城镇劳动力非正规就业选择研究
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摘要
随着市场经济的转型,各种要素市场开始发育。劳动力市场发育一方面带来了新的就业机会,另一方面也摧毁了大量的传统就业岗位,市场调整的结果是就业正规性下降,非正规性上升,尤其是自1995年来,城镇非正规就业的增长率大大超过了全国城镇就业增长率。目前,据相关统计,非正规就业规模达到了1亿以上,已经超过了正规就业规模。
非正规就业的发展引起了国内外学者的广泛关注,但大部分研究都更多的是基于非正规就业的贫困理论展开的,认为非正规就业是弱势群体在无法进入正规就业市场时的被迫选择,非正规就业等于低级市场的就业,从而忽略了劳动力非正规就业选择的自愿性以及非正规就业本身的合法性。本文利用微观数据,采用动态面板随机效应模型和多元logit模型对城镇居民和农民工非正规就业选择的机理进行了分类考察,在强调影响城镇劳动力非正规就业选择因素的同时,重新审视了非正规就业与劳动力市场分割之间的关系。此研究具有一定的现实和理论意义。本文的主要研究结论有：
1、非正规就业并不等于低级就业,非正规就业规模扩张并不意味着城镇劳动力市场分割程度的持续恶化。统一的劳动力市场并不意味着非正规就业的消失,相反,一个完善、充分竞争的劳动市场,允许多种就业形式的存在,非正规就业是劳动力市场的重要组成部分.
2、农民工就业市场内部出现了就业分流,主要表现为正规就业和非正规就业两大类。但是就业分流并没有使得农民工就业市场内部出现分层。农民工的非正规就业选择存在着强的自选择,低质量的社会保障是造成(在农民工内部市场上)农民工非正规就业选择的重要原因。
3、与以往的研究结果类似,当把城镇居民和农民工置于相同的劳动力市场背景下时,农民工更多的从事了非正规就业。但是,即使同为缺乏法律监管的非正规就业,本文的数据也显示,农民工依然处在就业的弱势地位,城乡劳动力(非正规就业者)面对着不同的工资决定机制。因此,本文认为,城乡就业差异的制度根源在于农民工公民权力的缺失,而不是简单的归因于劳动力市场分割。农民工公民权缺失的修补是当前政府改变农民工就业弱势地位的根本所在。
4、自雇佣非正规就业者大多面临着强的信贷约束,他们获取了更高的小时工资率,但却并没有较高的平均教育水平。同时,实证结果表明,城镇居民自雇佣非正规就业可能是某些劳动力群体的一种无奈选择,但农民工的自雇佣非正规就业选择却具有明显的自选择。
With the transition of market economy, various elements of market are developing. The development of labor market has brought new opportunities for employment, but also destroyed a large number of traditional jobs. One of the results of the market transition is that the formal employment declined and the informal employment rose.
Especially since1995, the growth rate of the informal employment significantly exceeded the growth rate of the urban employment. At present, according to the relevant statistics, informal employment has reached more than1billion.
The development of informal employment has attracted the attentions of scholars, but the most research of informal employment are based on the poverty theory, which hold point of view that informal employment is the vulnerable groups'helpless choice when they can't get the formal employment because of discrimination and so on, the informal sector is equal to the low-grade market. These researches ignored the workers'choosing informal jobs voluntarily and the legitimacy of informal employment. This article, using the micro data, studies the mechanism of labor'choosing the informal jobs by using the dynamic panel models, Which emphasizes the factors of influencing the workers'choosing the informal jobs and at the same time re-examines the relationship of the informal employment and the labor market segmentation. The research is of great practical and theoretical meaning and the main conclusions are as follows:
1. The informal sector is not equal to the low-grade market and the labor market segmentation is also not deepened with the increase of the informal employment. Unified labor market does not mean the disappearance of informal employment, on the contrary, a perfect and competitive labor market allow a variety of employment form; informal employment is an important part of the labor market.
2. The migrants'employments are made of informal employment and formal employment, but the split-flow of the migrants'employment doesn't result in the migrant labor market stratification. The informal employment exist strong self-choice, low quality of social security is the one of main reason for that results.
3. Consistent with a previous study, When placing the urban residents and migrant workers in the same labor market background, migrant workers more engaged in informal employment. We think that the system root caused the difference of Urban-rural employment is the migrant workers lacking of civil rights rather than labor market segmentation. Therefore, repairing the migrant's civil rights is the fundamental of changing the migrant workers'weak position of employment.
4. Most of self informal employment faces strong credit constraint. They get higher hourly wage rates, but not have the higher average education level. At the same time, for some labor groups of urban workers, the self informal employment may be of a helpless choice, but for migrant workers, the choosing of informal employment has obvious self selection.
非正规就业的发展引起了国内外学者的广泛关注,但大部分研究都更多的是基于非正规就业的贫困理论展开的,认为非正规就业是弱势群体在无法进入正规就业市场时的被迫选择,非正规就业等于低级市场的就业,从而忽略了劳动力非正规就业选择的自愿性以及非正规就业本身的合法性。本文利用微观数据,采用动态面板随机效应模型和多元logit模型对城镇居民和农民工非正规就业选择的机理进行了分类考察,在强调影响城镇劳动力非正规就业选择因素的同时,重新审视了非正规就业与劳动力市场分割之间的关系。此研究具有一定的现实和理论意义。本文的主要研究结论有：
1、非正规就业并不等于低级就业,非正规就业规模扩张并不意味着城镇劳动力市场分割程度的持续恶化。统一的劳动力市场并不意味着非正规就业的消失,相反,一个完善、充分竞争的劳动市场,允许多种就业形式的存在,非正规就业是劳动力市场的重要组成部分.
2、农民工就业市场内部出现了就业分流,主要表现为正规就业和非正规就业两大类。但是就业分流并没有使得农民工就业市场内部出现分层。农民工的非正规就业选择存在着强的自选择,低质量的社会保障是造成(在农民工内部市场上)农民工非正规就业选择的重要原因。
3、与以往的研究结果类似,当把城镇居民和农民工置于相同的劳动力市场背景下时,农民工更多的从事了非正规就业。但是,即使同为缺乏法律监管的非正规就业,本文的数据也显示,农民工依然处在就业的弱势地位,城乡劳动力(非正规就业者)面对着不同的工资决定机制。因此,本文认为,城乡就业差异的制度根源在于农民工公民权力的缺失,而不是简单的归因于劳动力市场分割。农民工公民权缺失的修补是当前政府改变农民工就业弱势地位的根本所在。
4、自雇佣非正规就业者大多面临着强的信贷约束,他们获取了更高的小时工资率,但却并没有较高的平均教育水平。同时,实证结果表明,城镇居民自雇佣非正规就业可能是某些劳动力群体的一种无奈选择,但农民工的自雇佣非正规就业选择却具有明显的自选择。
With the transition of market economy, various elements of market are developing. The development of labor market has brought new opportunities for employment, but also destroyed a large number of traditional jobs. One of the results of the market transition is that the formal employment declined and the informal employment rose.
Especially since1995, the growth rate of the informal employment significantly exceeded the growth rate of the urban employment. At present, according to the relevant statistics, informal employment has reached more than1billion.
The development of informal employment has attracted the attentions of scholars, but the most research of informal employment are based on the poverty theory, which hold point of view that informal employment is the vulnerable groups'helpless choice when they can't get the formal employment because of discrimination and so on, the informal sector is equal to the low-grade market. These researches ignored the workers'choosing informal jobs voluntarily and the legitimacy of informal employment. This article, using the micro data, studies the mechanism of labor'choosing the informal jobs by using the dynamic panel models, Which emphasizes the factors of influencing the workers'choosing the informal jobs and at the same time re-examines the relationship of the informal employment and the labor market segmentation. The research is of great practical and theoretical meaning and the main conclusions are as follows:
1. The informal sector is not equal to the low-grade market and the labor market segmentation is also not deepened with the increase of the informal employment. Unified labor market does not mean the disappearance of informal employment, on the contrary, a perfect and competitive labor market allow a variety of employment form; informal employment is an important part of the labor market.
2. The migrants'employments are made of informal employment and formal employment, but the split-flow of the migrants'employment doesn't result in the migrant labor market stratification. The informal employment exist strong self-choice, low quality of social security is the one of main reason for that results.
3. Consistent with a previous study, When placing the urban residents and migrant workers in the same labor market background, migrant workers more engaged in informal employment. We think that the system root caused the difference of Urban-rural employment is the migrant workers lacking of civil rights rather than labor market segmentation. Therefore, repairing the migrant's civil rights is the fundamental of changing the migrant workers'weak position of employment.
4. Most of self informal employment faces strong credit constraint. They get higher hourly wage rates, but not have the higher average education level. At the same time, for some labor groups of urban workers, the self informal employment may be of a helpless choice, but for migrant workers, the choosing of informal employment has obvious self selection.
引文
①第十五次国际劳工大会的统计决议[R],日内瓦,2003年,转引自任远：《中国非正规就业发展报告》,重庆出版社,2006年
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