青藏高原东北缘高寒草甸土壤酶活性及土壤养分的研究
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摘要
青藏高原因海拔高和气候寒冷,被认为是气候变化的敏感区和脆弱区。全球气候变化和放牧干扰使土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量受到强烈的影响,这些影响可能使土壤的质量发生改变,进而对高寒草甸植被生产力产生一定的影响。土壤酶是土壤生态系统中具有催化功能的一类蛋白质,由植物根系分泌物、微生物和动植物残体释放到土壤中,参与了土壤中所有的生物化学过程,其活性的大小可以灵敏地反映土壤中生化反应的方向和强度。酶促反应作为一个由多种因素控制的复杂过程,酶活性具有很大的时间和空间的异质性。为了阐明土壤酶活性时空变化的机理以及与主要影响因子的关系,进一步揭示高寒草甸土壤酶活性的动态变化,及其对全球气候变化的响应,我们从2007至2008年在青藏高原东北缘,针对高寒草甸研究了放牧强度对土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响,以及两者在不同海拔水平的分布状态,同时对土壤养分和酶活性的关系进行了深入探讨。主要结果如下：
1.4种不同放牧强度(围栏封育、轻牧、中牧和重牧)样地土壤酶活性、土壤养分和根生物量有较大差异。土壤酸性磷酸酶和淀粉酶活性与根生物量变化—致,随放牧强度的增加而降低,然而脲酶活性的变化趋势正好与之相反,表现为随放牧强度的增加而增加。土壤酶活性有较明显的季节变化规律,建议脲酶和酸性磷酸酶于5月取样,淀粉酶和纤维素酶的最佳取样时间为7月。
2.土壤养分含量对放牧的反应不敏感；而轻度放牧明显增加了酸性磷酸酶和淀粉酶活性。同时土壤有机质、全氮和速效氮含量作为土壤质量的检测指标,也是在轻度放牧区处于较高水平。这证明在该研究地区,对草地的轻度放牧能促进土壤有机质和氮素的积累。
3.3个海拔梯度(3000m、3500m和4000m)样地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮含量以及含水量均表现出随海拔升高而增加的趋势,且海拔变化对土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和含水量有显著的影响(P<0.05),说明高海拔地区土壤质量较好。
4.土壤酸性磷酸酶活性随海拔的升高而降低,而脲酶活性与之相反,说明高海拔弱酸性(Ph为5.51)和高含水量(73.62%)的土壤环境对酸性磷酸酶活性有促进作用,对脲酶活性有抑制作用。淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性在海拔3500m处最高,说明中海拔的土壤酸碱度(pH为5.53)和土壤含水量(47.10%)对两者较适宜。
5.用通径分析研究了土壤酶活性和养分的关系,结果显示土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和淀粉酶活性与土壤养分有着很好的相关性,土壤养分在很大程度上对三者有着直接或间接的影响,这3种酶活性可以作为土壤肥力的指标。
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is considered as a sensitive and vulnerable area of climate change due to the high altitude and cold climate. Global climate change and grazing disturbance have strong impact on activities of soil enzyme and content of soil nutrients, which may lead to many changes in soil quality, and thus have some impacts in vegetation productivity of the alpine meadow.
As an important part of soil ecosystem, soil enzyme participates in all of biochemical reactions in soil. Enzymatic reaction is a complex process controlled by many factors. Soil enzyme activities change strongly with time and space. In order to reveal the temporal and spatial variation of soil enzyme activities, the relation between soil enzyme activities and main regulating factors, and the response of soil enzyme activities to global warming, we measured soil enzyme activities. To better understand the dynamics of the soil enzyme acitvities and soil mutrients on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, we investgated the effect of fencing and grazing on the soil enzyme acitvities, soil mutrients and root biomass at four sites with different grazing intensity in2007and2008. At the same time, we analyzed the distribution of soil enzyme acitvities and soil nutrients at three different altitudes (3000m,3500m,4000m). Also, we discused the relationship between soil enzyme acitvities and soil nutrients. The main results as follows:
1. Soil enzyme activities, soil nutrients and root biomass differed significantly among four sites with different grazing intensity. The activities of acid phosphatase and amylase reduced with the increase of grazing intensity, as well as root biomass. However, the urease activity was just opposite to them. Soil enzyme activities had obvious seasonal variation. We suggest that May is the optimum sampling time for urease and acid phosphatase, as for amylase and cellulase it is in July.
2. The effect of grazing on soil nutrients was not statistically significant, while light grazing markdely increased the activities of soil acid phosphatase and amylase. As measures of soil quality, the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and avaiable nitrogen were higher in the light grazing site, which demonstrated that light grazing promoted enrichment of the soil organic matter and N pool in the study area.
3. The content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, avaiable nitrogen and soil water increased with increasing altitude, and altitude had significant impact on soil organic matter, total nitrogen, avaiable nitrogen and soil water content (P<0.05), which indicated soil quailty of higher altitude was much better.
4. The activity of acid phosphatase reduced with increaseing altitude, however, the change trend of urease activity was just opposite to it, which indicated lower soil pH (5.51) and higher soil water content (73.62%) of high altitude ptomoted activity of acid phosphatase and inhibited activity of urease. The activities of amylase and cellulase were highest at altitude of3500m, which indicated soil pH (5.53) and soil water content (47.10%) at3500m were more appropriate for both.
5. We analyzed the relationship between soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients by Path Analysis. The result showed that there were strong correlation between activities of urease(acid phosphatase or amylase) and soil mutrients. Therefore, the activities of urease, acid phosphatase and amylase could be used to predict the soil quality.
1.4种不同放牧强度(围栏封育、轻牧、中牧和重牧)样地土壤酶活性、土壤养分和根生物量有较大差异。土壤酸性磷酸酶和淀粉酶活性与根生物量变化—致,随放牧强度的增加而降低,然而脲酶活性的变化趋势正好与之相反,表现为随放牧强度的增加而增加。土壤酶活性有较明显的季节变化规律,建议脲酶和酸性磷酸酶于5月取样,淀粉酶和纤维素酶的最佳取样时间为7月。
2.土壤养分含量对放牧的反应不敏感；而轻度放牧明显增加了酸性磷酸酶和淀粉酶活性。同时土壤有机质、全氮和速效氮含量作为土壤质量的检测指标,也是在轻度放牧区处于较高水平。这证明在该研究地区,对草地的轻度放牧能促进土壤有机质和氮素的积累。
3.3个海拔梯度(3000m、3500m和4000m)样地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮含量以及含水量均表现出随海拔升高而增加的趋势,且海拔变化对土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和含水量有显著的影响(P<0.05),说明高海拔地区土壤质量较好。
4.土壤酸性磷酸酶活性随海拔的升高而降低,而脲酶活性与之相反,说明高海拔弱酸性(Ph为5.51)和高含水量(73.62%)的土壤环境对酸性磷酸酶活性有促进作用,对脲酶活性有抑制作用。淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性在海拔3500m处最高,说明中海拔的土壤酸碱度(pH为5.53)和土壤含水量(47.10%)对两者较适宜。
5.用通径分析研究了土壤酶活性和养分的关系,结果显示土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和淀粉酶活性与土壤养分有着很好的相关性,土壤养分在很大程度上对三者有着直接或间接的影响,这3种酶活性可以作为土壤肥力的指标。
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is considered as a sensitive and vulnerable area of climate change due to the high altitude and cold climate. Global climate change and grazing disturbance have strong impact on activities of soil enzyme and content of soil nutrients, which may lead to many changes in soil quality, and thus have some impacts in vegetation productivity of the alpine meadow.
As an important part of soil ecosystem, soil enzyme participates in all of biochemical reactions in soil. Enzymatic reaction is a complex process controlled by many factors. Soil enzyme activities change strongly with time and space. In order to reveal the temporal and spatial variation of soil enzyme activities, the relation between soil enzyme activities and main regulating factors, and the response of soil enzyme activities to global warming, we measured soil enzyme activities. To better understand the dynamics of the soil enzyme acitvities and soil mutrients on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, we investgated the effect of fencing and grazing on the soil enzyme acitvities, soil mutrients and root biomass at four sites with different grazing intensity in2007and2008. At the same time, we analyzed the distribution of soil enzyme acitvities and soil nutrients at three different altitudes (3000m,3500m,4000m). Also, we discused the relationship between soil enzyme acitvities and soil nutrients. The main results as follows:
1. Soil enzyme activities, soil nutrients and root biomass differed significantly among four sites with different grazing intensity. The activities of acid phosphatase and amylase reduced with the increase of grazing intensity, as well as root biomass. However, the urease activity was just opposite to them. Soil enzyme activities had obvious seasonal variation. We suggest that May is the optimum sampling time for urease and acid phosphatase, as for amylase and cellulase it is in July.
2. The effect of grazing on soil nutrients was not statistically significant, while light grazing markdely increased the activities of soil acid phosphatase and amylase. As measures of soil quality, the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and avaiable nitrogen were higher in the light grazing site, which demonstrated that light grazing promoted enrichment of the soil organic matter and N pool in the study area.
3. The content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, avaiable nitrogen and soil water increased with increasing altitude, and altitude had significant impact on soil organic matter, total nitrogen, avaiable nitrogen and soil water content (P<0.05), which indicated soil quailty of higher altitude was much better.
4. The activity of acid phosphatase reduced with increaseing altitude, however, the change trend of urease activity was just opposite to it, which indicated lower soil pH (5.51) and higher soil water content (73.62%) of high altitude ptomoted activity of acid phosphatase and inhibited activity of urease. The activities of amylase and cellulase were highest at altitude of3500m, which indicated soil pH (5.53) and soil water content (47.10%) at3500m were more appropriate for both.
5. We analyzed the relationship between soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients by Path Analysis. The result showed that there were strong correlation between activities of urease(acid phosphatase or amylase) and soil mutrients. Therefore, the activities of urease, acid phosphatase and amylase could be used to predict the soil quality.
引文
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