小麦抗白粉病基因的分子作图及其与白粉菌互作的表达谱分析
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摘要
小麦白粉病是由Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici引起的世界性小麦主要病害，在我国各小麦主产区常年发生。培育和推广抗病品种是减少白粉病损失最经济、有效的方法。发掘和利用小麦农家品种及其近缘种属中的抗病基因，可以丰富小麦的抗病基因资源；建立与其紧密连锁的分子标记，有助于抗病基因的转移、累加及抗病品种的选育；研究其抗病分子机理是实现作物抗病性改良的理论基础，对实现小麦持久抗病性具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本论文以携带抗白粉病基因mlbhl的普通小麦农家品种白葫芦及携带来源于野生二粒小麦抗白粉病基因PmAS846的普通小麦新种质N9134和N9738为研究对象，开展抗谱分析、抗病基因定位、分子标记分析和比较基因组学研究；并利用小麦基因芯片，从转录组水平上分析N9134在白粉菌胁迫下的表达谱，筛选和克隆抗病相关基因，主要研究结果如下：
1.白葫芦和感白粉病材料陕优225杂交组合的F2代301个单株及其F3家系的遗传分析表明，白葫芦对E09的抗性由一对显性基因控制。构建了抗白粉病基因mlbhl的分子标记连锁图谱，包含11个共显性SSR标记，其中标记Xgwm603(Xgwm789)和Xbarc229位于mlbhl两侧，遗传距离分别为1.5和1.0cM。基因两翼标记的缺失系定位将mlbhl定位在1DS染色体bin0.59-1.00物理区段。基因mlbhl与小麦农家品种齿牙糙携带的抗白粉病基因Pm24位于相同的染色体区段。抗谱分析显示白葫芦与齿牙糙对6个白粉菌生理小种的反应型不同；等位性测验表明，mlbhl与Pm24是等位或非常紧密连锁的一个新基因，已被正式命名为抗白粉病基因Pm24b。
2.抗谱分析表明，N9134对来自我国不同生态区的21个已知毒性的白粉菌小种均表现免疫或高抗。N9738及其亲本N9134苗期和成株期对陕西关中地区流行白粉菌系同样表现高抗或免疫。N9738与感白粉病品种辉县红杂交组合以及N9134与陕优225杂交组合的F2代和F3家系的遗传分析证实N9134和N9738苗期抗性由1对显性抗白粉病基因控制，即来自于野生二粒小麦As846的白粉病抗性基因PmAS846。单(缺)体分析将该基因定位在小麦5B染色体上。构建了包含16个SSR标记在内的PmAS846基因的分子标记连锁图谱，其中Xgpw3191和XFCP1位于PmAS846基因的侧翼，用5B染色体缺失系将该基因定位于5BL14-0.75-0.76区域。
3. PmAS846基因所在小麦染色体区域与水稻第9染色体及短柄草第4染色体有着良好的共线性关系。为进一步加密PmAS846基因的遗传连锁图谱，本研究利用比较基因组学开发并筛选到26个与PmAS846基因紧密连锁或共分离的基于EST序列的各种标记。利用这些连锁标记和比较基因组学信息，构建了PmAS846基因的高密度比较连锁图谱。标记BG904722和CJ840011为PmAS846的侧翼标记，遗传距离分别为0.5cM和0.3cM，标记BJ261635、AL819406、CJ694617、CJ540214和RG-37900与PmAS846共分离。标记BJ261635和CJ840011将PmAS846基因所在染色体区间分别缩小到短柄草第4染色体197kb (Bradi4g37680-Bradi4g37960)和水稻第9染色体112kb(Os09g38520-Os09g38755)的基因组区域内。与PmAS846基因紧密连锁或共分离的标记用于扩增该基因的载体材料、含有其他抗白粉病基因的材料及不含抗白粉病基因的材料，发现标记RG-36976、BJ261635、AL819406、RG-37900、FCP1和BI955376都能将含有PmAS846基因的载体材料与其他材料区分开，说明这6个标记都能够用于PmAS846基因的分子标记辅助选择。
4.结合组织侵染学观察，利用Affymetrix小麦基因芯片分析小麦新种质N9134在白粉菌生理小种E09胁迫下的表达谱。共筛选出2,408个差异表达基因，在接种后24h、48h和72h分别筛选到1,771、995和575个，上调表达的基因数分别为1,271、762和537个，其余为下调表达基因。选取其中的21个基因进行qRT-PCR分析，证实了基因芯片筛选结果的可靠性。2,408个差异表达基因的SOM聚类分析表明，这些基因随时间共有9种变化趋势。差异表达基因的GO分类表明，除参与代谢过程和细胞过程外，具有响应外界刺激的探针数占到10%。差异表达基因主要涉及过氧化物酶、β-1-3-葡聚糖酶、细胞色素P450、病程相关蛋白、葡糖苷酶、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶、几丁质酶、奇异果甜蛋白、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、蛋白酶抑制剂以及抗病蛋白等，这些基因是参与抗白粉病代谢调控网络中的重要基因。
5.利用小麦5B染色体上已定位的EST和比较基因组学，定位了部分差异表达的抗病相关基因。利用RACE技术克隆了一个定位于5BL14-0.75-0.76内的探针Ta.25929.1.A1_at，基因Ta.25929(RGA-36976)的cDNA全长为2543bp，编码721个氨基酸，具有NB-ARC和LRR抗病基因结构域，属抗病蛋白家族。DNA序列分析发现该基因包含两个外显子，利用该基因5’端内含子在抗感材料中的长短不同设计InDel引物RG-36976，发现该基因与PmAS846紧密连锁，但不是其候选基因。
Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is aserious fungal disease of wheat worldwide and perennial occurred in the wheat growing areasof China. Deployment of resistant cultivars provides an effective approach for disease controlto eliminate the use of fungicides and minimize crop losses. Resistance gene diversity can berealized by searching for largely untapped of the rich genetic resources in wheat landraces andtheir wild relatives. The closely linked molecular markers with resistance gene can be used toquickly introgress the desired genes into commercial varieties or pyramiding differentresistance genes into a single genotype/cultivar for broad-spectrum resistance in wheatbreeding programs. Elucidating the molecular basis of plant disease resistance offers furtherpossibilities for durable resistance.
The resistant Chinese wheat landrace (Triticum aestivum L.) Baihulu carrying the mlbhlgene and the common wheat lines N9134and N9738carrying the gene PmAS846introgressedfrom wild emmer accession As846(Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides) were used toresistance spectrum analysis, molecular marker and comparative genomics analysis, in orderto map the powdery mildew resistance genes and get the closely linked markers formarker-assisted selection (MAS). Meanwhile, wheat microarray was used to investigate thetranscriptome patterns of N9134and possible defense processes regulated by PmAS846afterinoculation with Bgt isolate E09. The main results are included as follows:
1. Chinese wheat landrace Baihulu confers a high level of resistance against a wide rangeof Bgt races, especially those currently prevailing physiological races in Shaanxi. Toinvestigate the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance and detect adjacent molecularmarkers, we constructed a segregating population of301F2plants and corresponding F3families derived from Baihulu/Shaanyou225. Genetic analysis revealed that a singledominant gene was responsible for seedling stage powdery mildew resistance in Baihulu. A genetic map comprising of Xgwm106, Xgwm337, Xgwm1675, Xgwm603, Xgwm789,Xbarc229, Xgpw4503, Xcfd72, Xcfd83, Xcfd59, Xcfd19and mlbhl spanned28.2cM onchromosome1D. All markers were inherited co-dominantly. Xgwm603/Xgwm789andXbarc229were flanking markers tightly linked to mlbhl at genetic distances of1.5and1.0cM,respectively. The mlbhl locus was located in chromosome bin1DS0.59-1.00delimited by theSSR markers Xgwm337and Xbarc229.
Gene mlbhl was located in the same or a similar chromosomal region to Pm24. Whentested with a differential array of23Bgt isolates, Baihulu displayed a response pattern thatwas clearly distinguishable from that of Chiyacao and the varieties or lines possessingdocumented Pm genes. Allelism analysis indicated that it represented a new gene, eitherallelic or closely linked with Pm24or resided at a tightly linked locus in a gene cluster. Thenew gene was designated Pm24b.
2. Gene PmAS846provides a potent resistance that is effective against21Chinese Bgtisolates with different virulence patterns. The common wheat line N9134and N9738arehighly resistant to Shaanxi prevailing races at both seedling and adult stages. Genetic analysisof two F2population and their F3families, developed from the cross of N9738/Huixianhongand N9134/Shaanyou225, indicated that N9134and N9738carrying one dominant resistancegene. A set of common wheat nullisomic (monosomic) lines were used to analyze thechromosomal location of PmAS846. The result revealed that PmAS846was located on wheatchromosome5B. Microsatellite markers on wheat chromosome5B were screened forpolymorphisms between parents and bulks. Genetic linkage map of PmAS846was constructedwith sixteen microsatellite markers. The two flanking markers Xgpw3191and XFCP1mappedPmAS846in chromosome bin5BL-0.75-0.76.
3. The high level of collinearity exists between wheat chromosome5BL, Brachypodiumchromosome4and rice chromosome9. To develop additional markers, synteny betweenwheat, Brachypodium and rice was used to develop closely linked molecular markers toreduce the genetic interval around PmAS846. Twenty-six expressed sequence tag(EST)-derived markers were mapped to the PmAS846locus. A high resolution genetic mapfor PmAS846locus was constructed. The PmAS846locus was delineated to a0.8cM intervalflanked by the EST marker BG904722on the proximal side and the EST marker CJ840011onthe distal side. Five markers co-segregated with PmAS846in the F2population ofN9134/Shaanyou225. The markers order is conserved between wheat and Brachypodium, butrearrangements are present in rice. Two markers, BJ261635and CJ840011flanked PmAS846 and narrowed PmAS846to a region that is collinear with197kb and112kb genomic regionson Brachypodium chromosome4and rice chromosome9, respectively. The genes located onthe corresponding homologous regions in Brachypodium, rice and barley could be consideredfor further marker saturation and identification of potential candidate genes for PmAS846. Themarkers co-segregating with PmAS846provide a potential target site for positional cloning ofPmAS846.
In order to evaluate the potential use of markers linked with PmAS846in MAS, theco-segregating or closely linked markers were validated on a number of resistant andsusceptible wheat genotypes. Specific resistant band types amplified by markers RG-36976,BJ261635, AL819406, RG-37900, FCP1and BI955376were only present in genotypescarrying PmAS846, but absent in other cultivars and lines without PmAS846, indicating thatthese markers particularly useful for MAS of PmAS846in wheat breeding programs.
4. To ascertain the global framework of N9134gene expression during Bgt invasion, weanalyzed of55,052host genes interactions between wheat and Bgt. Combined histopathologyanalysis, Affymetrix wheat genome array was used to identify Bgt-induced genes, expressionpatterns and possible defense processes regulated by PmAS846in N9134. The significanceanalysis of microarrays (SAM) was used to identify transcripts that showed a differentiallyexpressed between Bgt inoculated and mock-inoculated. A total of2,408probe sets werefound to be more than2fold change expressed in at least one time point. To verify themicroarray data, quantitative RT-PCR time course analyses was carried out on21randomlyselected differentially expressed transcripts. The results of quantitative RT-PCR analysisconfirmed the reliability of the microarray data. To identify groups of genes with similarexpression patterns, a SOM analysis was carried out and the2,408probe sets were clusteredinto9groups. N9134exhibits both induction and repression of large sets of gene transcriptsduring Bgt infection. Among the2,408genes, there were homology of many genes linked topathogenesis-related genes, defense and stress response genes, signal transduction andtranscription factor genes involved in phenylpropanoid pathway, and resistance geneanalogues (RGAs). Genes encoding the pathogenesis related (PR) proteins, including theBeta-1,-3-glucanase, chitinases, protease inhibitor and thaumatin-like proteins were induced.
5. Use of chromosome bin map of16,000ESTs loci and comparative genomics, a part ofdifferentially expressed genes related to disease resistant were mapped to wheat chromosomal5BL and the PmAS846interval. The probe set Ta.25929.1.A1_at, which was considered as acandidate disease resistant gene was located in the physical bin5BL14-0.75-0.76. The cDNA sequence of gene RGA-36976(Ta.25929) is2,543bp encoding a protein with721amino acids,and has a functional domain of NB-ACR and LRR. To characterize the relationship betweenRGA-36976and PmAS846, marker RG-36976was developed from introne sequencesinsertions/deletions (InDels) between resistant and susceptible parents. RG-36976was locatedon the proximal side of PmAS846in the genetic linkage map of the PmAS846. ThereforeRGA-36976was not the candidate genes but closely linked with PmAS846.
1.白葫芦和感白粉病材料陕优225杂交组合的F2代301个单株及其F3家系的遗传分析表明，白葫芦对E09的抗性由一对显性基因控制。构建了抗白粉病基因mlbhl的分子标记连锁图谱，包含11个共显性SSR标记，其中标记Xgwm603(Xgwm789)和Xbarc229位于mlbhl两侧，遗传距离分别为1.5和1.0cM。基因两翼标记的缺失系定位将mlbhl定位在1DS染色体bin0.59-1.00物理区段。基因mlbhl与小麦农家品种齿牙糙携带的抗白粉病基因Pm24位于相同的染色体区段。抗谱分析显示白葫芦与齿牙糙对6个白粉菌生理小种的反应型不同；等位性测验表明，mlbhl与Pm24是等位或非常紧密连锁的一个新基因，已被正式命名为抗白粉病基因Pm24b。
2.抗谱分析表明，N9134对来自我国不同生态区的21个已知毒性的白粉菌小种均表现免疫或高抗。N9738及其亲本N9134苗期和成株期对陕西关中地区流行白粉菌系同样表现高抗或免疫。N9738与感白粉病品种辉县红杂交组合以及N9134与陕优225杂交组合的F2代和F3家系的遗传分析证实N9134和N9738苗期抗性由1对显性抗白粉病基因控制，即来自于野生二粒小麦As846的白粉病抗性基因PmAS846。单(缺)体分析将该基因定位在小麦5B染色体上。构建了包含16个SSR标记在内的PmAS846基因的分子标记连锁图谱，其中Xgpw3191和XFCP1位于PmAS846基因的侧翼，用5B染色体缺失系将该基因定位于5BL14-0.75-0.76区域。
3. PmAS846基因所在小麦染色体区域与水稻第9染色体及短柄草第4染色体有着良好的共线性关系。为进一步加密PmAS846基因的遗传连锁图谱，本研究利用比较基因组学开发并筛选到26个与PmAS846基因紧密连锁或共分离的基于EST序列的各种标记。利用这些连锁标记和比较基因组学信息，构建了PmAS846基因的高密度比较连锁图谱。标记BG904722和CJ840011为PmAS846的侧翼标记，遗传距离分别为0.5cM和0.3cM，标记BJ261635、AL819406、CJ694617、CJ540214和RG-37900与PmAS846共分离。标记BJ261635和CJ840011将PmAS846基因所在染色体区间分别缩小到短柄草第4染色体197kb (Bradi4g37680-Bradi4g37960)和水稻第9染色体112kb(Os09g38520-Os09g38755)的基因组区域内。与PmAS846基因紧密连锁或共分离的标记用于扩增该基因的载体材料、含有其他抗白粉病基因的材料及不含抗白粉病基因的材料，发现标记RG-36976、BJ261635、AL819406、RG-37900、FCP1和BI955376都能将含有PmAS846基因的载体材料与其他材料区分开，说明这6个标记都能够用于PmAS846基因的分子标记辅助选择。
4.结合组织侵染学观察，利用Affymetrix小麦基因芯片分析小麦新种质N9134在白粉菌生理小种E09胁迫下的表达谱。共筛选出2,408个差异表达基因，在接种后24h、48h和72h分别筛选到1,771、995和575个，上调表达的基因数分别为1,271、762和537个，其余为下调表达基因。选取其中的21个基因进行qRT-PCR分析，证实了基因芯片筛选结果的可靠性。2,408个差异表达基因的SOM聚类分析表明，这些基因随时间共有9种变化趋势。差异表达基因的GO分类表明，除参与代谢过程和细胞过程外，具有响应外界刺激的探针数占到10%。差异表达基因主要涉及过氧化物酶、β-1-3-葡聚糖酶、细胞色素P450、病程相关蛋白、葡糖苷酶、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶、几丁质酶、奇异果甜蛋白、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、蛋白酶抑制剂以及抗病蛋白等，这些基因是参与抗白粉病代谢调控网络中的重要基因。
5.利用小麦5B染色体上已定位的EST和比较基因组学，定位了部分差异表达的抗病相关基因。利用RACE技术克隆了一个定位于5BL14-0.75-0.76内的探针Ta.25929.1.A1_at，基因Ta.25929(RGA-36976)的cDNA全长为2543bp，编码721个氨基酸，具有NB-ARC和LRR抗病基因结构域，属抗病蛋白家族。DNA序列分析发现该基因包含两个外显子，利用该基因5’端内含子在抗感材料中的长短不同设计InDel引物RG-36976，发现该基因与PmAS846紧密连锁，但不是其候选基因。
Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is aserious fungal disease of wheat worldwide and perennial occurred in the wheat growing areasof China. Deployment of resistant cultivars provides an effective approach for disease controlto eliminate the use of fungicides and minimize crop losses. Resistance gene diversity can berealized by searching for largely untapped of the rich genetic resources in wheat landraces andtheir wild relatives. The closely linked molecular markers with resistance gene can be used toquickly introgress the desired genes into commercial varieties or pyramiding differentresistance genes into a single genotype/cultivar for broad-spectrum resistance in wheatbreeding programs. Elucidating the molecular basis of plant disease resistance offers furtherpossibilities for durable resistance.
The resistant Chinese wheat landrace (Triticum aestivum L.) Baihulu carrying the mlbhlgene and the common wheat lines N9134and N9738carrying the gene PmAS846introgressedfrom wild emmer accession As846(Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides) were used toresistance spectrum analysis, molecular marker and comparative genomics analysis, in orderto map the powdery mildew resistance genes and get the closely linked markers formarker-assisted selection (MAS). Meanwhile, wheat microarray was used to investigate thetranscriptome patterns of N9134and possible defense processes regulated by PmAS846afterinoculation with Bgt isolate E09. The main results are included as follows:
1. Chinese wheat landrace Baihulu confers a high level of resistance against a wide rangeof Bgt races, especially those currently prevailing physiological races in Shaanxi. Toinvestigate the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance and detect adjacent molecularmarkers, we constructed a segregating population of301F2plants and corresponding F3families derived from Baihulu/Shaanyou225. Genetic analysis revealed that a singledominant gene was responsible for seedling stage powdery mildew resistance in Baihulu. A genetic map comprising of Xgwm106, Xgwm337, Xgwm1675, Xgwm603, Xgwm789,Xbarc229, Xgpw4503, Xcfd72, Xcfd83, Xcfd59, Xcfd19and mlbhl spanned28.2cM onchromosome1D. All markers were inherited co-dominantly. Xgwm603/Xgwm789andXbarc229were flanking markers tightly linked to mlbhl at genetic distances of1.5and1.0cM,respectively. The mlbhl locus was located in chromosome bin1DS0.59-1.00delimited by theSSR markers Xgwm337and Xbarc229.
Gene mlbhl was located in the same or a similar chromosomal region to Pm24. Whentested with a differential array of23Bgt isolates, Baihulu displayed a response pattern thatwas clearly distinguishable from that of Chiyacao and the varieties or lines possessingdocumented Pm genes. Allelism analysis indicated that it represented a new gene, eitherallelic or closely linked with Pm24or resided at a tightly linked locus in a gene cluster. Thenew gene was designated Pm24b.
2. Gene PmAS846provides a potent resistance that is effective against21Chinese Bgtisolates with different virulence patterns. The common wheat line N9134and N9738arehighly resistant to Shaanxi prevailing races at both seedling and adult stages. Genetic analysisof two F2population and their F3families, developed from the cross of N9738/Huixianhongand N9134/Shaanyou225, indicated that N9134and N9738carrying one dominant resistancegene. A set of common wheat nullisomic (monosomic) lines were used to analyze thechromosomal location of PmAS846. The result revealed that PmAS846was located on wheatchromosome5B. Microsatellite markers on wheat chromosome5B were screened forpolymorphisms between parents and bulks. Genetic linkage map of PmAS846was constructedwith sixteen microsatellite markers. The two flanking markers Xgpw3191and XFCP1mappedPmAS846in chromosome bin5BL-0.75-0.76.
3. The high level of collinearity exists between wheat chromosome5BL, Brachypodiumchromosome4and rice chromosome9. To develop additional markers, synteny betweenwheat, Brachypodium and rice was used to develop closely linked molecular markers toreduce the genetic interval around PmAS846. Twenty-six expressed sequence tag(EST)-derived markers were mapped to the PmAS846locus. A high resolution genetic mapfor PmAS846locus was constructed. The PmAS846locus was delineated to a0.8cM intervalflanked by the EST marker BG904722on the proximal side and the EST marker CJ840011onthe distal side. Five markers co-segregated with PmAS846in the F2population ofN9134/Shaanyou225. The markers order is conserved between wheat and Brachypodium, butrearrangements are present in rice. Two markers, BJ261635and CJ840011flanked PmAS846 and narrowed PmAS846to a region that is collinear with197kb and112kb genomic regionson Brachypodium chromosome4and rice chromosome9, respectively. The genes located onthe corresponding homologous regions in Brachypodium, rice and barley could be consideredfor further marker saturation and identification of potential candidate genes for PmAS846. Themarkers co-segregating with PmAS846provide a potential target site for positional cloning ofPmAS846.
In order to evaluate the potential use of markers linked with PmAS846in MAS, theco-segregating or closely linked markers were validated on a number of resistant andsusceptible wheat genotypes. Specific resistant band types amplified by markers RG-36976,BJ261635, AL819406, RG-37900, FCP1and BI955376were only present in genotypescarrying PmAS846, but absent in other cultivars and lines without PmAS846, indicating thatthese markers particularly useful for MAS of PmAS846in wheat breeding programs.
4. To ascertain the global framework of N9134gene expression during Bgt invasion, weanalyzed of55,052host genes interactions between wheat and Bgt. Combined histopathologyanalysis, Affymetrix wheat genome array was used to identify Bgt-induced genes, expressionpatterns and possible defense processes regulated by PmAS846in N9134. The significanceanalysis of microarrays (SAM) was used to identify transcripts that showed a differentiallyexpressed between Bgt inoculated and mock-inoculated. A total of2,408probe sets werefound to be more than2fold change expressed in at least one time point. To verify themicroarray data, quantitative RT-PCR time course analyses was carried out on21randomlyselected differentially expressed transcripts. The results of quantitative RT-PCR analysisconfirmed the reliability of the microarray data. To identify groups of genes with similarexpression patterns, a SOM analysis was carried out and the2,408probe sets were clusteredinto9groups. N9134exhibits both induction and repression of large sets of gene transcriptsduring Bgt infection. Among the2,408genes, there were homology of many genes linked topathogenesis-related genes, defense and stress response genes, signal transduction andtranscription factor genes involved in phenylpropanoid pathway, and resistance geneanalogues (RGAs). Genes encoding the pathogenesis related (PR) proteins, including theBeta-1,-3-glucanase, chitinases, protease inhibitor and thaumatin-like proteins were induced.
5. Use of chromosome bin map of16,000ESTs loci and comparative genomics, a part ofdifferentially expressed genes related to disease resistant were mapped to wheat chromosomal5BL and the PmAS846interval. The probe set Ta.25929.1.A1_at, which was considered as acandidate disease resistant gene was located in the physical bin5BL14-0.75-0.76. The cDNA sequence of gene RGA-36976(Ta.25929) is2,543bp encoding a protein with721amino acids,and has a functional domain of NB-ACR and LRR. To characterize the relationship betweenRGA-36976and PmAS846, marker RG-36976was developed from introne sequencesinsertions/deletions (InDels) between resistant and susceptible parents. RG-36976was locatedon the proximal side of PmAS846in the genetic linkage map of the PmAS846. ThereforeRGA-36976was not the candidate genes but closely linked with PmAS846.
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