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沼气产业化基本理论与大中型沼气工程资源配置优化研究
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摘要
随着能源紧张和环境污染问题的日益突出,本世纪全球直接面临着能源资源的匮乏导致的全球能源危机和一次能源消耗增长带来的日益严重的环境危机。我国正处于经济高速发展时期,能源消费的增长速度接近甚至超过了国民经济的发展速度,部分能源紧缺的趋势必将随着我国经济的快速增长日益加剧。同时,随着全球气候变暖和大气环境质量的急剧恶化,我国的环境污染问题也日益凸显。这些都必将制约我国未来的能源、经济、社会的发展。因此,如何寻求未来能源发展契机,缓解能源供需矛盾和有效控制环境污染是我国乃至全世界都在面临的两大难题。
     沼气是一种可再生无污染的优质燃料,代替秸秆和煤,不仅可以减少一次能源的消耗,还有助于减少CO2、SO2等有害气体的排放。沼气技术用于处理畜禽粪便、工业有机废水、生活污水、城市有机垃圾等生物质废弃物可以得到最完全最彻底的利用,是我国目前大力发展的四大重点可再生能源项目之一。因此,合理利用生物质资源,发展沼气产业是缓解我国能源供需缺口、减少环境污染的有效途径,也是我国实现可持续发展的重要内容之一,具有重要的现实意义。随着沼气产业的大力推广和发展,系统全面研究沼气产业化问题显得尤为重要。目前,我国沼气产业的发展主要是以政府补贴拉动及环保要求为引导,其产业体系还没有完全形成,相关理论体系还不完善。而且,已建沼气工程也往往由于原料供应不足、规模不匹配、产品找不到市场等因素的影响而无法达到预期的运行效果,造成了资源浪费,甚至二次污染。因此,研究沼气产业化基本理论及大中型沼气工程资源配置问题具有很强的必要性和重要的理论与实践意义。
     本论文以产业经济学理论、循环经济学理论、可持续发展理论、公共产品理论,系统理论等为基础,系统分析我国沼气产业发展现状及存在的主要问题,研究沼气产业化基本内涵、特征、运行模式及沼气产业化综合评价指标体系,研究大中型沼气工程资源配置优化问题,提出我国沼气产业的发展趋势及发展对策建议,对指导沼气产业的系统规划与综合评价,完善沼气产业化理论体系具有重要意义,同时也为更好的指导我国沼气产业的健康发展,为领导科学决策提供理论支持和参考建议。
     全文共分为五章,其主要研究内容为:
     第一章绪论:阐述了论文研究的背景、国内外研究综述、研究目的及意义。从全球能源环境问题和我国发展沼气产业的优势等方面分析了论文研究的背景;从数量规模、运行模式和技术装备三个方面分析了我国沼气产业发展现状,并提出我国沼气产业存在的主要问题;从沼气产业化理论及推广、沼气产业化综合评价、系统动力学应用和供需平衡研究四个方面进行国内外研究现状分析和综述;确定了论文主题、研究内容、研究方法和技术路线。
     第二章沼气产业化基本理论:提出了沼气产业化基本理论体系框架;阐述了沼气产业化的理论基础,其中包括:产业经济学理论、循环经济理论、公共产品理论、可持续发展理论和系统科学理论;界定了沼气产业化的基本内涵和基本特征,提出了沼气产业化模式总体框架及模式体系;从沼气产业化效益、沼气产业化生产技术水平和沼气产业化程度三个方面构建了沼气产业化综合评价指标体系,并对各指标进行了详细分析、界定及重要性分析。
     第三章大中型沼气工程资源配置优化研究:基于系统动力学方法,从物质平衡、能量平衡和资金平衡三个方面系统研究了黑龙江省典型大型沼气工程的资源配置问题,并针对实际问题进行了资源配置优化分析,以使沼气工程整体资源配置合理化,为沼气工程的规模和模式选择及其整体优化提供理论依据。
     第四章我国沼气产业发展趋势及对策建议:根据目前国内外沼气产业发展现状及发展动向提出了我国未来沼气产业的发展趋势;针对我国沼气产业发展实际存在的问题提出了几点对策建议,以期为后续发展提供解决思路上的支撑。
     第五章全文总结:对全文的研究进行总结,并提出了论文的创新点及本研究的进一步研究工作。
With the increasingly prominent problems of energy shortages and environmentalpollution, the whole world in this century has immediately experienced global energy crisescause by insufficient energy resources and an increasingly serious environmental crisisbrought about by the growth of energy consumption. Our country is in the period of rapideconomic development. Chinese growth rate of energy consumption is close to even higherthan the speed of development in national economy. The trend of shortages in some types ofenergy will become increasingly serious with the fast increase in Chinese economy.Meanwhile, with global warming and sharply deteriorated quality of atmosphericenvironment, Chinese problems on environmental pollution are increasingly prominent. Allthese problems will undoubtedly restrict Chinese future developments on energy, economyand society. Therefore, China and even the world are faced with two big problems which arehow to find the opportunities to develop future energy, and the relief for the contradictionbetween supply and demand of energy and effective control of the environment pollution.
     Biogas which can take the place of straw and coal is a type of renewable pollution-freepremium fuel. It can not only reduce the consumption of primary energy, but also contributeto decrease the emissions of harmful gas such as CO2, SO2and so on. Biogas technology isused to deal with and make full use of biomass waste such as livestock and poultry waste,industrial organic wastewater, sewage, urban organic waste and so forth. It is at present oneof the four key programs in China greatly developed in renewable energy. Hence, reasonableuse of biomass resources and the development on biogas industry which are of greatpractical significance are effective ways to ease the shortage between energy supply and itsdemand and to reduce the pollution to the environment, and are also improtant contents ofachieving sustainable development in our country. Along with biogas industry beingvigorously promoted and developed, overall and systematic studies on the industrializationof biogas appear to be particularly significant. At the moment, the development of biogasindustry in China is mainly driven by government subsidies and guided by environmentalrequirements, yet its industrial system has been not fully formed and its relevant theoreticalsystem has been not perfect. In addition, the biogas projects already built can achieve expected ideal performance owing to influences like material shortage, unmatched scale, nomarket for products, etc., which brings about the waste of resources and even secondpollution. Consequently, studies on basic theories and resource allocation of biogasindustrialization are of very strong necessity and of great theoretical and practicalsignificance.
     In this paper, based on industrial economics thoery, recycling economics theory,sustainable development theory, public goods theory and system theory, systematicalanalyses are conducted on the present state and main existent problems of biogasindustrialization in our country. Basic connotation, characteristics, the mode of operation andthe comprehensive evaluation index system of biogas industrialization are studied.Optimization problems are explored on resources deployment in large and medium-sizedbiogas projects. Forecast analyses and countermeasure proposals are put forward on thedevelopment of biogas industry in China. All studies in this writing have great significancein guiding system planning and comprehensive assessment, and in perfecting theoreticalsystem of biogas industrialization. At the same time, they can provide theoretical supportand recommendations for instructing healthy development of biogas industry and guidingscientific policy making.
     This paper is divided into five chapters whose main contents are as follows:
     Chapter one is introduction, in which the background, literature review, objectives andsignificance of the study are expounded. The research background is analyzed throughenvironmental problems on global energy and Chinese superiority in developing biogasindustry. Current situation of biogas industry in China is analyzed with respect to quantityscale, operation mode and technical equipments, and the main problems in Chinese biogasindustry are put forward. Current situation of domestic and foreign researches and literaturereview are stated through four aspects like the theory and extention of biogasindustrialization, the comprehensive evaluation of biogas industrialization, the application ofsystem dynamics, and the studies on the balance between supply and demand.
     Chapter two is the basic theories on biogas industrialization. In this chapter, the basicframe of theoretical system of biogas industrialization is set up. The theoretical foundationsof biogas industrialization is expounded, in which industrial economics theory, recyclingeconomics theory, public goods theory, sustainable development theory and system theoryare involved. The essential connotation and basic characteristics of biogas industrializationare defined. The overall mode frame and mode system of biogas industrialization is put forward. The comprehensive evaluation index system of biogas industrialization isconstructed from the perspective of benefits, level of production technology and degree inbiogas industrialization. All indexes are analyzed and defined in detail. Besides, theirimportance is also analysed.
     Chapter three is the study on optimization of resources deployment in large andmedium-sized biogas projects. Based on the method of system dynamics, problems onresources deployment in typical large biogas projects of Heilongjiang Province aresystematically studied in three aspects like material balance, energy balance and financialbalance. In addition, analyses on optimization of resources deployment are undertaken in thelight of real problems so as to rationalize resources distribution in all biogas projects andprovide theoretical support for biogas projects in size, mode selection and overalloptimization.
     Chapter four is the development trends of biogas industry in China and countermeasureproposals. The development trends of biogas industry in China are put forward according topresent development and development trend of biogas industry abroad and at home. A fewcountermeasure proposals are put forward on the basis of real problems in the developmentof biogas industry in China with a view of providing support for workable methods infollow-up development.
     Chapter five is conclusion which is the summary of the whole writing. Innovations inthis paper, and problems and prospects of this study are pointed out.
引文
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