华北平原大型灌区生态水文机理与模型研究
|
摘要
华北平原是我国重要的粮食产区，有限的水资源量和大量灌溉用水导致水资源供需矛盾突出。气候变化倍受人们关注，定量把握水分及碳循环的特点是水资源合理配置和CO_2减排的基础。陆气间的水分-能量-碳通量交换是该地区农田生态系统中生态水文的主导过程。因此，本论文从通量观测入手，分析通量交换过程的内在机理，并以此建立农田生态水文模型，用于生态水文过程的重建和预测。
论文以位山引黄灌区作为典型区域，并选择典型农田开展了以“水分-能量-碳”通量为核心的农田生态水文过程观测。不同仪器测量结果的对比表明，通量观测具有较高精度。数据分析表明，蒸散发（ET）年际变异性的主导因素是平衡蒸发，而季节变化的主导因素有平衡蒸发和冠层导度。小麦和玉米生长盛期内，潜热通量占净辐射的比例分别为83%和57%，这一比例的全年平均值为59%。生态系统呼吸（R_(eco)）对温度的响应以及净生态系统交换量（NEE）对太阳辐射的响应均表现出与作物物候密切相关的季节变化特点。R_(eco)的季节变化主要与总初级生产力（GPP）及气温相关，而R_(eco)和GPP的年际变化主要受温度控制。全年来看，该农田为较强的碳汇；考虑作物收割所引起的CO_2释放后，可转变成弱碳源。
基于陆面过程模型SiB2构建了田间尺度水文强化陆面过程模型（HELP）。将HELP与作物生长模型耦合，构建了田间尺度生态水文模型（HELP-C），实现了对作物生长过程的模拟。验证表明，HELP和HELP-C是水分、能量、碳通量模拟的有效工具。将分布式水文模型与HELP（或HELP-C）耦合，构建了灌区尺度分布式生态水文模型。基于遥感归一化植被指数，该模型可用于灌区过去水分及碳循环过程的模拟；基于未来气候情景，模型可用于预测灌区未来水分及碳循环的可能变化。
针对1984~2006年的模拟结果表明，尽管位山灌区降雨的年际变异性较大，但因灌溉的保障，ET的年际变异性较小，且无显著的长期变化趋势。小麦和玉米生长季内，多年平均ET分别为284和314mm，分别占降雨和灌溉总水量的99%和71%。灌区农田年净初级生产力（NPP）、土壤呼吸（Rs）及NEE均无显著的长期变化趋势，但净生物群系生产量显著升高，且小麦NPP显著增长，玉米NPP显著下降。基于未来气候情景的预测结果表明，未来50年内，在充分灌溉条件下，小麦和玉米的ET将分别下降10%和7%，但灌溉需水量变化分别是+1%和-22%；NPP分别上升11%和3%，但Rs变化较小；小麦和玉米产量变化分别为+21%和-3%。
The North China Plain is one of the main crop-producing regions in China.However, limited water resources and large amount of irrigation water use have led toserious water shortage. As the climate change is being much more concerned,quantitative investigation of the water and carbon cycles is essential for efficient watermanagement and CO2sequestration in this region. The coupled water-energy-carbonflux exchanges between land and atmosphere are the dominant ecohydrologicalprocesses in agroecosystems of this region. Therefore, this thesis focused on thevariability of these dominant ecohydrological processes though a long-term fluxobservation, and then attempted to develop an ecohydrological model for exploringvariations in the ecohydrological processes in the past and projecting changes of theseecohydroogical processes in the future.
The Weishan Irrigation District, a typical irrigated area in the North China Plain,was selected as the study area. A flux tower was set up in a typical cropland in thisirrigated area, aiming to observe the water, energy, and carbon fluxes and otherassociated hydro-meteorological elements. The inter-comparison of fluxes observed bydifferent instruments showed that the accuracy of the flux observations was acceptablyhigh. Analysis of the observed data showed that, the interannual variability ofevapotranspiration (ET) was controlled by the equilibrium evaporation, while theintra-annual variability of ET was controlled by both of the equilibrium evaporation andthe canopy conductance. During the peak growth seasons of winter wheat and summermaize, the ratio of latent heat flux to net radiation was83%and57%, respectively.Annual average value of this ratio was59%. In seasonality, the temperature response ofecosystem respiration (R_(eco)) and the light response of net ecosystem exchange (NEE)corresponded closely to the crop phenology. The seasonal variations in R_(eco)wereprimarily controlled by both of the gross primary production (GPP) and air temperature,while the interannual variations in R_(eco)and GPP were primarily controlled by airtemperature. Annually, this cropland was a strong carbon sink, but could be possiblyconverted into a weak carbon source when the grain harvest was taken into account.
A Hydrologically-Enhanced Land Process model (HELP) was developed based onthe Simple Biosphere Model2(SiB2). A field-scale ecohydrological model (HELP coupled with Crop growth model, HELP-C) was then developed through coupling theHELP with a crop growth model, which realized the modeling of crop growth.Validations by the observed data showed that the HELP and HELP-C were effectivetools for simulating water, energy, and carbon fluxes. Finally, a regional-scaleecohydrological model was developed through coupling the HELP (or HELP-C) with adistributed hydrological model. This regional-scale ecohydrological model can be usedfor simulating the historical variations in water and carbon cycles, based on remotelysensed vegetation index. Optionally, this model can be used for projecting the possiblechanges of water and carbon cycles based on the future climate scenarios.
The model simulations during1984~2006showed that the interannual variabilityof ET was small due to the sufficient irrigation even though the interannual variabilityof precipitation was high. Likewise, the annual ET had no significant long-term trend.The accumulated ET in the wheat and maize seasons were284and314mm,respectively, corresponding to99%and71%of the total amount of precipitation andirrigation, respectively. The annual net primary production (NPP), soil respiration (Rs),and NEE showed no significant long-term trend. However, the net biome productionshowed significant increasing trend, and the accumulated NPP in the wheat and maizeseasons showed significant increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Projectionunder the future climate scenarios (2010~2049) and the sufficient irrigation conditionshowed that the ET in the wheat and maize seasons would decrease by10%and7%,respectively. However, the irrigation water requirement of wheat and maize wouldchange by+1%and-22%, respectively. The NPP in the wheat and maize seasons wouldincrease by11%and3%, respectively, but Rsin both crop seasons would change veryslightly. The wheat and maize yields would change by+21%and-3%, respectively.
论文以位山引黄灌区作为典型区域，并选择典型农田开展了以“水分-能量-碳”通量为核心的农田生态水文过程观测。不同仪器测量结果的对比表明，通量观测具有较高精度。数据分析表明，蒸散发（ET）年际变异性的主导因素是平衡蒸发，而季节变化的主导因素有平衡蒸发和冠层导度。小麦和玉米生长盛期内，潜热通量占净辐射的比例分别为83%和57%，这一比例的全年平均值为59%。生态系统呼吸（R_(eco)）对温度的响应以及净生态系统交换量（NEE）对太阳辐射的响应均表现出与作物物候密切相关的季节变化特点。R_(eco)的季节变化主要与总初级生产力（GPP）及气温相关，而R_(eco)和GPP的年际变化主要受温度控制。全年来看，该农田为较强的碳汇；考虑作物收割所引起的CO_2释放后，可转变成弱碳源。
基于陆面过程模型SiB2构建了田间尺度水文强化陆面过程模型（HELP）。将HELP与作物生长模型耦合，构建了田间尺度生态水文模型（HELP-C），实现了对作物生长过程的模拟。验证表明，HELP和HELP-C是水分、能量、碳通量模拟的有效工具。将分布式水文模型与HELP（或HELP-C）耦合，构建了灌区尺度分布式生态水文模型。基于遥感归一化植被指数，该模型可用于灌区过去水分及碳循环过程的模拟；基于未来气候情景，模型可用于预测灌区未来水分及碳循环的可能变化。
针对1984~2006年的模拟结果表明，尽管位山灌区降雨的年际变异性较大，但因灌溉的保障，ET的年际变异性较小，且无显著的长期变化趋势。小麦和玉米生长季内，多年平均ET分别为284和314mm，分别占降雨和灌溉总水量的99%和71%。灌区农田年净初级生产力（NPP）、土壤呼吸（Rs）及NEE均无显著的长期变化趋势，但净生物群系生产量显著升高，且小麦NPP显著增长，玉米NPP显著下降。基于未来气候情景的预测结果表明，未来50年内，在充分灌溉条件下，小麦和玉米的ET将分别下降10%和7%，但灌溉需水量变化分别是+1%和-22%；NPP分别上升11%和3%，但Rs变化较小；小麦和玉米产量变化分别为+21%和-3%。
The North China Plain is one of the main crop-producing regions in China.However, limited water resources and large amount of irrigation water use have led toserious water shortage. As the climate change is being much more concerned,quantitative investigation of the water and carbon cycles is essential for efficient watermanagement and CO2sequestration in this region. The coupled water-energy-carbonflux exchanges between land and atmosphere are the dominant ecohydrologicalprocesses in agroecosystems of this region. Therefore, this thesis focused on thevariability of these dominant ecohydrological processes though a long-term fluxobservation, and then attempted to develop an ecohydrological model for exploringvariations in the ecohydrological processes in the past and projecting changes of theseecohydroogical processes in the future.
The Weishan Irrigation District, a typical irrigated area in the North China Plain,was selected as the study area. A flux tower was set up in a typical cropland in thisirrigated area, aiming to observe the water, energy, and carbon fluxes and otherassociated hydro-meteorological elements. The inter-comparison of fluxes observed bydifferent instruments showed that the accuracy of the flux observations was acceptablyhigh. Analysis of the observed data showed that, the interannual variability ofevapotranspiration (ET) was controlled by the equilibrium evaporation, while theintra-annual variability of ET was controlled by both of the equilibrium evaporation andthe canopy conductance. During the peak growth seasons of winter wheat and summermaize, the ratio of latent heat flux to net radiation was83%and57%, respectively.Annual average value of this ratio was59%. In seasonality, the temperature response ofecosystem respiration (R_(eco)) and the light response of net ecosystem exchange (NEE)corresponded closely to the crop phenology. The seasonal variations in R_(eco)wereprimarily controlled by both of the gross primary production (GPP) and air temperature,while the interannual variations in R_(eco)and GPP were primarily controlled by airtemperature. Annually, this cropland was a strong carbon sink, but could be possiblyconverted into a weak carbon source when the grain harvest was taken into account.
A Hydrologically-Enhanced Land Process model (HELP) was developed based onthe Simple Biosphere Model2(SiB2). A field-scale ecohydrological model (HELP coupled with Crop growth model, HELP-C) was then developed through coupling theHELP with a crop growth model, which realized the modeling of crop growth.Validations by the observed data showed that the HELP and HELP-C were effectivetools for simulating water, energy, and carbon fluxes. Finally, a regional-scaleecohydrological model was developed through coupling the HELP (or HELP-C) with adistributed hydrological model. This regional-scale ecohydrological model can be usedfor simulating the historical variations in water and carbon cycles, based on remotelysensed vegetation index. Optionally, this model can be used for projecting the possiblechanges of water and carbon cycles based on the future climate scenarios.
The model simulations during1984~2006showed that the interannual variabilityof ET was small due to the sufficient irrigation even though the interannual variabilityof precipitation was high. Likewise, the annual ET had no significant long-term trend.The accumulated ET in the wheat and maize seasons were284and314mm,respectively, corresponding to99%and71%of the total amount of precipitation andirrigation, respectively. The annual net primary production (NPP), soil respiration (Rs),and NEE showed no significant long-term trend. However, the net biome productionshowed significant increasing trend, and the accumulated NPP in the wheat and maizeseasons showed significant increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Projectionunder the future climate scenarios (2010~2049) and the sufficient irrigation conditionshowed that the ET in the wheat and maize seasons would decrease by10%and7%,respectively. However, the irrigation water requirement of wheat and maize wouldchange by+1%and-22%, respectively. The NPP in the wheat and maize seasons wouldincrease by11%and3%, respectively, but Rsin both crop seasons would change veryslightly. The wheat and maize yields would change by+21%and-3%, respectively.
引文
Ainsworth E A and Long S P. What have we leanred from15years of free-air CO2enrichment(FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responsed of photosynthesis, canopy properties andplant production to rising CO2. New Phytologist,2005,165:351-372.
Aires L M I, Pio C A, and Pereira J S. Carbon dioxide exchange above a Mediterranean C3/C4grassland during two climatologically contrasting years. Global Change Biology,2008,14:539-555.
Allen R G, Pereira L S, Howell T A, et al. Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factorsgoverning measurement accuracy. Agricultural Water Management,2011,doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.015.
Amthor J S. Effects of atmospheric CO2concentration on wheat yield: review of results fromexperiments using various approaches to control CO2concentration. Field Crop Research,2001,73:1–34.
Anthoni P M, Freibauer A, Kolle O, et al. Winter wheat carbon exchange in Thuringia, Germany.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004a,121:55-67.
Anthoni P M, Knohl A, Rebmann C, et al. Forest and agricultural land-use-dependent CO2exchangein Thuringia, Germany. Global Change Biology,2004b,10:2005-2019.
Arain M A, Black T A, Barr A G. Year-round observations of the energy and water vapour fluxesabove a boreal black spruce forest. Hydrological Processes,2003,17:3581-3600.
Arora V K and Boer G J. A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystemcomponent of climate models. Global Change Biololgy,2005,11:39-59.
Aubinet M, Grelle A, Ibrom A, et al. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange offorests: The EUROFLUX methodology. Advances in Ecological Research,2000,30:113-175.
Baker I T, Dennin A S, Hanan N, et al. Simulated and observed fluxes of sensible and latent heat andCO2at the WLEF-TV tower using SiB2.5. Global Change Biololgy,2003,9:1262-1277.
Baker I T, Prihodko L, Denning A.S, et al. Seasonal drought stress in the Amazon: Reconcilingmodels and observation. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113, G00B01,doi:10.1029/2007JG000644.
Baker J M, Griffis T J. Examining strategies to improve the carbon balance of corn/soybeanagriculture using eddy covariance and mass balance techniques. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2005,128:163-177.
Baldocchi D D and Wilson K B. Modeling CO2and water vapor exchange of a temperatebroadleaved forest across hourly to decadal time scales. Ecological Modelling,2001,142:155-184.
Baldocchi D D, Falge E, Gu L, et al. FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatialvariability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. BulletinAmerican Meteorological Society,2001,82:2415-2434.
Baldocchi D D, Xu L, Kiang N. How plant functional-type, weather, seasonal drought, and soilphysical properties alter water and energy fluxes of an oak-grass savanna and an annualgrassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,123:13-39.
Baldocchi D D. A comparative study of mass and energy exchange over a closed C3(wheat) and anopen C4(corn) canopy: I. The partitioning of available energy into latent and sensible heatexchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1994,67:191-220.
Ball J T, Woodrow I E, Berry J A. A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution tothe control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. In: Biggens, J.(Ed.),Progress in Photosynthesis Research. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht,1987, pp.221–224.
Barton C V M, Ellsworth D S, Medlyn B E, et al. Whole-tree chambers for elevated atmosphericCO2experimentation and tree scale flux measurements in south-eastern Australia: TheHawkesbury Forest Experiment. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2010,150:7-8.
Boegh E, Thorsen M, Butts M B. Incorporating remote sensing data in physically based distributedagro-hydrological modeling. Journal of Hydrology,2004,287:279-299.
Bogena H, Schulz K, and Vereecken H. Towards a network of observatories in terrestrialenvironmental reserch. Advances in Geosciences,2006,9:1-6.
Bondeau A, Smith P C, Zaehle S, et al. Modelling the role of agriculture for the20thcentury globalterrestrial carbon balance. Global Change Biology,2007,13:679-706.
Braun F J and Schadler G. Comparison of soil hydraulic parameterizations for mesoscalemeteorological models. Journal of Applied Meteorology,2005,44:1116-1132.
Brown M, Whitehead D, Hunt J E, et al. Regulation of soil surface respiration in a grazed pasture inNew Zealand. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2009,149:205-213.
Brümmer C, Falk U, Papen H, et al. Diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variatioin in carbon dioxideand energy exchange in shrub savanna in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Journal of GeophysicalResearch.2008,113, G02030, doi:10.1029/2007JG000583.
Burba G G, Verma S B. Seasonal and interannual variability in evapotranspiration of native tallgrassprairie and cultivated wheat ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,135:190-201.
Burn D H and Hag Elnur M A. Detection of hydrologic trends and variability. Journal of Hydrology,2002,255:107-122.
Buyanovsky G A and Wagner G H. Carbon cycling in cultivated land and its global significance.Global Change Biology,1998,4:131-141.
Cai J-B, Liu Y, Xu D, et al. Simulation of the soil water balance of wheat using daily weatherforecast messages to estimate the reference evapotranspiration, Hydrology and Earth SystemSciences,2009,13:1045-1059.
Cai X. Water stress, water transfer and social equity in Northern China-Implications for policyreforms. Journal of Environmental Management,2008,87:14-25.
Cai Z C and Qin S W. Dynamics of crop yields and soil organic carbon in a long-term fertilizationexperiment in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Geoderma,2006,136:708-715.
Calvet J, Noilhan J, Roujean J, et al. An interactive vegetation SVAT model tested against data fromsix contrasting sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,92:73–95.
Cao M K, Prince S D, Li K R, et al. Response of terrestrial carbon uptake to climate interannualvariability in China. Global Change Biology,2003,9:536-546.
Carlson T N and Ripley D A. On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leafarea index. Remote Sensing of Environment,1997,62(3):241-252.
Casanova J J and Judge J. Estimation of energy and moisture fluxes for dynamic vegetation usingcoupled SVAT and crop-growth models. Water Resources Research,2008,44, W07415, doi:10.1029/2007WR006503.
Chehbouni A, Kerr Y H, Watts C, et al. Estimation of area-average sensible heat flux using alarge-aperture scintillometer during the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA)experiment. Water Resources Research,1999,35(8):2505-2511.
Chen J M, Liu J, Cihlar J, et al. Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatialscaling for remote sensing applications. Ecological Modelling,1999,124:99-119.
Chen S-Y, Zhang X-Y, Pei D, et al. Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature, evaporation andyield of winter wheat: field experiments on the North China Plain. Annals of Applied Biology,2007,150:261-268.
Chen X, Hutley L B, Eamus D. Carbon balance of a tropical savanna of northern Australia.Oecologia,2003,137:405-416.
Chen X, Rubin Y, Ma S, et al. Observations and stochastic modeling of soil moisture control onevapotranspiration in a Californian oak savanna. Water Resources Research,2008,44, W08409,doi:10.1029/2007WR006646.
Ciais P, Wattenbach M, Vuichard N, et al. The European carbon balance. Part2: cropland. GlobalChange Biology,2010,16:1409-1428.
Cienciala E and Lindroth A. Gas-exchange and sap flow measurements of Salix viminalis trees inshort-rotation forest. Trees,1995,9:289-294.
Colello G D, Grivet C, Sellers P J, et al. Modeling of energy, water and CO2flux in a temperategrassland ecosystem with SiB2: May–October1987. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1998,55:1141–1169.
Collatz G J, Ball J T, Grivet C, et al. Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatalconductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes the laminar boundarylayer. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1991,54:107-136.
Collatz G J, Berry J A, Farquhar G D, et al. The relationship between Rubisco reaction mechanismand models of leaf photosynthesis. Plant, Cell and Environment,1990,13:219-225.
Collatz G J, Ribas-Carbo M, Ball J A. Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model forleaves of C4plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,1992,19:519–538.
Cong Z, Yang D, Gao B, et al. Hydrological trend analysis in the Yellow River basin using adistributed hydrological model. Water Resources Research,2009,45, W00A13,doi:10.1029/2008WR006852.
Cowan I R. Stomatal behavior and environment. Advanced in Botanical Research,1977,4:117-228.
Cramer W, Kicklighter D W, Bondeau A, et al. Comparing global models of terrestrial net primaryproductivity (NPP): overview and key results. Global Change Biology,1999,5(Suppl.1):1-15.
Dai Y, Zeng X, Dickinson R E, et al. The Common Land Model. Bulletin of the AmericanMeteorological Society,2003,84:1013-1023.
De Bruin H A R, Koshiek W, Van Den Hurk, B J J M. A verification of some methods to determinethe fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and water vapor using standard deviation and structureparameter of scalar meteorological quantities. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1993,63:231-257.
De Bruin H A R, Van Den Hurk B J J M, and KohsiekW. The scintillation method tested over a dryvineyard area. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1995,76:25-40.
de Pury D G G and Farquhar G D. Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canpies withoutthe errors of big-leaf models. Plant, Cell and Environment,1997,20:537-557.
Ding R, Kang S, Li F, et al. Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter ina maize field of northwest China. Agricultural and Water Management,2010,98:87-95.
D ll P. Impact of climate change and variability on irrigation requirements: a global perspective.Climatic Change,2002,54:269-293.
Doran J C, Hubbe J M, Liljegren J C, et al. A technique for determining the spatial and temporaldistributions of surface fluxes of heat and moisture over the Southern Great Plains Cloud andRadiation Testbed. Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:6109–6121.
Drewry D T, Kumar P, Long S, et al. Ecohydrological responses of dense canopies to environmentalvariability:1. Interplay between vertical structure and photosynthetic pathway. Journal ofGeophysical Research,2010,115, G04022, doi:10.1029/2010JG001340.
Emanuel R E, Epstein H E, McGlynn B L, et al. Spatial and temporal controls on watershedecohydrology in the northern Rocky Mountains. Water Resources Research,2010,46, W11553,doi:10.1029/2009WR008890.
Falge E, Baldocchi D D, Olson R, et al. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of netecosystem exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107:43-69.
Falge E, Baldocchi D D, Tenhunen J, et al. Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primaryproduction as derived from FLUXNET measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:53-74.
Fang C and Moncrieff J B. The dependence of soil CO2efflux on temperature. Soil Biology andBiochemistry,2001,33:155-165.
Fang J Y, Guo Z D, Piao S L, et al. Terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks in China,1981-2000, Sciencein China Series D-Earth Sciences,2007,50(9):1341-1350.
Farquhar G D, von Caemmerer S, Berry J A. A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2assimilation in leaves of C3species. Planta,1980,149:78–90.
Feng X, Liu G, Chen J M, et al. Net primary productivity of China’s terrestrial ecosystems from aprocess model driven by remote sensing. Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85:563-573.
Feng Z, Pang J, Kobayashi K, et al. Differential responses in two varieties of winter wheat toelevated ozone concentration under fully open-air field conditions. Global Change Biology,2010, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02184.x.
Fischer G, Tubiello F N, van Velthuizen H, et al. Climate change impacts on irrigation waterrequirements: effects of mitigation,1990-2080. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2007,74:1083-1107.
Flanagan L B, Wever L A, and Carlson P J. Seasonal and interannual variation in carbon dioxideexchange and carbon balance in a northern temperate grassland. Global Change Biology,2002,8:599-615.
Foken Th and Wichura B. Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1996,78:83-105.
Foken Th. The energy balance closure problem: an overview. Ecological Applications,2008,18(6):1351-1367.
Foley J A, Colin P I, Ramankutty N, et al. An integrated biosphere model of land surface process,terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1996,10(4):603-628.
Ford C R, Hubbard R M, Kloeppel B D, et al. A comparison of sap flux-based evapotranspirationestimates with catchment-scale water balance. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,145:176-185.
Fuchs M and Hadas A. Much resistance to water vapor transport. Agricultural Water Management.2011, doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2011.01.008.
Gao Z, Chae N, Kim J, et al. Modeling of surface energy partitioning, surface temperature, and soil
wetness in the Tibetan prairie using the Simple Biosphere Model2(SiB2). Journal ofGeophysical Research,2004,109. D06102, doi:10.1029/2003JD004089.
Gilmanov T G, Verma S B, Sims P L, et al. Gross primary production and light response parametersof four Southern Plains ecosystems estimated using long-term CO2-flux tower measurements.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2003,17(2),1071, doi:10.1029/2002GB002023.
Gitelson A A, Vi a A, Arkebauer T J, et al. Remote estimation of leaf area index and green leafbiomass in maize canopies. Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(5),1148, doi:10.1029/2002GL016450.
Gitelson A A, Wardlow B D, Keydan G P, et al. An evaluation of MODIS250-m data for green LAIestimation in crops. Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34, L20403,doi:10.1029/2007GL031620.
Gong D, Kang S, Yao L, et al. Estimation of evapotranspiration and its components from an appleorchard in northwest China using sap flow and water balance methods. Hydrological Processes,2007,21:931-938.
Goulden M L, Munger J W, Fan S M, et al. Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest:response to interannual climate variability. Science,1996,271:1576-1578.
Grant R F, Zhang Y, Yuan F, et al. Intercomparison of techniques to model water stress effects onCO2and energy exchange in temperate and boreal deciduous forest. Ecolgical Modelling,2006,196:289-312.
Grassi G, Vicinelli E, Ponti F, et al. Seasonal and interannual variability of photosynthetic capacity inrelation to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest plantation in northern Italy. Tree Physiology,2005,25:349-360.
Gu S, Tang Y, Cui X, et al. Energy exchange between the atmosphere and a meadow ecosystem onthe Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,129:175-185.
Hanan N P, Berry J A, Verma S B, et al. Testing a model of CO2, water and energy exchange in GreatPlains tallgrass prairie and wheat ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,131:162-179.
Hao Y, Wang, Y, Huang, X, et al. Seasonal and interannual variation in water vapor and energyexchange over a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,146:57-69.
Hirata R, Hirano T, Saigusa N, et al. Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchangeof a temperate larch forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,147:110-124.
Hoedjes J C B, Zuurbier R M, and Watts C J. Large aperture scintillometer used over a homogeneousirrigated area, partly affected by regional advection. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,105:99-117.
Hollinger S E, Bernacchi C J, Meyers T P. Carbon budget of mature no-till ecosystem in NorthCentral Region of the United States. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,130:59-69.
Hsieh C, Katul G, Chi T. An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes inthermally stratified atmospheric flows. Advances in Water Resources,2000,23:765-772.
Hu Z, Yu G, Fu Y, et al. Effects of vegetation control on ecosystem water use efficiency within andamong four grassland ecosystems in China. Global Change Biology,2008,14:1609-1619.
Huang Y and Sun W J. Changes in topsoil organic carbon of croplands in mainland China over thelast two decades. Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51:1785-1803.
Huang Y, Zhang W, Sun W J, et al. Net primary production of Chinese croplands from1950to1999.Ecological Appllications,2007,17(3):692-701.
Hwang T, Band L, and Hales T C. Ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: Extending optimalitytheory from plot to catchment. Water Resources Research,2009,45, W11425,doi:10.1029/2009WR007775.
Iio A, Yokoyama A, Takano M, et al. Interannual variation in leaf photosynthetic capacity duringsummer in relation o nitrogen, leaf mass per area and climate within a Fagus crenata crown onNaeba Mountain, Janpan. Tree Physiology,2008,28:1421-1429.
IPCC, editor. Climate Change2007: The Physical Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ito the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York,2007.
Ivanov V Y, Bras R L, and Vivoni E R. Vegetation-hydrology dynamics in complex terrain ofsemiarid areas:1. A mechanistic approach to modeling dynamic feedbacks. Water ResourcesResearch,2008,44, W03429, doi:10.1029/2006WR005588.
Jassal R S, Black T A, Novak M D, et al. Effect of soil water stress on soil respiration and itstemperature sensitivity in an18-year-old temperate Douglas-fir stand. Global Change Biology,2008,14:1-14.
Jia B, Zhou G, Wang Y, et al. Effects of temperature and soil water-content on soil respiration ofgrazed and ungrazed Leymus chinensis steppes, Inner Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67:60-76.
Jiang J, Zhang Y, Wegehenkel M, et al. Estimation of soil water content and evapotranspiration fromirrigated cropland on the North China Plain. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2008,171:751-761.
Jiang Z, Yu Q, Lei S, et al. Comparative analysis of temperature and CO2fluxes for winter wheat inTibetan Plain and North China Plain using the EMD method. Progress in Natural Science,2006,16:1066-1071.
Jongen M, Pereira J S, Aires L M I, et al. The effects of drought and timing of precipitation on theinter-annual variation in ecosystem-atmopshere exchange in a Mediterranean grassland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.008.
Ju W, Wang S, Yu G, et al. Modeling the impact of drought on canopy carbon and water fluxes for asubtropical evergreen coniferous plantation in southern China through parameter optimizationusing an ensemble Kalman filter. Biogeosciences,2010,7:845-857.
Ju X T, Liu X J, Zhang F S, et al. Nitrogen fertilization, soil nitrate accumulation, and policyrecommendations in several agricultural regions of China. Ambio,2004,33(6):300-305.
Kalma S, Thorburn P J, and Dunn G M. A comparison of heat pulse and deuterium tractingtechniques for estimating sap flow in Eucalyptus grandis trees. Tree Physiology,1998,18:697-705.
Kang H, Park C, Hameed S N, et al. Statistical downscaling of precipitation in Korea usingmulti-model output variables as predictors. Monthly Weather Review,2009,37:1928-1938,DOI:10.1175/2008MWR2706.
Kang S, Zhang L, Liang Y, et al. Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency ofwinter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management,2002,55:203-216.
Kim S-H, Gitz D C, Sicher R C, et al. Temperature dependence of growth, development, andphotosynthesis in maize under elevated CO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2007,61:224-236.
Kim W, Arai T, Kanae S, et al. Application of the simple biosphere model (SiB2) to a paddy field fora period of growing season in GAME-Tropics. Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan,2001,79:387-400.
Kumar P. Variability, feedback, and cooperative process dynamics: elements of a unifying hydrologictheory. Geography Compass,2007,1/6:1338-1360.
Lasslop G, Reichstein M, Kattge J, et al. Influences of observation errors in eddy flux data oninverse model parameter estimation. Biogeosciences,2008,5:1311-1324.
Lauenroth W K, Wade A A, Williamson M A, et al. Uncertainty in calculations of net primaryproduction for grasslands. Ecosystems,2006,9:843-851.
Lavigne M B, Ryan M G, Anderson D E, et al. Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurementsto estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferousboreal sites. Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102:28977-28985.
Law B E, Baldocchi D D, Anthoni P M. Below-canopy and soil CO2fluxes in a ponderosa pineforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,94:171-188.
Law B E, Williams M, Anthoni P M, et al. Measuring and modeling seasonal variation of carbondioxide and water vapour exchange of a Pinus ponderosa forest subject to soil water deficit.Global Change Biology,2000,6:613-630.
Leakey A D B, Uribelarrea M, Ainsworth E A, et al. Photosynthesis, productivity, and yield of maizeare not affected by open-air elevation of CO2concentration in the absence of drought. PlantPhysiology,2006,140:779–790.
Lee D H and Abriola L M. Use of the Richards equation in land surface parameterizations. Journal ofGeophysical Research,1999,104:27519-27526.
Lei H M and Yang D W. Interannual and seasonal variability in evapotranspiration and energypartitioning over an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2010,158:581-589.
Lei H M and Yang D W. Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchange over acropland in the North China Plain. Global Change Biology,2010,16:2944-2957.
Li H, Zheng L, Lei Y, et al. Estimation of water consumption and crop water productivity of winterwheat in North China Plain using remote sensing technology. Agricultural Water Management,2008,95:1271-1278.
Li J, Yu Q, Sun X, et al. Carbon dioxide exchange and the mechanism of environmental control in afarmland ecosystem in North China Plain. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,2006,49(Supp. II):226-240.
Li L and Yu Q. Quantifying the effects of advection on canopy energy budgets and water useefficiency in an irrigated wheat field in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,2007,89:116-122.
Li S G, Asanuma J, Eugster W, et al. Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange over grazed steppe incentral Mongolia. Global Change Biology,2005,11:1941-1955.
Li X and Koike T. Frozen soil parameterization in SiB2and its validation with GAME-Tibetobservations. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2003,36:165-182.
Li Z, Yu, G, Wen X, et al. Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites. Science in China SeriesD-Earth Sciences,2005,48(Supp):51-62.
Liu C and Xia J. Water problems and hydrological research in the Yellow River and the Huai andHai River basins of China. Hydrological Processes,2004,18:2197-2210.
Liu C, Zhang X and Zhang Y. Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winterwheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter. Agricultural andForest Meteorology,2002,111:109-120.
Liu J, Chen J M, Cihlar J, et al. Net primary productivity distribution in the BOREAS region from aprocess model using satellite and surface data. Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104,27735-27754.
Liu J, Liu M, Tian H, et al. Spatial and temporal patterns of China’s cropland during1990-2000: ananalysis based on Landsat TM data. Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,98:442-456.
Liu S, Mo X, Lin Z, et al. Crop yield responses to climate change in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain ofChina. Agricultural Water Management,2010, doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.001.
Liu S, Xu Z, Wang W, et al. Measurements of energy and water vapor fluxes over different surfacesin the Heihe River Basin, China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions,2010,7:8741-8780.
Liu Y, Wang E, Yang X, et al. Contributions of climatic and crop varietal changes to crop productionin the North China Plain, since1980s. Global Change Biology,2010,16:2287-2299.
Lizaso J I, Batchelor W D, Westgate M E. A leaf area model to simulate cultivar-specific expansionand senescence of maize leaves. Field Crops Research,2003,80:1-17.
Lobell D B, Hicke J A, Asner G P, et al. Satellite estimates of productivity and light use efficiency inUnited States agriculture,1982-98. Global Change Biology,2002,8:722-735.
Loescher H W, Law B E, Mahrt L, et al. Uncertainties in, and interpretation of, carbon flux estimatesusing the eddy covariance technique. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111, D21S90,doi:10.1029/2005JD006932.
Loescher H W, Oberbauer S F, Gholz H L, et al. Environmental controls on net ecosystem-levelcarbon exchange and productivity in a Central American tropical wet forest. Global ChangeBiology,2003,9:396-412.
Lokupitiya E, Denning S, Paustian K, et al. Incorporation of crop phenology in Simple BiosphereModel (SiBcrop) to improve land-atmosphere carbon exchanges from croplands.Biogeosciences,2009,6:969-986.
Lu F, Wang X, Han B, et al. Soil carbon sequestrations by nitrogen fertilizer application, straw returnand no-tillage in China’s cropland. Global Change Biology,2009,15:281-305.
Luo Y, He C, Sophocleous M, et al. Assessment of crop growth and soil water modules inSWAT2000using extensive field experiment data in an irrigation district of the Yellow RiverBasin. Journal of Hydrology,2008,352:139-156.
Maruyama A and Kuwagata T. Coupling land surface and crop growth models to estimate the effectsof changes in the growing season on energy balance and water use of rice paddies. Agiculturaland Forest Meteorology,2010,150:919-930.
Massad R, Tuzet A, and Bethenod O. The effect of temperature on C4-type leaf photosynthesisparameters. Plant, Cell and Environment,2007,30:1191-1204.
Massman W J and Lee X. Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies ofcarbon and energy exchanges. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:121-144.
Mauder M and Foken Th. Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy covariance softwarepackage TK2. Universit t Bayreuth, Abt.Mikrometeorologie, Arbeitsergebnisse (Print, ISSN1614–8916; Internet, ISSN1614–8926),2004.
McAneney K J, Green A E, Astill M S. Large-aperture scintillometry: the homogeneous case.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,76:149-162.
McMaster G S, Wilhelm W W. Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations. Agriculturaland Forest Meteorology,1997,87:291-300.
McNaughton K G and Spriggs T W. A mixed-layer model for regional evaporation. Boundary-LayerMeteorology,1986,34:243-262.
Meijninger W M L, Hartogensis O K, Kohsiek W, et al. Determination of area-averaged sensibleheat fluxes with a large aperture scintillometer over a heterogeneous surface-Flevoland fieldexperiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,105,37-62.
Mercado L, Lloyd J, Carswell F, et al. Modelling Amazonian forest eddy covariance data: acomparison of big leaf versus sun’shade models for the C-14tower at Manaus I. Canopyphotosynthesis. Acta Amazonica,2006,36:69-82.
Meyer C R, Renschler C S, and Vining R C. Implementing quality control on a random numberstream to improve a stochastic weather generator. Hydrological Processes,2007,22:1069-1079.
Meyers T P, Hollinger S E. An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of maizeand soybean. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,125:105-116.
Miyazaki S, Yasunari T, Miyamoto T, et al. Agrometeorological conditions of grassland vegetation incentral Mongolia and their impact for leaf area growth. Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109, D22106, doi:10.1029/2004JD005179.
Mo X, Chen J M, Ju W, et al. Optimization of ecosystem model parameters through assimilatingeddy covariance flux data with an ensemble Kalman filter. Ecological Modelling,2008,217:157-173
Mo X, Liu S, Lin Z, et al. Prediction of crop yield, water consumption and water use with aSVAT-crop growth model using remotely sensed data on the North China Plain. EcologicalModelling,2005,183:301-322.
Monje O and Bugbee B. Adaptation to high CO2concentration in an optimal environment: radiationcapture, canopy quantum yield and carbon use efficiency. Plant, Cell and Environment,1998,21:315–324.
Monteith J L, Unsworth M H. Principles of Environmental Physics,2ndEdition. Chapman&Hall,New York, USA,1990.
Moorcroft P R. Recent advances in ecosystem-atmosphere interactions: an ecological perspective.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B,2003,270:1215-1227.
Moureaux C, Debacq A, Bodson B, et al. Annual net ecosystem carbon exchange by a sugar beetcrop. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2006,139:25-39.
Niklaus P A, Gl ckler E, Siegwolf R, et al. Carbon allocation in calcareous grassland under elevatedCO2: a combined13C pulse-labelling/soil physical fractionation study. Functional Ecology,2001,15:43-50.
Notaro M, Liu Z, Gallimore R G, et al. Complex seasonal cycle of ecohydrology in the SouthwestUnited States. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115, G04034,doi:10.1029/2010JG001382.
Oue H. Influences of meteorological and vegetational factors on the partitioning of the energy of arice paddy field. Hydrological Processes,2005,19:1567-1583.
Owen K E, Tenhunen J, Reichstein M, et al. Linking flux network measurements to continental scalesimulations: ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange capacity under non-water-stressed conditions.Global Change Biology,2007,13:734-760.
Pan G X, Xu X W, Smith P, et al. An increase in topsoil SOC stock of China’s cropland between1985and2006revealed by soil monitoring. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2010,136:133-138.
Pattey E, Strachan I B, Boisvert J B, et al. Detecting effects of nitrogen rate and weather on corngrowth using micrometeorological and hyperspectral reflectance measurements. Agriculturaland Forest Meteorology,2001,108:85-99.
Pauwels V R N, Verhoest N E C, De Lannoy G J M, et al. Optimization of a coupled hydrology-cropgrowth model through the assimilation of observed soil moisture and leaf area index valuesusing an ensemble Kalman filter. Water Resources Research,2007,43, doi:10.1029/2006WR004942.
Perez P J, Castellvi F, Iba ez M, et al. Assessment of reliability of Bowen ratio method forpartitioning fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,97:141-150.
Piao S L, Fang J Y, Ciais P, et al. The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Science,2009,458:1009-1014.
Piao S L, Fang J Y, Zhou L M, et al. Changes in vegetation net primary productivity from1982to1999in China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2005,19, GB2027,doi:10.1029/2004GB002274.
Pitman A J. The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models.International Journal of Climatology,2003,23:479-510.
Priestley C H B, Taylor R J. On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation usinglarge-scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review,1972,100:81-92.
Prueger J H, Hipps L E, Cooper D I. Evaporation and the development of the local boundary layerover an irrigated surface in an arid region. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1996,78:223-237.
Qiu G Y, Wang L, He X, et al. Water use efficiency and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and itsresponse to irrigation regime in the north China Plain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:1848-1859.
Raich J W and Schlesinger W H. The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and itsrelationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus,1992,44B:81-99.
Rana G and Katerji N. Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field underMediterranean climate: a review. European Journal of Agronomy,2000,13:125-153.
Randall D, Dazlich D A, Zhang C, et al. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for GCMs.Part III: the greening of the Colorado State University General Circulation Model. Journal ofClimate,1996,9:738-763.
Reichstein M, Falge E, Baldocchi D, et al. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange intoassimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global ChangeBiology,2005,11:1424-1439.
Rosolem R, Shuttleworth W J, Zeng X, et al. Land surface modeling inside the Biosphere2tropicalrain forest biome. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115, G04035,doi:10.1029/2010JG001443.
Ross J. Radiative transfer in plant communities. Vegetation and the Atmosphere, Monteith J.L., Ed.,Academic Press,1975.
Roxburgh S H, Barrett D J, Berry S L, et al. A critical overview of model estimates of net primaryproductivity for the Australian continent. Functional Plant Biology,2004,31:1043-1059.
Ruddell B L and Kumar P. Ecohydrologic process networks:1. Identification. Water ResourcesResearch,2009,45, W03419, doi:10.1029/2008WR007279.
Ruimy A, Jarvis P G, Baldocchi D D, et al. CO2fluxes over plant canopies and solar radiation: areview. Advances in Ecological Research,1995,26:1-68.
Running S W and Coughlan J. A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regionalapplications, I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes.Ecological Modelling,1988,42:125-154.
Ryu Y, Baldocchi D D, Ma S, et al. Interannual variability of evapotranspiration and energyexchange over an annual grassland in California. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113,D09101, doi:10.1029/2007JD009263.
Santos E A, Wagner-Riddle C, Warland J S, et al. Applying a Lagrangian dispersion analysis to infercarbon dioxide and latent heat fluxes in a corn canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011, doi:10.1016/j.agrforment.2011.01.010.
Schulze E D, Kelliher F M, Korner C, et al. Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance,ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition-a globalecology scaling exercise. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1994,25:629-660.
Schwalm C R, Williams C A, Schaefer K, et al. A model-data intercomparison of CO2exchangeacross North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. Journalof Geophysical Research,2010,115, G00H05, doi:10.1029/2009JG001229.
Schymanski S J, Roderick M L, Sivapalan M, et al. A canopy-scale test of the optimal water-usehypothesis. Plant, Cell and Environment,2007, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01740.x
Scintec Boundary Layer Scintillometer Manual (Version1.48). Scintec AG, Germany.2008.
Scott R L, Hamerlynck E P, Jenerette G D, et al. Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grasslandthrough drought-induced vegetation change. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115,G03026, doi:10.1029/2010JG001348.
Scott R L. Using watershed water balance to evaluate the accuracy of eddy covariance evaporationmeasurements for three semiarid ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2010,150:219-225.
Sellers P J, Randall D A, Collatz G J, et al. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) foratmospheric GCMs. Part I: model formulation. Journal of Climate,1996a,9:676–705.
Sellers P J, Los S O, Tucker C J, et al. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) foratmospheric GCMs. Part II: the generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parametersfrom satellite data. Journal of Climate,1996b,9:706–737.
Shao C, Chen J, Li L, et al. Spatial variability in soil heat flux at three Inner Mongolia steppeecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:1433–1443.
Shen Y, Kondoh A, Tang C, et al. Measurement and analysis of evapotranspiration and surfaceconductance of a wheat canopy. Hydrological Processes,2002,16:2173–2187.
Shen Y, Zhang Y, Kondoh A, et al. Seasonal variation of energy partitioning in irrigated lands.Hydrological Processes,2004,18:2223-2234.
Sivapalan M, Bl schl G, Zhang L, et al. Downward approach to hydrological prediction.Hydrological Processes,2003,17:2101-2111.
Soegaard H and Thorgeirsson H. Carbon dioxide exchange at leaf and canopy scale for agriculturalcrops in the boreal environment. Journal of Hydrology,1998,212-213:51-61.
Soegaard H, Jensen N O, Boegh E, et al. Carbon dioxide exchange over agricultural landscape usingeddy correlation and footprint modelling. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2003,114:153-173.
Steduto P, Cetink kü, Albriyio R, et al. Automated closed-system canopy-chamber for continuousfield-crop monitoring of CO2and H2O fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,111:171-186.
Steduto P, Hsiao T, Fereres E. On the conservative behavior of biomass water productivity. IrrigationScience,2007,25:189-207.
Stella P, Lamaud E, Brunet Y, et al. Simultaneous measurements of CO2and water exchanges overthree agroecosystems in South-West France. Biogeosciences,2009,6:2957-2971.
Sun H, Liu C, Zhang X, et al. Effects of irrigation on water balance, yield and WUE of winter wheatin the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,2006,85:211-218.
Sun H, Shen Y, Yu Q, et al. Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winterwheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,2010,97:1139-1145.
Sun S-F. Moisture and heat transport in a soil layer forced by atmospheric conditions, M.S. thesis,Department of Civil Engineering, University of Connecticut,72pp,1982.
Sun W J, Huang Y, Zhang W, et al. Carbon sequestration and its potential in agricultural soils ofChina. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2010,24, GB3001, doi:10.1029/2009GB003484.
Sun Z, Wang Q, Matsushita B, et al. Development of a simple remote sensing evapotranspirationmodel (Sim-ReSET): algorithm and model test. Journal of Hydrology,2009,376:476-485.
Suter D, Frehner M, Fischer B U, et al. Elevated CO2increases carbon allocation to the roots ofLolium perenne under free-air CO2enrichment but not in a controlled environment. NewPhytologist,2002,154:65-75.
Suyker A E and Verma S B. Evapotranspiration of irrigated and rainfed maize-soybean croppingsystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2009,149:443-452.
Suyker A E Verma S B. Coupling of carbon dioxide and water vapor exchanges of irrigated andrainfed maize-soybean cropping systems and water productivity. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2010,150:553-563.
Suyker A E, Verma S B, Burba G G, et al. Growing season carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated andrainfed maize. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,124:1-13.
Suyker A E, Verma S B. Interannual water vapor and energy exchange in an irrigated maize-basedagroecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:417-427.
Tang H J, Qiu J J, Ranst E V, et al. Estimations of soil organic carbon storage in cropland of Chinabased on DNDC model. Geoderma,2006,134:200-206.
Tang J, Baldocchi D D, and Xu L. Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal timescale. Global Change Biology,2005,11:1298-1304.
Tao B, Li K R, Shao X M, et al. The temporal and spatial patterns of terrestrial net primaryproductivity in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2003,13:163-171.
Tao F and Zhang Z. Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems structure and function to climatechange in China. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115, G03003,doi:10.1029/2009JG001062.
Tong X-J, Li J, Yu Q, et al. Ecosystem water use efficiency in an irrigated cropland in the NorthChina Plain. Journal of Hydrology,2009,374:329-337.
Tucker C J, Pinzon J E, Brwon M E, et al. An extended AVHRR8-km NDVI dataset compatiblewith MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI data. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,26(20):4485-4498.
Twine T E, Kustas W P, Norman J M, et al. Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over agrassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,103:279-300.
van Dam J C and Feddes R A. Numerical simulation of infiltration, evaporation and shallowgroundwater levels with the Richards equation. Journal of Hydrology,2000,233:72-85.
van Genuchten M T. A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturatedsoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44:892–898.
van Roosmalen L, Sonnenborg T O, and Jensen K H. Impact of climate and land use change on thehydrology of a large-scale agricultural catchment. Water Resources Research,2009,45,W00A15, doi:10.1029/2007WR006760.
Velleman P F. Definition and comparison of robust nonlinear data smoothing algorithms. Journal ofthe American Statistical Assocation,1980,75:609-615.
Verma S B, Dobermann A, Cassman K G, et al. Annual carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated andrainfed maize-based agroecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,131:77-96.
Verma S B, Rosenberg N J, Blad B L. Turbulent exchange coefficients for sensible heat and watervapor under advective conditions. Journal of Applied Meteorology,1978,17:330–338.
Vickers D and Mahrt L. Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,1997,14:512-526.
von Randow C, Kruijt B, Holtslag A A M, et al. Exploring eddy-covariance and large-aperturescintillometer measurements in an Amazonian rain forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:680-690.
Wang A and Zeng X. Sensitivities of terrestrial water cycle simulations to the variations ofprecipitation and air temperature in China. Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116,D02107, doi:10.1029/2010JD014659.
Wang D and Cai X. Optimal estimation of irrigation schedule-An example of quantifying humaninterferences to hydrologic processes. Advances in Water Resources,2007,30:1844-1857.
Wang E and Smith C J. Modelling the growth and water uptake function of plant root systems: areview. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2004,55:501-523.
Wang E, Yu Q, Wu D, et al. Climate, agricultural production and hydrological balance in the NorthChina Plain. International Journal of Climatology,2008,28:1959-1970.
Wang G, Huang J, Guo W, et al. Observationi analysis of land-atmosphere interactions over theLoess Plateau of northwest China. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115, D00K17,doi:10.1029/2009JD013372.
Wang G. Assessing the potential hydrological impacts of hydraulic redistribution in Amazonia usinga numerical modeling approach. Water Resources Research,2011,47, W02528,doi:10.1029/2010WR009601.
Wang J, Yu Q, and Lee X. Simulation of crop growth and energy and carbon dioxide fluxes atdifferent time steps from hourly to daily. Hydrological Processes,2007,21:2474-2492.
Wang J, Yu Q, Li J, et al. Simulation of diurnal variations of CO2, water and heat fluxes over winterwheat with a model coupled photosynthesis and transpiration. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2006,137:194-219.
Wang L, Koike T, Yang K, et al. Frozen soil parameterization in a distributed biosphere hydrologicalmodel. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2010,14:557-571.
Wang L, Wang Z, Koike T, et al. The assessment of surface water resources for the semi-aridYongding River Basin from1956-2000and the impact of land use change. HydrologicalProcesses,2010,24:1123-1132.
Wang Q, Masataka W, and Zhu O. Simulation of water and carbon fluxes using BIOME-BGC modelover crops in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,131:209-224.
Wang Z, Xiao X, and Yan X. Modeling gross primary production of maize cropland and degradedgrassland in northeastern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2010,150:1160-1167.
Webb E K, Pearman G I and Leuning R. Correction of the flux measurements for density effects dueto heat and water vapour transfer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1980,106:85-100.
Wilhelm W W, Ruwe K, and Schlemmer M R. Comparision of three leaf area index meters in a corncanopy. Crop Science,2000,40:1179-1183.
Wilson K B and Baldocchi D D. Comparing independent estimates of carbon dioxide exchange over5years at a deciduous forest in the sourtheastern United States. Journal of GeophysicalResearch,2001,106:34167-34178.
Wilson K, Goldstein A, Falge E, et al. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites. Agricultural andForest Meteorology,2002,113:223-243.
Wolf A, Akshalov K, Saliendra N, et al. Inverse estimation of Vcmax, leaf area index, and theBall-Berry parameter from carbon and energy fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111, D08S08, doi:10.1029/2005JD005927.
Wu D, Yu Q, Lu C, et al. Quantifying production potentials of winter wheat in the North China Plain.European Journal of Agronomy,2006,24:226-235.
Wu J, Guan D, Han S, et al. Energy budget above a temperate mixed forest in northeastern China.Hydrological Processes,2007,21:2425-2434.
Wu Z, Lu G, Wen L, et al. Thirty-five year (1971-2005) simulation of daily soil moisture using thevariable infiltration capacity model over China. Atmosphere-Ocean,2007,45:37-45.
Xu J, Yang D, Yi Y, et al. Spatial and temporal variation of runoff in the Yangtze River basin duringthe past40years. Quaternary International,2008,186:32-42.
Xu L and Baldocchi D D. Seasonal trends in photosynthetic parameters and stomatal conductance ofblue oak (Quercus douglasii) under prolonged summer drought and high temperature. TreePhysiology,2003,23:865-877.
Xu L and Baldocchi D D. Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a Mediterraneanannual grassland in California. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,1232:79-96.
Yang D, Li C, Hu H, et al. Analysis of water resources variability in the Yellow River of Chinaduring the last half century using historical data. Water Resources Research,2004,40, W06502,doi:10.1029/2003WR002763.
Yang D, Sun F, Liu Z, et al. Analyzing spatial and temporal variability of annual water-energybalance in non-humid regions of China using the Budyko hypothesis. Water ResourcesResearch,2007,43, W04426, doi:10.1029/2006WR005224.
Yang D, Sun F, Liu Z, et al. Interpreting the complementary relationship in nonhumid environmentsbased on the Budyko and Penman hypotheses. Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33, L18402,doi:10.1029/2006GL027657.
Yang J, Wan S, Deng W, et al. Water fluxes at a fluctuating water table and groundwatercontributions to wheat water use in the lower Yellow River flood plain, China. HydrologicalProcesses,2007,21:717-724.
Yang K and Koike T. A general model to estimate hourly and daily solar radiation for hydrologicalstudies. Water Resources Research,2005,41, W10403, doi:10.1029/2005WR003976.
Yang K, Chen Y-Y, and Qin J. Some practice notes on the land surface modeling in the TibetanPlateau. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2009,13:687-701.
Yin Z S and Lee Williams T H. Obtaining spatial and temporal vegetation data from Landsat MSSand AVHRR/NOAA satellite images for a hydrologic model. Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,1997,63(1):69-77.
Yu G, Song X, Wang Q, et al. Water-use efficiency of forest ecosystems in eastern China and itsrelations to climatic variables. New Phytologist,2008,177:927-937.
Yu G, Zhang L, Sun X, et al. Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forestecosystems in eastern China. Global Change Biology,2008,14:2555-2571.
Yu G, Zheng Z, Wang Q, et al. Spatiotemporal pattern of soil respiration of terrestrial ecosystems inChina: the development of a geostatistical model and its simulation. Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44:6074-6080.
Zhang C, Dazlich D A, Randall D A, et al. Calculation of the global land surface energy, water andCO2fluxes with an off-line version of SiB2. Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:19061-19075.
Zhang H, Wang X, You M, et al. Water-yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheat inthe North China Plain. Irrigation Science,1999,19:37-45.
Zhang Y, Kendy E, Yu Q, et al. Effect of soil water deficit on evapotranspiration, crop yield, andwater use efficiency in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,2004,64:107-122.
Zhang Y, Yu Q, Jiang J, et al. Calibration of Terra/MODIS gross primary production over anirrigated cropland on the North China Plain and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,2008,14:757-767.
Zhao F-H, Yu G-R, Li S-G, et al. Canopy water use efficiency of winter wheat in the North ChinaPlain. Agricultural Water Management,2007,93:99-108.
Zhou L, Zhou G, Liu S, et al. Seasonal contribution and interannual variation of evapotranspirationover a reed marsh (Phragmites australis) in Northeast China from3-year eddy covariance data.Hydrological Processes,2010,24:1039-1047.
Zhu G F, Li X, Su Y H, et al. Parameterization of a coupled CO2and H2O gas exchange model at theleaf scale of Populus euphratica. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2010,14:419-431.
Zhu Q, Jiang H, Liu J, et al. Evaluating the spatiotemporal variations of water budget across Chinaover1951-2006using IBIS model. Hydrological Processes,2010,24:429-445.
Zhu Q, Jiang H, Peng C, et al. Evaluating the effects of future climate change and elevated CO2onthe water use efficiency in terrestrial ecosystems of China. Ecological Modelling,2010,doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.035.
Zhu Z L and Chen D L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China–Contributions to food production, impactson the environment and best management strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,63:117-127.
白洁,刘绍民,丁晓萍.海河流域不同下垫面上大孔径闪烁仪观测显热通量的时空特征分析.地球科学进展,2010,25:1187-1198.
陈新民,庞家智,李学渊,等.北部冬麦区建国以来冬小麦品种收获指数的演变.北京农业科学,1992,4:8-10.
丁相毅,贾仰文,王浩,等.气候变化对海河流域水资源的影响及其对策.自然资源学报,2010,25:604-613.
何勇,董文杰,郭晓寅,等.1971-2000年中国陆地植被净初级生产力的模拟.冰川冻土,2007,29(2):226-232.
刘恩民,张代桥,刘万章,等.鲁西北平原农田耗水规律与测定方法比较.水科学进展,2009,20:190-196.
刘纪远,张增祥,庄大方,等.二十世纪九十年代中国土地利用变化的遥感时空信息研究.北京:科学出版社,2005年.
卢俐，刘绍民，孙敏章,等.大孔径闪烁仪研究区域地表通量的进展.地球科学进展,2005,20(9):932-937.
罗毅,于强,欧阳竹,等. SPAC系统中的水热CO2通量与光合作用的综合模型(I)模型建立.水利学报,2001,2:90-97.
毛振强,宇振荣,刘洪.冬小麦及其叶片发育积温需求研究.中国农业大学学报,2002,7(5):14-19.
莫兴国,郭瑞萍,林忠辉.无定河区域1981~2001年植被生产力和水平平衡对气候变化的响应.气候与环境研究,2006,11(4):477-486.
乔玉辉,宇振荣, Driessen P M.冬小麦干物质在各器官中的累积和分配规律研究.应用生态学报,2002,13(5):543-546.
任宪韶.海河流域水资源评价.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
尚松浩,毛晓敏,雷志栋,等.土壤水分动态模拟模型及其应用.北京:科学出版社,2009.淮河流域综合规划.蚌埠:水利部淮河水利委员会,2010.
陶波,曹明奎,李克让,等.1981~2000年中国陆地净生态系统生产力空间格局及其变化.中国科学D辑,2006,36(12):1131-1139.
陶诗言,卫捷,孙建华,等.2008/2009年秋冬季我国东部严重干旱分析.气象,2009,35:3-10.
王润元,刘宏谊,张强,等.夏季草原与戈壁地表能量分析.地球科学进展,2007,22:642-648.
王树森,朱治林,孙晓敏,等.拉萨地区农田能量物质交换特征.中国科学(D辑),1996,26:359-364.
王思远,刘纪远,张增祥,等.中国土地利用时空特征分析.地理学报,2001,56(6):631-639.
王彧,黄耀,张稳,等.中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟（II）——模型的验证与净初级生产力估算.自然资源学报,2006,21(6):916-925.
杨大文,李翀,倪广恒,等.分布式水文模型在黄河流域的应用.地理学报,2004,59(1):143-154.
易永红.植被参数与蒸发的遥感反演方法及区域干旱评估应用研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2008.
于贵瑞,王秋凤,等.植物光合、蒸腾与水分利用的生理生态学.北京：科学出版社,2010.
袁飞,谢正辉,任立良,等.气候变化对海河流域水文特性的影响.水利学报,2005,36:274-279.
张方敏,居为民,陈镜明,等.基于BEPS生态模型对亚洲东部地区蒸散量的模拟.自然资源学报,2010,25:1596-1606.
张银锁,宇振荣, Driessen P M.环境条件和栽培管理对夏玉米干物质积累、分配及转移的试验研究.作物学报,2002,28(1):104-109.
Aires L M I, Pio C A, and Pereira J S. Carbon dioxide exchange above a Mediterranean C3/C4grassland during two climatologically contrasting years. Global Change Biology,2008,14:539-555.
Allen R G, Pereira L S, Howell T A, et al. Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factorsgoverning measurement accuracy. Agricultural Water Management,2011,doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.015.
Amthor J S. Effects of atmospheric CO2concentration on wheat yield: review of results fromexperiments using various approaches to control CO2concentration. Field Crop Research,2001,73:1–34.
Anthoni P M, Freibauer A, Kolle O, et al. Winter wheat carbon exchange in Thuringia, Germany.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004a,121:55-67.
Anthoni P M, Knohl A, Rebmann C, et al. Forest and agricultural land-use-dependent CO2exchangein Thuringia, Germany. Global Change Biology,2004b,10:2005-2019.
Arain M A, Black T A, Barr A G. Year-round observations of the energy and water vapour fluxesabove a boreal black spruce forest. Hydrological Processes,2003,17:3581-3600.
Arora V K and Boer G J. A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystemcomponent of climate models. Global Change Biololgy,2005,11:39-59.
Aubinet M, Grelle A, Ibrom A, et al. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange offorests: The EUROFLUX methodology. Advances in Ecological Research,2000,30:113-175.
Baker I T, Dennin A S, Hanan N, et al. Simulated and observed fluxes of sensible and latent heat andCO2at the WLEF-TV tower using SiB2.5. Global Change Biololgy,2003,9:1262-1277.
Baker I T, Prihodko L, Denning A.S, et al. Seasonal drought stress in the Amazon: Reconcilingmodels and observation. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113, G00B01,doi:10.1029/2007JG000644.
Baker J M, Griffis T J. Examining strategies to improve the carbon balance of corn/soybeanagriculture using eddy covariance and mass balance techniques. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2005,128:163-177.
Baldocchi D D and Wilson K B. Modeling CO2and water vapor exchange of a temperatebroadleaved forest across hourly to decadal time scales. Ecological Modelling,2001,142:155-184.
Baldocchi D D, Falge E, Gu L, et al. FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatialvariability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. BulletinAmerican Meteorological Society,2001,82:2415-2434.
Baldocchi D D, Xu L, Kiang N. How plant functional-type, weather, seasonal drought, and soilphysical properties alter water and energy fluxes of an oak-grass savanna and an annualgrassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,123:13-39.
Baldocchi D D. A comparative study of mass and energy exchange over a closed C3(wheat) and anopen C4(corn) canopy: I. The partitioning of available energy into latent and sensible heatexchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1994,67:191-220.
Ball J T, Woodrow I E, Berry J A. A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution tothe control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. In: Biggens, J.(Ed.),Progress in Photosynthesis Research. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht,1987, pp.221–224.
Barton C V M, Ellsworth D S, Medlyn B E, et al. Whole-tree chambers for elevated atmosphericCO2experimentation and tree scale flux measurements in south-eastern Australia: TheHawkesbury Forest Experiment. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2010,150:7-8.
Boegh E, Thorsen M, Butts M B. Incorporating remote sensing data in physically based distributedagro-hydrological modeling. Journal of Hydrology,2004,287:279-299.
Bogena H, Schulz K, and Vereecken H. Towards a network of observatories in terrestrialenvironmental reserch. Advances in Geosciences,2006,9:1-6.
Bondeau A, Smith P C, Zaehle S, et al. Modelling the role of agriculture for the20thcentury globalterrestrial carbon balance. Global Change Biology,2007,13:679-706.
Braun F J and Schadler G. Comparison of soil hydraulic parameterizations for mesoscalemeteorological models. Journal of Applied Meteorology,2005,44:1116-1132.
Brown M, Whitehead D, Hunt J E, et al. Regulation of soil surface respiration in a grazed pasture inNew Zealand. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2009,149:205-213.
Brümmer C, Falk U, Papen H, et al. Diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variatioin in carbon dioxideand energy exchange in shrub savanna in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Journal of GeophysicalResearch.2008,113, G02030, doi:10.1029/2007JG000583.
Burba G G, Verma S B. Seasonal and interannual variability in evapotranspiration of native tallgrassprairie and cultivated wheat ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,135:190-201.
Burn D H and Hag Elnur M A. Detection of hydrologic trends and variability. Journal of Hydrology,2002,255:107-122.
Buyanovsky G A and Wagner G H. Carbon cycling in cultivated land and its global significance.Global Change Biology,1998,4:131-141.
Cai J-B, Liu Y, Xu D, et al. Simulation of the soil water balance of wheat using daily weatherforecast messages to estimate the reference evapotranspiration, Hydrology and Earth SystemSciences,2009,13:1045-1059.
Cai X. Water stress, water transfer and social equity in Northern China-Implications for policyreforms. Journal of Environmental Management,2008,87:14-25.
Cai Z C and Qin S W. Dynamics of crop yields and soil organic carbon in a long-term fertilizationexperiment in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Geoderma,2006,136:708-715.
Calvet J, Noilhan J, Roujean J, et al. An interactive vegetation SVAT model tested against data fromsix contrasting sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,92:73–95.
Cao M K, Prince S D, Li K R, et al. Response of terrestrial carbon uptake to climate interannualvariability in China. Global Change Biology,2003,9:536-546.
Carlson T N and Ripley D A. On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leafarea index. Remote Sensing of Environment,1997,62(3):241-252.
Casanova J J and Judge J. Estimation of energy and moisture fluxes for dynamic vegetation usingcoupled SVAT and crop-growth models. Water Resources Research,2008,44, W07415, doi:10.1029/2007WR006503.
Chehbouni A, Kerr Y H, Watts C, et al. Estimation of area-average sensible heat flux using alarge-aperture scintillometer during the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA)experiment. Water Resources Research,1999,35(8):2505-2511.
Chen J M, Liu J, Cihlar J, et al. Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatialscaling for remote sensing applications. Ecological Modelling,1999,124:99-119.
Chen S-Y, Zhang X-Y, Pei D, et al. Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature, evaporation andyield of winter wheat: field experiments on the North China Plain. Annals of Applied Biology,2007,150:261-268.
Chen X, Hutley L B, Eamus D. Carbon balance of a tropical savanna of northern Australia.Oecologia,2003,137:405-416.
Chen X, Rubin Y, Ma S, et al. Observations and stochastic modeling of soil moisture control onevapotranspiration in a Californian oak savanna. Water Resources Research,2008,44, W08409,doi:10.1029/2007WR006646.
Ciais P, Wattenbach M, Vuichard N, et al. The European carbon balance. Part2: cropland. GlobalChange Biology,2010,16:1409-1428.
Cienciala E and Lindroth A. Gas-exchange and sap flow measurements of Salix viminalis trees inshort-rotation forest. Trees,1995,9:289-294.
Colello G D, Grivet C, Sellers P J, et al. Modeling of energy, water and CO2flux in a temperategrassland ecosystem with SiB2: May–October1987. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1998,55:1141–1169.
Collatz G J, Ball J T, Grivet C, et al. Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatalconductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes the laminar boundarylayer. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1991,54:107-136.
Collatz G J, Berry J A, Farquhar G D, et al. The relationship between Rubisco reaction mechanismand models of leaf photosynthesis. Plant, Cell and Environment,1990,13:219-225.
Collatz G J, Ribas-Carbo M, Ball J A. Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model forleaves of C4plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,1992,19:519–538.
Cong Z, Yang D, Gao B, et al. Hydrological trend analysis in the Yellow River basin using adistributed hydrological model. Water Resources Research,2009,45, W00A13,doi:10.1029/2008WR006852.
Cowan I R. Stomatal behavior and environment. Advanced in Botanical Research,1977,4:117-228.
Cramer W, Kicklighter D W, Bondeau A, et al. Comparing global models of terrestrial net primaryproductivity (NPP): overview and key results. Global Change Biology,1999,5(Suppl.1):1-15.
Dai Y, Zeng X, Dickinson R E, et al. The Common Land Model. Bulletin of the AmericanMeteorological Society,2003,84:1013-1023.
De Bruin H A R, Koshiek W, Van Den Hurk, B J J M. A verification of some methods to determinethe fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and water vapor using standard deviation and structureparameter of scalar meteorological quantities. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1993,63:231-257.
De Bruin H A R, Van Den Hurk B J J M, and KohsiekW. The scintillation method tested over a dryvineyard area. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1995,76:25-40.
de Pury D G G and Farquhar G D. Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canpies withoutthe errors of big-leaf models. Plant, Cell and Environment,1997,20:537-557.
Ding R, Kang S, Li F, et al. Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter ina maize field of northwest China. Agricultural and Water Management,2010,98:87-95.
D ll P. Impact of climate change and variability on irrigation requirements: a global perspective.Climatic Change,2002,54:269-293.
Doran J C, Hubbe J M, Liljegren J C, et al. A technique for determining the spatial and temporaldistributions of surface fluxes of heat and moisture over the Southern Great Plains Cloud andRadiation Testbed. Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:6109–6121.
Drewry D T, Kumar P, Long S, et al. Ecohydrological responses of dense canopies to environmentalvariability:1. Interplay between vertical structure and photosynthetic pathway. Journal ofGeophysical Research,2010,115, G04022, doi:10.1029/2010JG001340.
Emanuel R E, Epstein H E, McGlynn B L, et al. Spatial and temporal controls on watershedecohydrology in the northern Rocky Mountains. Water Resources Research,2010,46, W11553,doi:10.1029/2009WR008890.
Falge E, Baldocchi D D, Olson R, et al. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of netecosystem exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107:43-69.
Falge E, Baldocchi D D, Tenhunen J, et al. Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primaryproduction as derived from FLUXNET measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:53-74.
Fang C and Moncrieff J B. The dependence of soil CO2efflux on temperature. Soil Biology andBiochemistry,2001,33:155-165.
Fang J Y, Guo Z D, Piao S L, et al. Terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks in China,1981-2000, Sciencein China Series D-Earth Sciences,2007,50(9):1341-1350.
Farquhar G D, von Caemmerer S, Berry J A. A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2assimilation in leaves of C3species. Planta,1980,149:78–90.
Feng X, Liu G, Chen J M, et al. Net primary productivity of China’s terrestrial ecosystems from aprocess model driven by remote sensing. Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85:563-573.
Feng Z, Pang J, Kobayashi K, et al. Differential responses in two varieties of winter wheat toelevated ozone concentration under fully open-air field conditions. Global Change Biology,2010, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02184.x.
Fischer G, Tubiello F N, van Velthuizen H, et al. Climate change impacts on irrigation waterrequirements: effects of mitigation,1990-2080. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2007,74:1083-1107.
Flanagan L B, Wever L A, and Carlson P J. Seasonal and interannual variation in carbon dioxideexchange and carbon balance in a northern temperate grassland. Global Change Biology,2002,8:599-615.
Foken Th and Wichura B. Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1996,78:83-105.
Foken Th. The energy balance closure problem: an overview. Ecological Applications,2008,18(6):1351-1367.
Foley J A, Colin P I, Ramankutty N, et al. An integrated biosphere model of land surface process,terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1996,10(4):603-628.
Ford C R, Hubbard R M, Kloeppel B D, et al. A comparison of sap flux-based evapotranspirationestimates with catchment-scale water balance. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,145:176-185.
Fuchs M and Hadas A. Much resistance to water vapor transport. Agricultural Water Management.2011, doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2011.01.008.
Gao Z, Chae N, Kim J, et al. Modeling of surface energy partitioning, surface temperature, and soil
wetness in the Tibetan prairie using the Simple Biosphere Model2(SiB2). Journal ofGeophysical Research,2004,109. D06102, doi:10.1029/2003JD004089.
Gilmanov T G, Verma S B, Sims P L, et al. Gross primary production and light response parametersof four Southern Plains ecosystems estimated using long-term CO2-flux tower measurements.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2003,17(2),1071, doi:10.1029/2002GB002023.
Gitelson A A, Vi a A, Arkebauer T J, et al. Remote estimation of leaf area index and green leafbiomass in maize canopies. Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(5),1148, doi:10.1029/2002GL016450.
Gitelson A A, Wardlow B D, Keydan G P, et al. An evaluation of MODIS250-m data for green LAIestimation in crops. Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34, L20403,doi:10.1029/2007GL031620.
Gong D, Kang S, Yao L, et al. Estimation of evapotranspiration and its components from an appleorchard in northwest China using sap flow and water balance methods. Hydrological Processes,2007,21:931-938.
Goulden M L, Munger J W, Fan S M, et al. Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest:response to interannual climate variability. Science,1996,271:1576-1578.
Grant R F, Zhang Y, Yuan F, et al. Intercomparison of techniques to model water stress effects onCO2and energy exchange in temperate and boreal deciduous forest. Ecolgical Modelling,2006,196:289-312.
Grassi G, Vicinelli E, Ponti F, et al. Seasonal and interannual variability of photosynthetic capacity inrelation to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest plantation in northern Italy. Tree Physiology,2005,25:349-360.
Gu S, Tang Y, Cui X, et al. Energy exchange between the atmosphere and a meadow ecosystem onthe Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,129:175-185.
Hanan N P, Berry J A, Verma S B, et al. Testing a model of CO2, water and energy exchange in GreatPlains tallgrass prairie and wheat ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,131:162-179.
Hao Y, Wang, Y, Huang, X, et al. Seasonal and interannual variation in water vapor and energyexchange over a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,146:57-69.
Hirata R, Hirano T, Saigusa N, et al. Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchangeof a temperate larch forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,147:110-124.
Hoedjes J C B, Zuurbier R M, and Watts C J. Large aperture scintillometer used over a homogeneousirrigated area, partly affected by regional advection. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,105:99-117.
Hollinger S E, Bernacchi C J, Meyers T P. Carbon budget of mature no-till ecosystem in NorthCentral Region of the United States. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,130:59-69.
Hsieh C, Katul G, Chi T. An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes inthermally stratified atmospheric flows. Advances in Water Resources,2000,23:765-772.
Hu Z, Yu G, Fu Y, et al. Effects of vegetation control on ecosystem water use efficiency within andamong four grassland ecosystems in China. Global Change Biology,2008,14:1609-1619.
Huang Y and Sun W J. Changes in topsoil organic carbon of croplands in mainland China over thelast two decades. Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51:1785-1803.
Huang Y, Zhang W, Sun W J, et al. Net primary production of Chinese croplands from1950to1999.Ecological Appllications,2007,17(3):692-701.
Hwang T, Band L, and Hales T C. Ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: Extending optimalitytheory from plot to catchment. Water Resources Research,2009,45, W11425,doi:10.1029/2009WR007775.
Iio A, Yokoyama A, Takano M, et al. Interannual variation in leaf photosynthetic capacity duringsummer in relation o nitrogen, leaf mass per area and climate within a Fagus crenata crown onNaeba Mountain, Janpan. Tree Physiology,2008,28:1421-1429.
IPCC, editor. Climate Change2007: The Physical Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ito the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York,2007.
Ivanov V Y, Bras R L, and Vivoni E R. Vegetation-hydrology dynamics in complex terrain ofsemiarid areas:1. A mechanistic approach to modeling dynamic feedbacks. Water ResourcesResearch,2008,44, W03429, doi:10.1029/2006WR005588.
Jassal R S, Black T A, Novak M D, et al. Effect of soil water stress on soil respiration and itstemperature sensitivity in an18-year-old temperate Douglas-fir stand. Global Change Biology,2008,14:1-14.
Jia B, Zhou G, Wang Y, et al. Effects of temperature and soil water-content on soil respiration ofgrazed and ungrazed Leymus chinensis steppes, Inner Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67:60-76.
Jiang J, Zhang Y, Wegehenkel M, et al. Estimation of soil water content and evapotranspiration fromirrigated cropland on the North China Plain. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2008,171:751-761.
Jiang Z, Yu Q, Lei S, et al. Comparative analysis of temperature and CO2fluxes for winter wheat inTibetan Plain and North China Plain using the EMD method. Progress in Natural Science,2006,16:1066-1071.
Jongen M, Pereira J S, Aires L M I, et al. The effects of drought and timing of precipitation on theinter-annual variation in ecosystem-atmopshere exchange in a Mediterranean grassland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.008.
Ju W, Wang S, Yu G, et al. Modeling the impact of drought on canopy carbon and water fluxes for asubtropical evergreen coniferous plantation in southern China through parameter optimizationusing an ensemble Kalman filter. Biogeosciences,2010,7:845-857.
Ju X T, Liu X J, Zhang F S, et al. Nitrogen fertilization, soil nitrate accumulation, and policyrecommendations in several agricultural regions of China. Ambio,2004,33(6):300-305.
Kalma S, Thorburn P J, and Dunn G M. A comparison of heat pulse and deuterium tractingtechniques for estimating sap flow in Eucalyptus grandis trees. Tree Physiology,1998,18:697-705.
Kang H, Park C, Hameed S N, et al. Statistical downscaling of precipitation in Korea usingmulti-model output variables as predictors. Monthly Weather Review,2009,37:1928-1938,DOI:10.1175/2008MWR2706.
Kang S, Zhang L, Liang Y, et al. Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency ofwinter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management,2002,55:203-216.
Kim S-H, Gitz D C, Sicher R C, et al. Temperature dependence of growth, development, andphotosynthesis in maize under elevated CO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2007,61:224-236.
Kim W, Arai T, Kanae S, et al. Application of the simple biosphere model (SiB2) to a paddy field fora period of growing season in GAME-Tropics. Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan,2001,79:387-400.
Kumar P. Variability, feedback, and cooperative process dynamics: elements of a unifying hydrologictheory. Geography Compass,2007,1/6:1338-1360.
Lasslop G, Reichstein M, Kattge J, et al. Influences of observation errors in eddy flux data oninverse model parameter estimation. Biogeosciences,2008,5:1311-1324.
Lauenroth W K, Wade A A, Williamson M A, et al. Uncertainty in calculations of net primaryproduction for grasslands. Ecosystems,2006,9:843-851.
Lavigne M B, Ryan M G, Anderson D E, et al. Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurementsto estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferousboreal sites. Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102:28977-28985.
Law B E, Baldocchi D D, Anthoni P M. Below-canopy and soil CO2fluxes in a ponderosa pineforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,94:171-188.
Law B E, Williams M, Anthoni P M, et al. Measuring and modeling seasonal variation of carbondioxide and water vapour exchange of a Pinus ponderosa forest subject to soil water deficit.Global Change Biology,2000,6:613-630.
Leakey A D B, Uribelarrea M, Ainsworth E A, et al. Photosynthesis, productivity, and yield of maizeare not affected by open-air elevation of CO2concentration in the absence of drought. PlantPhysiology,2006,140:779–790.
Lee D H and Abriola L M. Use of the Richards equation in land surface parameterizations. Journal ofGeophysical Research,1999,104:27519-27526.
Lei H M and Yang D W. Interannual and seasonal variability in evapotranspiration and energypartitioning over an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2010,158:581-589.
Lei H M and Yang D W. Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchange over acropland in the North China Plain. Global Change Biology,2010,16:2944-2957.
Li H, Zheng L, Lei Y, et al. Estimation of water consumption and crop water productivity of winterwheat in North China Plain using remote sensing technology. Agricultural Water Management,2008,95:1271-1278.
Li J, Yu Q, Sun X, et al. Carbon dioxide exchange and the mechanism of environmental control in afarmland ecosystem in North China Plain. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,2006,49(Supp. II):226-240.
Li L and Yu Q. Quantifying the effects of advection on canopy energy budgets and water useefficiency in an irrigated wheat field in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,2007,89:116-122.
Li S G, Asanuma J, Eugster W, et al. Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange over grazed steppe incentral Mongolia. Global Change Biology,2005,11:1941-1955.
Li X and Koike T. Frozen soil parameterization in SiB2and its validation with GAME-Tibetobservations. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2003,36:165-182.
Li Z, Yu, G, Wen X, et al. Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites. Science in China SeriesD-Earth Sciences,2005,48(Supp):51-62.
Liu C and Xia J. Water problems and hydrological research in the Yellow River and the Huai andHai River basins of China. Hydrological Processes,2004,18:2197-2210.
Liu C, Zhang X and Zhang Y. Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winterwheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter. Agricultural andForest Meteorology,2002,111:109-120.
Liu J, Chen J M, Cihlar J, et al. Net primary productivity distribution in the BOREAS region from aprocess model using satellite and surface data. Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104,27735-27754.
Liu J, Liu M, Tian H, et al. Spatial and temporal patterns of China’s cropland during1990-2000: ananalysis based on Landsat TM data. Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,98:442-456.
Liu S, Mo X, Lin Z, et al. Crop yield responses to climate change in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain ofChina. Agricultural Water Management,2010, doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.001.
Liu S, Xu Z, Wang W, et al. Measurements of energy and water vapor fluxes over different surfacesin the Heihe River Basin, China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions,2010,7:8741-8780.
Liu Y, Wang E, Yang X, et al. Contributions of climatic and crop varietal changes to crop productionin the North China Plain, since1980s. Global Change Biology,2010,16:2287-2299.
Lizaso J I, Batchelor W D, Westgate M E. A leaf area model to simulate cultivar-specific expansionand senescence of maize leaves. Field Crops Research,2003,80:1-17.
Lobell D B, Hicke J A, Asner G P, et al. Satellite estimates of productivity and light use efficiency inUnited States agriculture,1982-98. Global Change Biology,2002,8:722-735.
Loescher H W, Law B E, Mahrt L, et al. Uncertainties in, and interpretation of, carbon flux estimatesusing the eddy covariance technique. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111, D21S90,doi:10.1029/2005JD006932.
Loescher H W, Oberbauer S F, Gholz H L, et al. Environmental controls on net ecosystem-levelcarbon exchange and productivity in a Central American tropical wet forest. Global ChangeBiology,2003,9:396-412.
Lokupitiya E, Denning S, Paustian K, et al. Incorporation of crop phenology in Simple BiosphereModel (SiBcrop) to improve land-atmosphere carbon exchanges from croplands.Biogeosciences,2009,6:969-986.
Lu F, Wang X, Han B, et al. Soil carbon sequestrations by nitrogen fertilizer application, straw returnand no-tillage in China’s cropland. Global Change Biology,2009,15:281-305.
Luo Y, He C, Sophocleous M, et al. Assessment of crop growth and soil water modules inSWAT2000using extensive field experiment data in an irrigation district of the Yellow RiverBasin. Journal of Hydrology,2008,352:139-156.
Maruyama A and Kuwagata T. Coupling land surface and crop growth models to estimate the effectsof changes in the growing season on energy balance and water use of rice paddies. Agiculturaland Forest Meteorology,2010,150:919-930.
Massad R, Tuzet A, and Bethenod O. The effect of temperature on C4-type leaf photosynthesisparameters. Plant, Cell and Environment,2007,30:1191-1204.
Massman W J and Lee X. Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies ofcarbon and energy exchanges. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:121-144.
Mauder M and Foken Th. Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy covariance softwarepackage TK2. Universit t Bayreuth, Abt.Mikrometeorologie, Arbeitsergebnisse (Print, ISSN1614–8916; Internet, ISSN1614–8926),2004.
McAneney K J, Green A E, Astill M S. Large-aperture scintillometry: the homogeneous case.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,76:149-162.
McMaster G S, Wilhelm W W. Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations. Agriculturaland Forest Meteorology,1997,87:291-300.
McNaughton K G and Spriggs T W. A mixed-layer model for regional evaporation. Boundary-LayerMeteorology,1986,34:243-262.
Meijninger W M L, Hartogensis O K, Kohsiek W, et al. Determination of area-averaged sensibleheat fluxes with a large aperture scintillometer over a heterogeneous surface-Flevoland fieldexperiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,105,37-62.
Mercado L, Lloyd J, Carswell F, et al. Modelling Amazonian forest eddy covariance data: acomparison of big leaf versus sun’shade models for the C-14tower at Manaus I. Canopyphotosynthesis. Acta Amazonica,2006,36:69-82.
Meyer C R, Renschler C S, and Vining R C. Implementing quality control on a random numberstream to improve a stochastic weather generator. Hydrological Processes,2007,22:1069-1079.
Meyers T P, Hollinger S E. An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of maizeand soybean. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,125:105-116.
Miyazaki S, Yasunari T, Miyamoto T, et al. Agrometeorological conditions of grassland vegetation incentral Mongolia and their impact for leaf area growth. Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109, D22106, doi:10.1029/2004JD005179.
Mo X, Chen J M, Ju W, et al. Optimization of ecosystem model parameters through assimilatingeddy covariance flux data with an ensemble Kalman filter. Ecological Modelling,2008,217:157-173
Mo X, Liu S, Lin Z, et al. Prediction of crop yield, water consumption and water use with aSVAT-crop growth model using remotely sensed data on the North China Plain. EcologicalModelling,2005,183:301-322.
Monje O and Bugbee B. Adaptation to high CO2concentration in an optimal environment: radiationcapture, canopy quantum yield and carbon use efficiency. Plant, Cell and Environment,1998,21:315–324.
Monteith J L, Unsworth M H. Principles of Environmental Physics,2ndEdition. Chapman&Hall,New York, USA,1990.
Moorcroft P R. Recent advances in ecosystem-atmosphere interactions: an ecological perspective.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B,2003,270:1215-1227.
Moureaux C, Debacq A, Bodson B, et al. Annual net ecosystem carbon exchange by a sugar beetcrop. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2006,139:25-39.
Niklaus P A, Gl ckler E, Siegwolf R, et al. Carbon allocation in calcareous grassland under elevatedCO2: a combined13C pulse-labelling/soil physical fractionation study. Functional Ecology,2001,15:43-50.
Notaro M, Liu Z, Gallimore R G, et al. Complex seasonal cycle of ecohydrology in the SouthwestUnited States. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115, G04034,doi:10.1029/2010JG001382.
Oue H. Influences of meteorological and vegetational factors on the partitioning of the energy of arice paddy field. Hydrological Processes,2005,19:1567-1583.
Owen K E, Tenhunen J, Reichstein M, et al. Linking flux network measurements to continental scalesimulations: ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange capacity under non-water-stressed conditions.Global Change Biology,2007,13:734-760.
Pan G X, Xu X W, Smith P, et al. An increase in topsoil SOC stock of China’s cropland between1985and2006revealed by soil monitoring. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2010,136:133-138.
Pattey E, Strachan I B, Boisvert J B, et al. Detecting effects of nitrogen rate and weather on corngrowth using micrometeorological and hyperspectral reflectance measurements. Agriculturaland Forest Meteorology,2001,108:85-99.
Pauwels V R N, Verhoest N E C, De Lannoy G J M, et al. Optimization of a coupled hydrology-cropgrowth model through the assimilation of observed soil moisture and leaf area index valuesusing an ensemble Kalman filter. Water Resources Research,2007,43, doi:10.1029/2006WR004942.
Perez P J, Castellvi F, Iba ez M, et al. Assessment of reliability of Bowen ratio method forpartitioning fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,97:141-150.
Piao S L, Fang J Y, Ciais P, et al. The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Science,2009,458:1009-1014.
Piao S L, Fang J Y, Zhou L M, et al. Changes in vegetation net primary productivity from1982to1999in China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2005,19, GB2027,doi:10.1029/2004GB002274.
Pitman A J. The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models.International Journal of Climatology,2003,23:479-510.
Priestley C H B, Taylor R J. On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation usinglarge-scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review,1972,100:81-92.
Prueger J H, Hipps L E, Cooper D I. Evaporation and the development of the local boundary layerover an irrigated surface in an arid region. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1996,78:223-237.
Qiu G Y, Wang L, He X, et al. Water use efficiency and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and itsresponse to irrigation regime in the north China Plain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:1848-1859.
Raich J W and Schlesinger W H. The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and itsrelationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus,1992,44B:81-99.
Rana G and Katerji N. Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field underMediterranean climate: a review. European Journal of Agronomy,2000,13:125-153.
Randall D, Dazlich D A, Zhang C, et al. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for GCMs.Part III: the greening of the Colorado State University General Circulation Model. Journal ofClimate,1996,9:738-763.
Reichstein M, Falge E, Baldocchi D, et al. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange intoassimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global ChangeBiology,2005,11:1424-1439.
Rosolem R, Shuttleworth W J, Zeng X, et al. Land surface modeling inside the Biosphere2tropicalrain forest biome. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115, G04035,doi:10.1029/2010JG001443.
Ross J. Radiative transfer in plant communities. Vegetation and the Atmosphere, Monteith J.L., Ed.,Academic Press,1975.
Roxburgh S H, Barrett D J, Berry S L, et al. A critical overview of model estimates of net primaryproductivity for the Australian continent. Functional Plant Biology,2004,31:1043-1059.
Ruddell B L and Kumar P. Ecohydrologic process networks:1. Identification. Water ResourcesResearch,2009,45, W03419, doi:10.1029/2008WR007279.
Ruimy A, Jarvis P G, Baldocchi D D, et al. CO2fluxes over plant canopies and solar radiation: areview. Advances in Ecological Research,1995,26:1-68.
Running S W and Coughlan J. A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regionalapplications, I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes.Ecological Modelling,1988,42:125-154.
Ryu Y, Baldocchi D D, Ma S, et al. Interannual variability of evapotranspiration and energyexchange over an annual grassland in California. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113,D09101, doi:10.1029/2007JD009263.
Santos E A, Wagner-Riddle C, Warland J S, et al. Applying a Lagrangian dispersion analysis to infercarbon dioxide and latent heat fluxes in a corn canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011, doi:10.1016/j.agrforment.2011.01.010.
Schulze E D, Kelliher F M, Korner C, et al. Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance,ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition-a globalecology scaling exercise. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1994,25:629-660.
Schwalm C R, Williams C A, Schaefer K, et al. A model-data intercomparison of CO2exchangeacross North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. Journalof Geophysical Research,2010,115, G00H05, doi:10.1029/2009JG001229.
Schymanski S J, Roderick M L, Sivapalan M, et al. A canopy-scale test of the optimal water-usehypothesis. Plant, Cell and Environment,2007, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01740.x
Scintec Boundary Layer Scintillometer Manual (Version1.48). Scintec AG, Germany.2008.
Scott R L, Hamerlynck E P, Jenerette G D, et al. Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grasslandthrough drought-induced vegetation change. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115,G03026, doi:10.1029/2010JG001348.
Scott R L. Using watershed water balance to evaluate the accuracy of eddy covariance evaporationmeasurements for three semiarid ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2010,150:219-225.
Sellers P J, Randall D A, Collatz G J, et al. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) foratmospheric GCMs. Part I: model formulation. Journal of Climate,1996a,9:676–705.
Sellers P J, Los S O, Tucker C J, et al. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) foratmospheric GCMs. Part II: the generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parametersfrom satellite data. Journal of Climate,1996b,9:706–737.
Shao C, Chen J, Li L, et al. Spatial variability in soil heat flux at three Inner Mongolia steppeecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:1433–1443.
Shen Y, Kondoh A, Tang C, et al. Measurement and analysis of evapotranspiration and surfaceconductance of a wheat canopy. Hydrological Processes,2002,16:2173–2187.
Shen Y, Zhang Y, Kondoh A, et al. Seasonal variation of energy partitioning in irrigated lands.Hydrological Processes,2004,18:2223-2234.
Sivapalan M, Bl schl G, Zhang L, et al. Downward approach to hydrological prediction.Hydrological Processes,2003,17:2101-2111.
Soegaard H and Thorgeirsson H. Carbon dioxide exchange at leaf and canopy scale for agriculturalcrops in the boreal environment. Journal of Hydrology,1998,212-213:51-61.
Soegaard H, Jensen N O, Boegh E, et al. Carbon dioxide exchange over agricultural landscape usingeddy correlation and footprint modelling. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2003,114:153-173.
Steduto P, Cetink kü, Albriyio R, et al. Automated closed-system canopy-chamber for continuousfield-crop monitoring of CO2and H2O fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,111:171-186.
Steduto P, Hsiao T, Fereres E. On the conservative behavior of biomass water productivity. IrrigationScience,2007,25:189-207.
Stella P, Lamaud E, Brunet Y, et al. Simultaneous measurements of CO2and water exchanges overthree agroecosystems in South-West France. Biogeosciences,2009,6:2957-2971.
Sun H, Liu C, Zhang X, et al. Effects of irrigation on water balance, yield and WUE of winter wheatin the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,2006,85:211-218.
Sun H, Shen Y, Yu Q, et al. Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winterwheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,2010,97:1139-1145.
Sun S-F. Moisture and heat transport in a soil layer forced by atmospheric conditions, M.S. thesis,Department of Civil Engineering, University of Connecticut,72pp,1982.
Sun W J, Huang Y, Zhang W, et al. Carbon sequestration and its potential in agricultural soils ofChina. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2010,24, GB3001, doi:10.1029/2009GB003484.
Sun Z, Wang Q, Matsushita B, et al. Development of a simple remote sensing evapotranspirationmodel (Sim-ReSET): algorithm and model test. Journal of Hydrology,2009,376:476-485.
Suter D, Frehner M, Fischer B U, et al. Elevated CO2increases carbon allocation to the roots ofLolium perenne under free-air CO2enrichment but not in a controlled environment. NewPhytologist,2002,154:65-75.
Suyker A E and Verma S B. Evapotranspiration of irrigated and rainfed maize-soybean croppingsystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2009,149:443-452.
Suyker A E Verma S B. Coupling of carbon dioxide and water vapor exchanges of irrigated andrainfed maize-soybean cropping systems and water productivity. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2010,150:553-563.
Suyker A E, Verma S B, Burba G G, et al. Growing season carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated andrainfed maize. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,124:1-13.
Suyker A E, Verma S B. Interannual water vapor and energy exchange in an irrigated maize-basedagroecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:417-427.
Tang H J, Qiu J J, Ranst E V, et al. Estimations of soil organic carbon storage in cropland of Chinabased on DNDC model. Geoderma,2006,134:200-206.
Tang J, Baldocchi D D, and Xu L. Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal timescale. Global Change Biology,2005,11:1298-1304.
Tao B, Li K R, Shao X M, et al. The temporal and spatial patterns of terrestrial net primaryproductivity in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2003,13:163-171.
Tao F and Zhang Z. Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems structure and function to climatechange in China. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115, G03003,doi:10.1029/2009JG001062.
Tong X-J, Li J, Yu Q, et al. Ecosystem water use efficiency in an irrigated cropland in the NorthChina Plain. Journal of Hydrology,2009,374:329-337.
Tucker C J, Pinzon J E, Brwon M E, et al. An extended AVHRR8-km NDVI dataset compatiblewith MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI data. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,26(20):4485-4498.
Twine T E, Kustas W P, Norman J M, et al. Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over agrassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,103:279-300.
van Dam J C and Feddes R A. Numerical simulation of infiltration, evaporation and shallowgroundwater levels with the Richards equation. Journal of Hydrology,2000,233:72-85.
van Genuchten M T. A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturatedsoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44:892–898.
van Roosmalen L, Sonnenborg T O, and Jensen K H. Impact of climate and land use change on thehydrology of a large-scale agricultural catchment. Water Resources Research,2009,45,W00A15, doi:10.1029/2007WR006760.
Velleman P F. Definition and comparison of robust nonlinear data smoothing algorithms. Journal ofthe American Statistical Assocation,1980,75:609-615.
Verma S B, Dobermann A, Cassman K G, et al. Annual carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated andrainfed maize-based agroecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,131:77-96.
Verma S B, Rosenberg N J, Blad B L. Turbulent exchange coefficients for sensible heat and watervapor under advective conditions. Journal of Applied Meteorology,1978,17:330–338.
Vickers D and Mahrt L. Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,1997,14:512-526.
von Randow C, Kruijt B, Holtslag A A M, et al. Exploring eddy-covariance and large-aperturescintillometer measurements in an Amazonian rain forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:680-690.
Wang A and Zeng X. Sensitivities of terrestrial water cycle simulations to the variations ofprecipitation and air temperature in China. Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116,D02107, doi:10.1029/2010JD014659.
Wang D and Cai X. Optimal estimation of irrigation schedule-An example of quantifying humaninterferences to hydrologic processes. Advances in Water Resources,2007,30:1844-1857.
Wang E and Smith C J. Modelling the growth and water uptake function of plant root systems: areview. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2004,55:501-523.
Wang E, Yu Q, Wu D, et al. Climate, agricultural production and hydrological balance in the NorthChina Plain. International Journal of Climatology,2008,28:1959-1970.
Wang G, Huang J, Guo W, et al. Observationi analysis of land-atmosphere interactions over theLoess Plateau of northwest China. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115, D00K17,doi:10.1029/2009JD013372.
Wang G. Assessing the potential hydrological impacts of hydraulic redistribution in Amazonia usinga numerical modeling approach. Water Resources Research,2011,47, W02528,doi:10.1029/2010WR009601.
Wang J, Yu Q, and Lee X. Simulation of crop growth and energy and carbon dioxide fluxes atdifferent time steps from hourly to daily. Hydrological Processes,2007,21:2474-2492.
Wang J, Yu Q, Li J, et al. Simulation of diurnal variations of CO2, water and heat fluxes over winterwheat with a model coupled photosynthesis and transpiration. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2006,137:194-219.
Wang L, Koike T, Yang K, et al. Frozen soil parameterization in a distributed biosphere hydrologicalmodel. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2010,14:557-571.
Wang L, Wang Z, Koike T, et al. The assessment of surface water resources for the semi-aridYongding River Basin from1956-2000and the impact of land use change. HydrologicalProcesses,2010,24:1123-1132.
Wang Q, Masataka W, and Zhu O. Simulation of water and carbon fluxes using BIOME-BGC modelover crops in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,131:209-224.
Wang Z, Xiao X, and Yan X. Modeling gross primary production of maize cropland and degradedgrassland in northeastern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2010,150:1160-1167.
Webb E K, Pearman G I and Leuning R. Correction of the flux measurements for density effects dueto heat and water vapour transfer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1980,106:85-100.
Wilhelm W W, Ruwe K, and Schlemmer M R. Comparision of three leaf area index meters in a corncanopy. Crop Science,2000,40:1179-1183.
Wilson K B and Baldocchi D D. Comparing independent estimates of carbon dioxide exchange over5years at a deciduous forest in the sourtheastern United States. Journal of GeophysicalResearch,2001,106:34167-34178.
Wilson K, Goldstein A, Falge E, et al. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites. Agricultural andForest Meteorology,2002,113:223-243.
Wolf A, Akshalov K, Saliendra N, et al. Inverse estimation of Vcmax, leaf area index, and theBall-Berry parameter from carbon and energy fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111, D08S08, doi:10.1029/2005JD005927.
Wu D, Yu Q, Lu C, et al. Quantifying production potentials of winter wheat in the North China Plain.European Journal of Agronomy,2006,24:226-235.
Wu J, Guan D, Han S, et al. Energy budget above a temperate mixed forest in northeastern China.Hydrological Processes,2007,21:2425-2434.
Wu Z, Lu G, Wen L, et al. Thirty-five year (1971-2005) simulation of daily soil moisture using thevariable infiltration capacity model over China. Atmosphere-Ocean,2007,45:37-45.
Xu J, Yang D, Yi Y, et al. Spatial and temporal variation of runoff in the Yangtze River basin duringthe past40years. Quaternary International,2008,186:32-42.
Xu L and Baldocchi D D. Seasonal trends in photosynthetic parameters and stomatal conductance ofblue oak (Quercus douglasii) under prolonged summer drought and high temperature. TreePhysiology,2003,23:865-877.
Xu L and Baldocchi D D. Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a Mediterraneanannual grassland in California. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,1232:79-96.
Yang D, Li C, Hu H, et al. Analysis of water resources variability in the Yellow River of Chinaduring the last half century using historical data. Water Resources Research,2004,40, W06502,doi:10.1029/2003WR002763.
Yang D, Sun F, Liu Z, et al. Analyzing spatial and temporal variability of annual water-energybalance in non-humid regions of China using the Budyko hypothesis. Water ResourcesResearch,2007,43, W04426, doi:10.1029/2006WR005224.
Yang D, Sun F, Liu Z, et al. Interpreting the complementary relationship in nonhumid environmentsbased on the Budyko and Penman hypotheses. Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33, L18402,doi:10.1029/2006GL027657.
Yang J, Wan S, Deng W, et al. Water fluxes at a fluctuating water table and groundwatercontributions to wheat water use in the lower Yellow River flood plain, China. HydrologicalProcesses,2007,21:717-724.
Yang K and Koike T. A general model to estimate hourly and daily solar radiation for hydrologicalstudies. Water Resources Research,2005,41, W10403, doi:10.1029/2005WR003976.
Yang K, Chen Y-Y, and Qin J. Some practice notes on the land surface modeling in the TibetanPlateau. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2009,13:687-701.
Yin Z S and Lee Williams T H. Obtaining spatial and temporal vegetation data from Landsat MSSand AVHRR/NOAA satellite images for a hydrologic model. Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,1997,63(1):69-77.
Yu G, Song X, Wang Q, et al. Water-use efficiency of forest ecosystems in eastern China and itsrelations to climatic variables. New Phytologist,2008,177:927-937.
Yu G, Zhang L, Sun X, et al. Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forestecosystems in eastern China. Global Change Biology,2008,14:2555-2571.
Yu G, Zheng Z, Wang Q, et al. Spatiotemporal pattern of soil respiration of terrestrial ecosystems inChina: the development of a geostatistical model and its simulation. Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44:6074-6080.
Zhang C, Dazlich D A, Randall D A, et al. Calculation of the global land surface energy, water andCO2fluxes with an off-line version of SiB2. Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:19061-19075.
Zhang H, Wang X, You M, et al. Water-yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheat inthe North China Plain. Irrigation Science,1999,19:37-45.
Zhang Y, Kendy E, Yu Q, et al. Effect of soil water deficit on evapotranspiration, crop yield, andwater use efficiency in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,2004,64:107-122.
Zhang Y, Yu Q, Jiang J, et al. Calibration of Terra/MODIS gross primary production over anirrigated cropland on the North China Plain and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,2008,14:757-767.
Zhao F-H, Yu G-R, Li S-G, et al. Canopy water use efficiency of winter wheat in the North ChinaPlain. Agricultural Water Management,2007,93:99-108.
Zhou L, Zhou G, Liu S, et al. Seasonal contribution and interannual variation of evapotranspirationover a reed marsh (Phragmites australis) in Northeast China from3-year eddy covariance data.Hydrological Processes,2010,24:1039-1047.
Zhu G F, Li X, Su Y H, et al. Parameterization of a coupled CO2and H2O gas exchange model at theleaf scale of Populus euphratica. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2010,14:419-431.
Zhu Q, Jiang H, Liu J, et al. Evaluating the spatiotemporal variations of water budget across Chinaover1951-2006using IBIS model. Hydrological Processes,2010,24:429-445.
Zhu Q, Jiang H, Peng C, et al. Evaluating the effects of future climate change and elevated CO2onthe water use efficiency in terrestrial ecosystems of China. Ecological Modelling,2010,doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.035.
Zhu Z L and Chen D L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China–Contributions to food production, impactson the environment and best management strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,63:117-127.
白洁,刘绍民,丁晓萍.海河流域不同下垫面上大孔径闪烁仪观测显热通量的时空特征分析.地球科学进展,2010,25:1187-1198.
陈新民,庞家智,李学渊,等.北部冬麦区建国以来冬小麦品种收获指数的演变.北京农业科学,1992,4:8-10.
丁相毅,贾仰文,王浩,等.气候变化对海河流域水资源的影响及其对策.自然资源学报,2010,25:604-613.
何勇,董文杰,郭晓寅,等.1971-2000年中国陆地植被净初级生产力的模拟.冰川冻土,2007,29(2):226-232.
刘恩民,张代桥,刘万章,等.鲁西北平原农田耗水规律与测定方法比较.水科学进展,2009,20:190-196.
刘纪远,张增祥,庄大方,等.二十世纪九十年代中国土地利用变化的遥感时空信息研究.北京:科学出版社,2005年.
卢俐，刘绍民，孙敏章,等.大孔径闪烁仪研究区域地表通量的进展.地球科学进展,2005,20(9):932-937.
罗毅,于强,欧阳竹,等. SPAC系统中的水热CO2通量与光合作用的综合模型(I)模型建立.水利学报,2001,2:90-97.
毛振强,宇振荣,刘洪.冬小麦及其叶片发育积温需求研究.中国农业大学学报,2002,7(5):14-19.
莫兴国,郭瑞萍,林忠辉.无定河区域1981~2001年植被生产力和水平平衡对气候变化的响应.气候与环境研究,2006,11(4):477-486.
乔玉辉,宇振荣, Driessen P M.冬小麦干物质在各器官中的累积和分配规律研究.应用生态学报,2002,13(5):543-546.
任宪韶.海河流域水资源评价.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
尚松浩,毛晓敏,雷志栋,等.土壤水分动态模拟模型及其应用.北京:科学出版社,2009.淮河流域综合规划.蚌埠:水利部淮河水利委员会,2010.
陶波,曹明奎,李克让,等.1981~2000年中国陆地净生态系统生产力空间格局及其变化.中国科学D辑,2006,36(12):1131-1139.
陶诗言,卫捷,孙建华,等.2008/2009年秋冬季我国东部严重干旱分析.气象,2009,35:3-10.
王润元,刘宏谊,张强,等.夏季草原与戈壁地表能量分析.地球科学进展,2007,22:642-648.
王树森,朱治林,孙晓敏,等.拉萨地区农田能量物质交换特征.中国科学(D辑),1996,26:359-364.
王思远,刘纪远,张增祥,等.中国土地利用时空特征分析.地理学报,2001,56(6):631-639.
王彧,黄耀,张稳,等.中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟（II）——模型的验证与净初级生产力估算.自然资源学报,2006,21(6):916-925.
杨大文,李翀,倪广恒,等.分布式水文模型在黄河流域的应用.地理学报,2004,59(1):143-154.
易永红.植被参数与蒸发的遥感反演方法及区域干旱评估应用研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2008.
于贵瑞,王秋凤,等.植物光合、蒸腾与水分利用的生理生态学.北京：科学出版社,2010.
袁飞,谢正辉,任立良,等.气候变化对海河流域水文特性的影响.水利学报,2005,36:274-279.
张方敏,居为民,陈镜明,等.基于BEPS生态模型对亚洲东部地区蒸散量的模拟.自然资源学报,2010,25:1596-1606.
张银锁,宇振荣, Driessen P M.环境条件和栽培管理对夏玉米干物质积累、分配及转移的试验研究.作物学报,2002,28(1):104-109.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |