小麦—玉米轮作体系长期施肥下农田土壤碳氮相互作用关系研究
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摘要
农田生态系统碳、氮循环是其最基本的生态过程，不仅影响作物产量和肥料养分利用率，而且影响土壤CO2、N2O等温室气体的排放，是农业可持续发展的基础，因而受到人们广泛的关注。
本研究针对农田生态系统不同施肥下碳氮耦合关系研究相对薄弱，选择不同地域的小麦-玉米轮作体系下的4个长期定位试验点（昌平、郑州、杨凌、祁阳）的数据进行分析。采用数理统计分析的方法，研究7个不同施肥处理（不施肥Control、单施化学氮肥N、施化学氮磷肥NP、施化学氮磷钾肥NPK、氮磷钾配施有机肥NPKM、氮磷钾配施高量有机肥hNPKM和氮磷钾配合秸秆还田NPKS）长期施肥下土壤碳氮比对施肥的响应、碳投入与土壤有机碳的关系。通过CENTURY模型与长期试验数据相结合，分析不同区域农田土壤有机碳的变化趋势以及土壤的固碳潜力。主要研究结果与结论如下：
1.土壤有机碳和全氮对不同施肥处理的响应不同。在小麦-玉米轮作中所有处理的土壤有机碳均持续上升，而施用化肥处理，祁阳点的土壤全氮含量呈现下降趋势；NPKM处理下土壤有机碳和全氮均随时间的延长明显增加但二者增加速率不同。与初始值相比，4个长期试验点土壤有机碳增加35%~(-1)47%而土壤全氮增加10%-33%。
2.长期施肥对不同气候区域土壤碳氮比的影响不同。昌平、郑州、杨凌点（均处于温带地区）的土壤碳氮比基本不变，而祁阳点（位于亚热带区域）的土壤碳氮比显著增加。说明大部分地区土壤碳、氮为耦合关系。祁阳点土壤碳氮呈现非耦合的现象与土壤有机质分解有关。通过碳氮收支平衡的计算发现NPK处理祁阳点分解的土壤有机质碳氮比（23.7）明显小于其他三个点（44.0-48.2）。
3.采用修改后的米氏方程可很好的拟合土壤有机碳与碳投入的关系。土壤需保持0.03~(-1).32Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)投入即可维持现在土壤有机碳的水平。长期施用化肥（NP和NPK）下，来源于作物的碳投入为0.9-3.3Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)。说明平衡施用化肥可提供充足的碳投入量来维持目前的土壤有机碳水平。而如果土壤有机碳拟每年增加1Mg/ha，多数试验点的碳投入量需超过10Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)，施用有机肥处理的碳投入可达到11.05Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)。说明施用有机肥是快速提高土壤有机碳的含量的最有效途径。
4.4.5版本的CENTURY模型能够很好的模拟不同气候区域下不同施肥处理土壤有机碳的变化（模拟值与实测值之间的标准化均方根误差小于15%）。高量有机肥投入处理（hNPKM）4个试验点的土壤有机碳水平在2100年将达到31.6-54.7Mg ha~(-1)。与1990年土壤有机碳含量相比，预计土壤固碳潜力可达到9.2-38.2Mg ha~(-1)。模拟结果发现长期施肥下各试验点土壤慢性碳库增加而惰性碳库降低。土壤慢性碳库的变化决定土壤有机碳的变化。
总之，土壤碳氮比的变化主要受有机质分解过程的影响。施肥措施通过影响土壤慢性库的碳含量来改变土壤有机碳的含量。增加外源有机碳的投入是提高土壤有机碳含量的最有效途径。
As an important part of terrestrial ecosystems, cropland plays a large role in the terrestrial carboncycle. On the one hand, cropland has a large potential to sequestrate carbon through photosynthesis inthe cropping system. On the other hand, cropland may release a large amount of carbon in associationwith cultivation for crop production. Hence, how to maintain or increase the cropland carbon pool hasattracted much attention.
This study is based on four long-term experimental sites in China: three in the temperate zone andone in the sub-tropical zone. Both statistical analysis and CENTURY model are chosen to complete theresearch. We use statistical analysis to examine:(i) responses of soil C/N ratio to various fertilizationsacross the sites;(ii) the relationship between soil carbon change and carbon inputs. We also integratelong-term experimental data with CENTURY model simulation to find out soil carbon sequestrationpotential for different area in China. The main findings are as following:
1. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) had different responses to the treatments.There was an increasing trend in SOC, even without fertilizer. However, applying inorganic fertilizersonly (NPK) did not maintain TN contents at some sites. The NPKM treatment resulted in a largeincrease in both SOC (35~(-1)47%) and TN (33~(-1)0%) contents, relative to the initial values.
2. The soil C:N ratio shows a significant increase over time at the sub-tropical site but little changeat the three temperate sites. Our analysis shows similar C:N ratios (37-38) in gross input of organicmaterials under the NPK treatments. However, the estimated C:N ratio during decomposition was muchsmaller at the sub-tropical site (23.7) than at the three temperate sites (44.0-48.2) under the NPKtreatments, which may explain the increased soil C:N ratio at the sub-tropical site. Thus, we concludethat variations in soil C:N ratio are not caused by organic matter inputs but by decomposition in thewheat-corn double cropping systems.
3. Different amounts of balanced fertilization show little impact on the C inputs derived by plants,reaching to~3.5Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1). The SOC change rate is much higher under the manure application thantreatments with chemical fertilizers only. Statistical analysis shows that the linear and non-linearequations perform equally well (p<0.01) within the experimental data interval. But the non-linearequation is more suitable for specific purpose. Using the non-linear equation, we can predict that minimum C input to maintain the current SOC level would be0.03~(-1).32Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)at the four sites.The chemical nitrogen and phosphate fertilization yield sufficient carbon biomass inputs to maintain thecurrent SOC levels. However, to increase SOC at1Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1), soils need over10Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)atmost sites. Our results suggest that the increment of SOC stocks would be mainly related to theadditional carbon inputs for the long-term perspectives.
4. The CENTURY model (version4.5) can simulate fertilization effects on SOC change in differentclimate conditions and soil properties (n-RMSE<15%). After running the CENTURY over the period of1990-2100, the SOC levels are supposed to increase to31.6-54.7Mg ha~(-1)across the sites. With thecomparison of SOC stocks in1990and2100, we estimate that the carbon sequestration potential wouldbe9.2-38.2Mg ha~(-1)under the current high manure application (hNPKM). Analysis of organic carbon ineach carbon pool indicates that long-term fertilization enhances the slow pool proportion but decreasethe passive pool proportion. Our results suggest that the change in slow carbon pool determines theSOC dynamics under long-term fertilization.
In summary, soil C:N ratio change is mainly influenced by the decomposition of soil organic matter.Long-term fertilizations would affect the proportion of slow carbon pool, and thus the soil oraganiccarbon pool. Applying additional carbon inputs is the most effective way for enhancing soil organiccarbon level.
本研究针对农田生态系统不同施肥下碳氮耦合关系研究相对薄弱，选择不同地域的小麦-玉米轮作体系下的4个长期定位试验点（昌平、郑州、杨凌、祁阳）的数据进行分析。采用数理统计分析的方法，研究7个不同施肥处理（不施肥Control、单施化学氮肥N、施化学氮磷肥NP、施化学氮磷钾肥NPK、氮磷钾配施有机肥NPKM、氮磷钾配施高量有机肥hNPKM和氮磷钾配合秸秆还田NPKS）长期施肥下土壤碳氮比对施肥的响应、碳投入与土壤有机碳的关系。通过CENTURY模型与长期试验数据相结合，分析不同区域农田土壤有机碳的变化趋势以及土壤的固碳潜力。主要研究结果与结论如下：
1.土壤有机碳和全氮对不同施肥处理的响应不同。在小麦-玉米轮作中所有处理的土壤有机碳均持续上升，而施用化肥处理，祁阳点的土壤全氮含量呈现下降趋势；NPKM处理下土壤有机碳和全氮均随时间的延长明显增加但二者增加速率不同。与初始值相比，4个长期试验点土壤有机碳增加35%~(-1)47%而土壤全氮增加10%-33%。
2.长期施肥对不同气候区域土壤碳氮比的影响不同。昌平、郑州、杨凌点（均处于温带地区）的土壤碳氮比基本不变，而祁阳点（位于亚热带区域）的土壤碳氮比显著增加。说明大部分地区土壤碳、氮为耦合关系。祁阳点土壤碳氮呈现非耦合的现象与土壤有机质分解有关。通过碳氮收支平衡的计算发现NPK处理祁阳点分解的土壤有机质碳氮比（23.7）明显小于其他三个点（44.0-48.2）。
3.采用修改后的米氏方程可很好的拟合土壤有机碳与碳投入的关系。土壤需保持0.03~(-1).32Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)投入即可维持现在土壤有机碳的水平。长期施用化肥（NP和NPK）下，来源于作物的碳投入为0.9-3.3Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)。说明平衡施用化肥可提供充足的碳投入量来维持目前的土壤有机碳水平。而如果土壤有机碳拟每年增加1Mg/ha，多数试验点的碳投入量需超过10Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)，施用有机肥处理的碳投入可达到11.05Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)。说明施用有机肥是快速提高土壤有机碳的含量的最有效途径。
4.4.5版本的CENTURY模型能够很好的模拟不同气候区域下不同施肥处理土壤有机碳的变化（模拟值与实测值之间的标准化均方根误差小于15%）。高量有机肥投入处理（hNPKM）4个试验点的土壤有机碳水平在2100年将达到31.6-54.7Mg ha~(-1)。与1990年土壤有机碳含量相比，预计土壤固碳潜力可达到9.2-38.2Mg ha~(-1)。模拟结果发现长期施肥下各试验点土壤慢性碳库增加而惰性碳库降低。土壤慢性碳库的变化决定土壤有机碳的变化。
总之，土壤碳氮比的变化主要受有机质分解过程的影响。施肥措施通过影响土壤慢性库的碳含量来改变土壤有机碳的含量。增加外源有机碳的投入是提高土壤有机碳含量的最有效途径。
As an important part of terrestrial ecosystems, cropland plays a large role in the terrestrial carboncycle. On the one hand, cropland has a large potential to sequestrate carbon through photosynthesis inthe cropping system. On the other hand, cropland may release a large amount of carbon in associationwith cultivation for crop production. Hence, how to maintain or increase the cropland carbon pool hasattracted much attention.
This study is based on four long-term experimental sites in China: three in the temperate zone andone in the sub-tropical zone. Both statistical analysis and CENTURY model are chosen to complete theresearch. We use statistical analysis to examine:(i) responses of soil C/N ratio to various fertilizationsacross the sites;(ii) the relationship between soil carbon change and carbon inputs. We also integratelong-term experimental data with CENTURY model simulation to find out soil carbon sequestrationpotential for different area in China. The main findings are as following:
1. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) had different responses to the treatments.There was an increasing trend in SOC, even without fertilizer. However, applying inorganic fertilizersonly (NPK) did not maintain TN contents at some sites. The NPKM treatment resulted in a largeincrease in both SOC (35~(-1)47%) and TN (33~(-1)0%) contents, relative to the initial values.
2. The soil C:N ratio shows a significant increase over time at the sub-tropical site but little changeat the three temperate sites. Our analysis shows similar C:N ratios (37-38) in gross input of organicmaterials under the NPK treatments. However, the estimated C:N ratio during decomposition was muchsmaller at the sub-tropical site (23.7) than at the three temperate sites (44.0-48.2) under the NPKtreatments, which may explain the increased soil C:N ratio at the sub-tropical site. Thus, we concludethat variations in soil C:N ratio are not caused by organic matter inputs but by decomposition in thewheat-corn double cropping systems.
3. Different amounts of balanced fertilization show little impact on the C inputs derived by plants,reaching to~3.5Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1). The SOC change rate is much higher under the manure application thantreatments with chemical fertilizers only. Statistical analysis shows that the linear and non-linearequations perform equally well (p<0.01) within the experimental data interval. But the non-linearequation is more suitable for specific purpose. Using the non-linear equation, we can predict that minimum C input to maintain the current SOC level would be0.03~(-1).32Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)at the four sites.The chemical nitrogen and phosphate fertilization yield sufficient carbon biomass inputs to maintain thecurrent SOC levels. However, to increase SOC at1Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1), soils need over10Mg C ha~(-1)yr~(-1)atmost sites. Our results suggest that the increment of SOC stocks would be mainly related to theadditional carbon inputs for the long-term perspectives.
4. The CENTURY model (version4.5) can simulate fertilization effects on SOC change in differentclimate conditions and soil properties (n-RMSE<15%). After running the CENTURY over the period of1990-2100, the SOC levels are supposed to increase to31.6-54.7Mg ha~(-1)across the sites. With thecomparison of SOC stocks in1990and2100, we estimate that the carbon sequestration potential wouldbe9.2-38.2Mg ha~(-1)under the current high manure application (hNPKM). Analysis of organic carbon ineach carbon pool indicates that long-term fertilization enhances the slow pool proportion but decreasethe passive pool proportion. Our results suggest that the change in slow carbon pool determines theSOC dynamics under long-term fertilization.
In summary, soil C:N ratio change is mainly influenced by the decomposition of soil organic matter.Long-term fertilizations would affect the proportion of slow carbon pool, and thus the soil oraganiccarbon pool. Applying additional carbon inputs is the most effective way for enhancing soil organiccarbon level.
引文
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