汉语阅读过程中心理词加工机制的实验研究
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摘要
阅读是人类日常生活和学习中一项十分重要的认知活动,人们通过阅读获得大量的信息。人们阅读过程中以什么为基本信息单元,是阅读研究的基本问题之一。拼音文字(如英文)通过空格标记词边界,读者以词为基础进行阅读无可争议。而汉语文本的基本书写单元是汉字,词与词之间没有明显的物理线索标记词边界,所以,汉语阅读的基本信息单元是什么一直存在很大的争议。目前,在学术界存在四种主要的观点：(1)汉语阅读是基于字的阅读；(2)汉语阅读是基于词的阅读；(3)汉语阅读以字、词混合为基础；(4)汉语阅读以组块或短语为基础。从以往研究来看,绝大多数研究支持汉语阅读以词为基础,但是也有研究表明汉语读者在词切分上存在较大分歧,对词的看法很不一致。那么,既然读者对词是什么都不清楚,得出汉语阅读以词为基础的结论似乎存在一定的问题。基于这一事实,本研究提出心理词的概念,认为心理词是读者阅读时表征的语义单元,表达完整的意义,并假定心理词更可能是阅读的基本信息单元。因此,本研究在心理词概念提出的基础上,探讨了心理词存在的心理现实性,心理词的加工优势以及心理词构成成分的加工模式等问题,具体包含3项研究,5个分实验。
研究一主要探讨读者对汉语词的认知,从而验证心理词存在的心理现实性。实验1采用词切分任务考察非中文专业大学生(普通读者)和中文专业研究生对篇章进行词切分的差异,结果发现两组被试在词切分上都存在很大分歧,前者标记更多的词边界,参照《现代汉语词典》的分词标准,前者词切分差异数多,心理词的平均长度长,更加倾向于将短语视为一个词。实验2(实验2a和2b)排除语境对汉语词切分的影响,通过让被试主观判断双字、四字结构是词还是短语,考察他们对双字、四字结构的认知,结果发现读者很难区分词和短语,并且倾向于将短语视为词。总之,读者对词缺乏清晰的认识,他们按照个体对词的表征进行词切分和词判断,即心理词,表明心理词的存在具有心理现实性。
研究二主要探讨心理词的加工优势问题。研究通过实验3(实验3a和3b)和实验4(实验4a和4b)探讨当心理词单独呈现和在句子中阅读时,是否均存在加工优势。实验3a采用词汇判断任务考察双字心理词是否具有加工优势,实验设置三个水平,心理词类型Ⅰ(语法上是词且读者主观评为词),心理词类型Ⅱ(语法上是短语但主观评为词)和非词,结果发现被试在心理词类型Ⅱ和心理词类型Ⅰ条件下的反应时相同,都显著小于非词条件的反应时,表明它们的加工模式相同,而在正确率上三者无显著差异。实验3b采用快速呈现-命名任务考察四字心理词是否具有加工优势。实验设置四种条件,心理词,两个双字词,半个心理词和四字非词,结果发现,心理词被完全识别的正确率显著高于其它条件,在词中识别汉字的正确率显著高于在非词中识别汉字,汉字的识别在一定程度上是并行的,即读者可以同时识别几个汉字。实验4a和4b采用阴影范式,以眼动仪为工具,考察心理词在句子阅读中的加工效率,设置四种条件,正常无阴影,心理词条件,词汇词条件和非词条件,结果发现双字心理词的加工优势表现在早期激活上(凝视时间),四字心理词的加工优势表现在整个加工过程中(凝视时间和总阅读时间),这可能与心理词的词长有关,加工优势更容易在长词中体现。总之,研究二的结果表明,心理词单独呈现时和在句子阅读中都存在加工优势,由此推论心理词更可能是阅读的基本信息单元。
研究三探讨了四字心理词构成成分的加工模式,是单向分解激活还是多重激活。研究以眼动仪为记录工具,采用边界范式,在心理词的第2和第3个字之间设置边界,形成两种条件：正常条件和模糊条件。正常条件是指在读者的视线越过边界前和越过边界后相同,第2个字和位置3的预视字不构成词；模糊条件是指读者的视线越过边界前,第2个字和位置3的预视字构成一个双字词,当视线越过边界后,变为正常情况。结果发现在模糊条件下第2个字和位置3的预视字构成的词被激活,表明心理词的构成成分一定程度上是并行加工,倾向于支持多重激活假设。
综合上述结果,在汉语阅读理解过程中,读者对词的认识不清晰,表现为词切分上存在很大分歧,甚至是掌握较多语法知识的读者也不能正确进行词切分。普通读者倾向于将短语视为一个词。这些结果表明心理词的存在具有心理现实性。其次,心理词的加工存在优势,汉字识别在一定程度上并行进行。与词汇词(《现代汉语词典》中的词条)相比,心理词的加工效率高,尤其体现在四字心理词的加工过程中。由此推论汉语阅读的基本信息单元是心理词。最后,四字心理词构成成分的加工支持多重激活假设,即心理词的构成成分会同时被激活。
Reading is an important cognitive activity in our daily life. Most of us obtain a great amount of information by reading. It is one of basic problems that what the primary units of information are in Chinese reading. In the alphabetical writing system (such as English), word boundaries are marked by spaces, it is uncontroversial that word is the basic primary units of information. But Chinese script uses characters with square-shaped forms of different levels of visual complexity as basic writing units, and there are no obvious visual cues like space between words. Therefore, it's in dispute for what the basic primary units of information are in Chinese reading. Till now, there are four main academic viewpoints:(1) Chinese reading is based on character;(2) Chinese reading is based on words;(3) Chinese reading is based on the combination of character and word;(4) Chinese reading is based on chunks or phrases. From the previous studies, we found that most of research supported the second view, whereas some research indicated that the Chinese readers did not agree on how to divide the continuous string of characters within a sentence into words. The readers did not have a clear concept about word. Therefore, we thought it was inappropriate to draw a conclusion that word was the primary units of information. Based on the previous studies, we put forward the concept of psychological word which means that it was the semantic unit represented in the process of reading. It could represent complete meaning. We proposed that psychological word was the basic primary units of information. Then we conducted three studies, five sub-experiments to explore the following three issues:(1) whether psychological word was psychologically real in reader'mind;(2) whether psychological word was easier to be processed,(3) how the readers processed the constituents of psychological word.
The first research aimed to test whether psychological word was psychologically real by investigating how Chinese readers cognized the word. Experiment1explored the discrepancies between undergraduates from non-Chinese Language and Literature Department and postgraduates from Chinese Language and Literature Department by using word segmentation task. The results showed that there were great discrepancies between undergraduates and postgraduates, the former marked significantly more boundaries in the text. When using Modern Chinese Dictionary as word segmentation criteria, compared with the postgraduates, the undergraduates had more discrepancies, longer psychological word, and intended to regard more phrases as words. Experiment2(including experiment2a and2b) explored how Chinese readers distinguished words from phrases for the two-character and four-character structure by asking the readers whether they were a whole word or a phrase. The results indicated that it was difficult for the Chinese readers to discriminate between words and phrases, and they were inclined to regard phrases as a word. The results demonstrated that the readers did not have a clear concept about word, they could not distinguish words from phrases particularly. They also indicated that psychological word was psychologically real in readers'mind.
The second research explored whether psychological word was much easier to be processed when psychological word presented separately or inserted in a sentence. It included experiment3(experiment3a and3b) and experiment4(experiment4a and4b). Experiment3a investigated whether two-character psychological words were processed more efficiently by using lexical decision task. The type of psychological word was manipulated in three conditions:psychological word Ⅰ referred to the two-character structure defined as a word by grammar and judgment subjectively, psychological word Ⅱ referred to those defined as a word by judgment subjectively and in fact they were phrases defined by grammar, nonwords referred to two characters that could not form a word. The results showed that there was no RT difference between psychological word Ⅱ and psychological word Ⅰ, but the RT of these two conditions was shorter than nonwords. The results indicated that psychological word Ⅰ and Ⅱ had the same pattern of processing. For accuracy rate, there were no significant differences among the three conditions. Experiment3b investigated whether four-character psychological words were processed more efficiently by using rapid presentation naming task. There were four conditions: psychological word condition, two-word condition, half psychological word condition, and nonword condition. The results showed that the accuracy rate of psychological word was higher than the other three conditions, the accuracy rate of recognizing character in the words was higher than in the nonwords, furthermore, characters could be recognized to some extent in parallel, with efficiency decreasing gradually from left to right. Experiment4a and4b investigated whether two-character or four-character psychological words were easier than dictionary-defined words to be processed by recording the readers'eye movements. They used a highlighting manipulation to create four conditions:normal text, text with highlighting to mark psychological words, text with highlighting used to mark words, and text with highlighting that yielded nonwords. Only the target areas were manipulated. The results showed that gaze duration was shorter under two-character psychological words condition than other three conditions, but gaze duration and total reading time were shorter under four-character psychological word condition than dictionary-defined words. Therefore, the superiority of psychological word processing was more obvious for four-character psychological words. In all, the second research indicated that psychological words were easier to be processed when presented separately or in a sentence. Then we could draw a conclusion that psychological word was likely to be the basic primary units of information in Chinese reading.
The third research explored the pattern of processing the constituents of four-character psychological words. Using the boundary paradigm, the boundary was set between the second character and the third character which formed two conditions—normal condition and ambiguous condition. The preview of the third character was either correct (normal condition) or forming a word with the second character (ambiguous condition). When the eyes moved across the boundary, the previewed character was changed to its correct form. We found that the word formed by the second character and the preview character was activated which indicated that the constituents of psychological word was to some extent processed in parallel and supported multiple activation hypothesis.
Based on our studies, we could obtain three main conclusions. Firstly, the Chinese readers had no clear concept about word in Chinese reading. They segmented words according to their own complex cognitive representations which indicated that psychological word was psychological real. Secondly, psychological word was processed more efficiently, in particular for four-character psychological word. What's more, the characters were recognized in parallel partly. Therefore, we concluded that psychological word was the basic primary unit of information. Lastly, the processing of the constituents of four-character words were activated in parallel, which fitted better with the theoretical assumptions of multiple activation hypothesis.
研究一主要探讨读者对汉语词的认知,从而验证心理词存在的心理现实性。实验1采用词切分任务考察非中文专业大学生(普通读者)和中文专业研究生对篇章进行词切分的差异,结果发现两组被试在词切分上都存在很大分歧,前者标记更多的词边界,参照《现代汉语词典》的分词标准,前者词切分差异数多,心理词的平均长度长,更加倾向于将短语视为一个词。实验2(实验2a和2b)排除语境对汉语词切分的影响,通过让被试主观判断双字、四字结构是词还是短语,考察他们对双字、四字结构的认知,结果发现读者很难区分词和短语,并且倾向于将短语视为词。总之,读者对词缺乏清晰的认识,他们按照个体对词的表征进行词切分和词判断,即心理词,表明心理词的存在具有心理现实性。
研究二主要探讨心理词的加工优势问题。研究通过实验3(实验3a和3b)和实验4(实验4a和4b)探讨当心理词单独呈现和在句子中阅读时,是否均存在加工优势。实验3a采用词汇判断任务考察双字心理词是否具有加工优势,实验设置三个水平,心理词类型Ⅰ(语法上是词且读者主观评为词),心理词类型Ⅱ(语法上是短语但主观评为词)和非词,结果发现被试在心理词类型Ⅱ和心理词类型Ⅰ条件下的反应时相同,都显著小于非词条件的反应时,表明它们的加工模式相同,而在正确率上三者无显著差异。实验3b采用快速呈现-命名任务考察四字心理词是否具有加工优势。实验设置四种条件,心理词,两个双字词,半个心理词和四字非词,结果发现,心理词被完全识别的正确率显著高于其它条件,在词中识别汉字的正确率显著高于在非词中识别汉字,汉字的识别在一定程度上是并行的,即读者可以同时识别几个汉字。实验4a和4b采用阴影范式,以眼动仪为工具,考察心理词在句子阅读中的加工效率,设置四种条件,正常无阴影,心理词条件,词汇词条件和非词条件,结果发现双字心理词的加工优势表现在早期激活上(凝视时间),四字心理词的加工优势表现在整个加工过程中(凝视时间和总阅读时间),这可能与心理词的词长有关,加工优势更容易在长词中体现。总之,研究二的结果表明,心理词单独呈现时和在句子阅读中都存在加工优势,由此推论心理词更可能是阅读的基本信息单元。
研究三探讨了四字心理词构成成分的加工模式,是单向分解激活还是多重激活。研究以眼动仪为记录工具,采用边界范式,在心理词的第2和第3个字之间设置边界,形成两种条件：正常条件和模糊条件。正常条件是指在读者的视线越过边界前和越过边界后相同,第2个字和位置3的预视字不构成词；模糊条件是指读者的视线越过边界前,第2个字和位置3的预视字构成一个双字词,当视线越过边界后,变为正常情况。结果发现在模糊条件下第2个字和位置3的预视字构成的词被激活,表明心理词的构成成分一定程度上是并行加工,倾向于支持多重激活假设。
综合上述结果,在汉语阅读理解过程中,读者对词的认识不清晰,表现为词切分上存在很大分歧,甚至是掌握较多语法知识的读者也不能正确进行词切分。普通读者倾向于将短语视为一个词。这些结果表明心理词的存在具有心理现实性。其次,心理词的加工存在优势,汉字识别在一定程度上并行进行。与词汇词(《现代汉语词典》中的词条)相比,心理词的加工效率高,尤其体现在四字心理词的加工过程中。由此推论汉语阅读的基本信息单元是心理词。最后,四字心理词构成成分的加工支持多重激活假设,即心理词的构成成分会同时被激活。
Reading is an important cognitive activity in our daily life. Most of us obtain a great amount of information by reading. It is one of basic problems that what the primary units of information are in Chinese reading. In the alphabetical writing system (such as English), word boundaries are marked by spaces, it is uncontroversial that word is the basic primary units of information. But Chinese script uses characters with square-shaped forms of different levels of visual complexity as basic writing units, and there are no obvious visual cues like space between words. Therefore, it's in dispute for what the basic primary units of information are in Chinese reading. Till now, there are four main academic viewpoints:(1) Chinese reading is based on character;(2) Chinese reading is based on words;(3) Chinese reading is based on the combination of character and word;(4) Chinese reading is based on chunks or phrases. From the previous studies, we found that most of research supported the second view, whereas some research indicated that the Chinese readers did not agree on how to divide the continuous string of characters within a sentence into words. The readers did not have a clear concept about word. Therefore, we thought it was inappropriate to draw a conclusion that word was the primary units of information. Based on the previous studies, we put forward the concept of psychological word which means that it was the semantic unit represented in the process of reading. It could represent complete meaning. We proposed that psychological word was the basic primary units of information. Then we conducted three studies, five sub-experiments to explore the following three issues:(1) whether psychological word was psychologically real in reader'mind;(2) whether psychological word was easier to be processed,(3) how the readers processed the constituents of psychological word.
The first research aimed to test whether psychological word was psychologically real by investigating how Chinese readers cognized the word. Experiment1explored the discrepancies between undergraduates from non-Chinese Language and Literature Department and postgraduates from Chinese Language and Literature Department by using word segmentation task. The results showed that there were great discrepancies between undergraduates and postgraduates, the former marked significantly more boundaries in the text. When using Modern Chinese Dictionary as word segmentation criteria, compared with the postgraduates, the undergraduates had more discrepancies, longer psychological word, and intended to regard more phrases as words. Experiment2(including experiment2a and2b) explored how Chinese readers distinguished words from phrases for the two-character and four-character structure by asking the readers whether they were a whole word or a phrase. The results indicated that it was difficult for the Chinese readers to discriminate between words and phrases, and they were inclined to regard phrases as a word. The results demonstrated that the readers did not have a clear concept about word, they could not distinguish words from phrases particularly. They also indicated that psychological word was psychologically real in readers'mind.
The second research explored whether psychological word was much easier to be processed when psychological word presented separately or inserted in a sentence. It included experiment3(experiment3a and3b) and experiment4(experiment4a and4b). Experiment3a investigated whether two-character psychological words were processed more efficiently by using lexical decision task. The type of psychological word was manipulated in three conditions:psychological word Ⅰ referred to the two-character structure defined as a word by grammar and judgment subjectively, psychological word Ⅱ referred to those defined as a word by judgment subjectively and in fact they were phrases defined by grammar, nonwords referred to two characters that could not form a word. The results showed that there was no RT difference between psychological word Ⅱ and psychological word Ⅰ, but the RT of these two conditions was shorter than nonwords. The results indicated that psychological word Ⅰ and Ⅱ had the same pattern of processing. For accuracy rate, there were no significant differences among the three conditions. Experiment3b investigated whether four-character psychological words were processed more efficiently by using rapid presentation naming task. There were four conditions: psychological word condition, two-word condition, half psychological word condition, and nonword condition. The results showed that the accuracy rate of psychological word was higher than the other three conditions, the accuracy rate of recognizing character in the words was higher than in the nonwords, furthermore, characters could be recognized to some extent in parallel, with efficiency decreasing gradually from left to right. Experiment4a and4b investigated whether two-character or four-character psychological words were easier than dictionary-defined words to be processed by recording the readers'eye movements. They used a highlighting manipulation to create four conditions:normal text, text with highlighting to mark psychological words, text with highlighting used to mark words, and text with highlighting that yielded nonwords. Only the target areas were manipulated. The results showed that gaze duration was shorter under two-character psychological words condition than other three conditions, but gaze duration and total reading time were shorter under four-character psychological word condition than dictionary-defined words. Therefore, the superiority of psychological word processing was more obvious for four-character psychological words. In all, the second research indicated that psychological words were easier to be processed when presented separately or in a sentence. Then we could draw a conclusion that psychological word was likely to be the basic primary units of information in Chinese reading.
The third research explored the pattern of processing the constituents of four-character psychological words. Using the boundary paradigm, the boundary was set between the second character and the third character which formed two conditions—normal condition and ambiguous condition. The preview of the third character was either correct (normal condition) or forming a word with the second character (ambiguous condition). When the eyes moved across the boundary, the previewed character was changed to its correct form. We found that the word formed by the second character and the preview character was activated which indicated that the constituents of psychological word was to some extent processed in parallel and supported multiple activation hypothesis.
Based on our studies, we could obtain three main conclusions. Firstly, the Chinese readers had no clear concept about word in Chinese reading. They segmented words according to their own complex cognitive representations which indicated that psychological word was psychological real. Secondly, psychological word was processed more efficiently, in particular for four-character psychological word. What's more, the characters were recognized in parallel partly. Therefore, we concluded that psychological word was the basic primary unit of information. Lastly, the processing of the constituents of four-character words were activated in parallel, which fitted better with the theoretical assumptions of multiple activation hypothesis.
引文
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