Olsen-P level showed that the soil Olsen-P level might be increased by 1.06 mg·kg-1 when 100 kg·hm~(-2) of fertilizer P accumulated in soil during the 8-year experiment.
6. P in vegetable soils were significantly increased after continuous 8-year P fertilization, where the annual increase of Olsen-P were 2.7-10.5 mg·kg-1 with the P fertilization of 180-720 kg hm~(-2), and 2.1 mg·kg-1 and 5.9 mg·kg-1 for M1 and M2 treatments. Mineral P mainly accumulated in the form of inorganic P, but the P in organic fertilizer accumulated in both inorganic and organic forms. It also indicated that the ratios of Olsen-P to total P increased under both organic and inorganic P fertilizations, indicating a favored enrichment of soil P in the form of Olsen-P.
7. Significant increases of soil Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P were observed after 8-year P fertilization but such increases were not found in O-P and Ca10-P. It was also indicated that the proportion of Ca2-P and Ca8-P in the total inorganic P increased with P fertilization rate, and the annual increase rate of Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P were 0.3-6.6 mg·kg-1, 10.5-42.7 mg·kg~(-1), 3.0-13.1 mg·kg-1 and 1.6-4.7 mg·kg-1, respectively.
8. In the long-term experiment, P accumulation occurred in 0-60 cm in the first three years, and the increase of Olsen-P in 60-80cm were observed after 5 years, especially in high P fertilization treatments, P accumulation in 80-100 cm were also observed.
9. In situ measurements of Olsen-P in the vegetable soil profiles in Gaocheng, Xushui and Tangshan showed that major accumulation of P occurred in the top layer but the P downward movements were also observed, where accumulated P in 60-80 cm accounted for 6.7%-11.9% of the total accumulation and Olsen-P in this layer increased by 1.8-4.3 mg·kg-1 annually. While in orchard, the accumulated P in 60-80cm layer reached 3.2 kg/hm-2 after 21-year fertilization, accounting for 7.4% of the total accumulation.
引文
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