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新中国行政区划变迁研究
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摘要
对改革开放以来中国行政区划的变迁影响因素进行分析,在于了解中国政治体制中区域行政管理的变迁动力及路径特征。
     现行中国关于行政区划变迁的研究,以规范分析或案例分析、总结为主,缺乏一个公认的理论体系支撑,现行研究由于关注角度不一样,对新中国行政区划改革分析有诸多不一致甚至可能有冲突的结论和建议。而中国的行政区划改革正处在一边实践一边寻求理论支撑的过程中,理论的不一致性和滞后可能导致改革实践无所适从。与此同时,随着制度经济学的理论体系的不断完善,被社会学家及经济学家们广泛的用于解释各国(区域)的制度结构及变迁选择、绩效特征。制度经济学理论也为中国学者分析中国改革开放以来的各类制度变迁提供了可用的理论体系。行政区划是国家对地域的行政管理制度,以制度经济学理论为基础构建行政区划变迁的理论框架并揭示其内在机理是可行的。
     制度经济学认为制度变迁是指一种制度框架的创新和被打破,是以制度效率作为标准进行的再调整过程。一般来讲,制度变迁有“自下而上”的制度变迁,指由个人或一群人,受新制度获利机会的引诱,自发倡导、组织和实现的制度变迁;而“自上而下”的制度变迁,是指由政府充当第一行动集团,以政府命令和法律形式引入和实行的制度变迁;以制度经济学理论为基础,本文构建了新中国行政区划变迁的理论框架,并从理论和实证的角度分析新中国行政区划变迁的内外在动力,行政区划变迁的经济绩效,及其行政区划的变迁路径选择。
     具体的,本文做了以下工作:
     1、第二章首先分析了政府的多元化目标和对应复杂的行为特征。正是由于地域行政管理目标的多元化,使行政区划对应的各层级行政组织行为比企业更难以监督、激励。当行政区划多个目标中某方面的权重变大,将会导致各层级的行为发生改变。故而人们更普遍的认为现实中行政区划是政治集权或强权利益体博弈成功的结果。
     那么如何描述行政区划设置的有效性呢?这是行政区划设置的基本,是任何利益主体来运行它都必须明确的问题。本文提出在市场经济条件下行政区划设置以其运行效率或是运行成本的最小化为根本。以此构建了行政区划结构运行成本最小化的理论模型,来分析各构成因素之间的相互制约关系。分析结论表明:任何理论上行政区划结构效率方面的调整都存在特定的代价。即无论是行政区划结构的扁平化或是一体化都是监督成本、协调成本权衡的结果
     2、按照分析框架,第二章分析改革开放以来中国的地方行政区划从结构和功能方面变迁及动力因素。职能变迁体现行政区的权利和利益规则的调整,结构变迁体现为行政区划各层级(地(市)一县)规模比例的变化。第三章实证分析了影响改革开放以来中国行政区划结构变迁动力因素。按照利用1997、2000、2005、2008年中国主要省区的面板数据,验证了现行学者对中国制度变迁动力的描述,即中国行政区划变迁属于“诱致性制度变迁”为主要推动力,辅之以强制性变迁的特征。
     3、本文第四章分析行政区划变迁与区域经济绩效的关系。制度变迁与区域经济绩效的关系是制度经济学的核心议题。因为特定地域的行政管理制度决定区域权力和资源、利益分配关系,也决定了权力与资源使用的边界,决定了对区域内各种资源占有和使用方式,也就一定影响对应的经济绩效。本文假定行政区划的层级结构和一定的资源占用规模相对应,选取行政区划结构数据和经济绩效数据,利用面板数据方法,实证分析了行政区划结构变迁与经济绩效的关系。研究结果表明:现行中国县级行政区划规模变化对地区的经济增长产生正向的促进作用,而地区级行政区划规模变化对经济绩效的影响不显著。本文还进一步研究了利用政府财政投入于地级重点城市的经济绩效。结论表明:地级中心城市财政支出的规模变化与经济增长的关系呈倒U型关系,说明了利用行政权力(财政支出)对地级中心城市的支持,产生的经济增长效应只是显现在一定阶段(初期),并说明发展地级市(中心城市)而实现更快城市化的效应是有限的。
     4、本文第五章分析中国行政区划变迁路径选择的实践:论文将现行中国的行政区划改革路径主要分为“强县扩权”和“扩权强县”,区分两条路径差异的思想是:制度调整促进经济发展还是具备了一定的经济基础可以有效地促进制度创新,并进而促进区域经济绩效。论文以东部、西部地区实施的结果进行了案例分析,发现“强县扩权”更容易实施,并且已经和地域经济发展形成良好的相互促进关系。“扩权强县”在西部的实践中,县域行政管理积极性有显著提高,但在区域经济发展发展产生的正向影响尚不明确。
The analysis on the influence factors of the changes in the new China administrative division consists in learning about the dynamics of changes and the path features in administrative of regions under Chinese political system
     By summarizing the studies on current reforms of Chinese administrative divisions, we found that as lack of necessary supporting in theory some scholars studied in different point of view, these led to a lot of inconsistencies and even conflict conclusions in analyzing the motivations and paths of new China administrative division. But the reforms are in the process of searching for theoretical support while it is going. The consistency of theory may lead to the practice being at a loss. The paper tries to build a theoretical framework of the administrative division changes on the basis of the principles of system economics.
     The principle of system economics tells us that the system changes are innovations of system framework. In general, the system changes are "bottom-up" system changes which initiated by an individual or a group of people who are lured by the profits of the new systems. It is also known as an induced system evolution. But the "top-down" system changes are initiated by government in the way of government orders and legal form. It is also known as a mandatory system evolution. The paper builds a new theoretical framework of new China administrative division in accordance with the thinking of system economics. And try to analysis the intrinsic and external motivation of the changes of the new China administrative division.The external motivation is a "bottom-up" push power of system economics. And the request of government's inherent efficiency is realized by mandatory system changes.
     The main works of the paper are as follows:
     1. The chapter Ⅱ of the paper set up function about administrative division and analysis the functions and characters of different hierarchy. Analysis shows that the administrative division set up diversity goals. Thus the behavior of corresponding administration organization is more difficult to supervise and encourage than that of enterprises. The weight changing of a certain goal will causes the behavior changing of all levels. But only the cost of the administrative division structure is one of the aspects that can directly measure the efficiency of administration. In this chapter we analyze the theoretical model of cost minimization of the administrative division structure, and come to the conclusion:Whether the oblate or the integrated structure of the administrative division is the result of balance of the monitoring costs and coordination costs.
     2. The Chapter III of the paper analyzes the internal and external factors which impact the changes of the administrative division of new China. By using the data of major Chinese provinces and autonomous regions of1997,1999,2000,2001,2003and2005, we empirically analyzed the motivation source of Chinese administrative division changes, and come to the conclusion that the external factors have a positive impact.
     3. The chapter IV of the paper analyzes the relations of administrative division and economic performance. The administrative division decides the distribution relationship of the rights and interests, and also decides the borders of rights the using of resources including the possession and the use of various resources in specific region, thus it must decides the corresponding economic performance. The paper assumes that the structure of administrative division corresponds with the scale of resources occupying, and selects the data of administrative division and economic performance, empirically analyzes the relations of administration division and economic performance in2004-2005panel data method. The conclusion shows that current administrative division of China created no positive impact on the region's economic growth. The further analysis shows it is an inverted U-relationship between the scale of fiscal expenditures of regional central cities and its economic growth. It indicates that the supports of executive power (fiscal expenditures) bring economic growth of the regional central cities just in certain period (preliminary stage), and it also indicates that the effects of developing the regional central cities are limited in the course of urbanization.
     4. The chapter VI of the paper reflect the reform practices of Chinese administrative division. Taking advantage of our analytical framework we found that the result of adjustment of administrative division will not always follow the principle of efficiency but the result of the game among multi-subjects and cost weighing, because of the existence of diversity goals of the reform and the running costs. The reforms of administrative division especially the actualizing of province-govern-county can not be realized in all regions successfully and efficiently. Only when the beneficiaries of the reform are more influential can promote the administrative division towards efficiency. Study shows that the developed regions especially the regions with developed county economy will take the lead in the implementation of flatten administrative division. Paper also does a theoretical analysis to indicators about additional provinces and selecting municipalities, and puts a set of quantitative indicators for innovation the implementation of flatten administrative
引文
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