高温相变蓄热过程流动与传递规律
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摘要
太阳能是世界上最丰富、清洁、可广泛获取的可再生能源，太阳能的高效利用将改变我国能源短缺和不合理的消费结构。太阳能在利用中具有热流密度间歇性和不稳定性的特点，这给太阳能的大规模工业化应用增加了难度。因此需要把太阳辐射的热量储存起来以使系统能连续高效地运行。但目前蓄能装置和技术是太阳能利用中较为薄弱的环节之一，本文建立的高温熔盐球型填充床显热和潜热蓄热方法和系统，减少了蓄热成本、提高了蓄热效率和蓄热容量，既可用于太阳能高温热发电中的热能存储，又可用于工业生产过程中的高温热能存储。
本文对高温熔盐球型填充床蓄热过程中的流动与传递现象进行了深入地理论与实验研究。建立了熔盐球型填充床显热蓄热系统的两相双温度非热平衡模型，研究了熔盐热物性参数、固体蓄热材料热物性参数、孔隙率、颗粒尺寸等对蓄热性能的影响，获得了蓄热过程中温度分布、蓄热量、蓄热熵产和蓄热效率等变化规律，探悉了不同物性参数所导致的不同蓄热规律的内在机理原因，确定了影响蓄热性能的主要参数。建立了评价蓄热系统综合性能的准则，即根据蓄热系统的蓄热量、蓄热系统的熵产、基于出口温度定义的蓄热效率和基于斜温层厚度定义的蓄热效率等评价标准来确定蓄热性能和蓄热效率。结果显示，当固体蓄热材料具有较大单位体积热容时，系统蓄热量较大、蓄热效率较高，但完成蓄热所需要的时间较长，系统熵产较大；当固体蓄热材料具有较小的导热系数的时候，系统蓄热效率较大，系统熵产较小；孔隙率对蓄热系统性能的影响较小，当孔隙率较低时，蓄热量较大，但系统的熵产较高且蓄热效率较低；当固体蓄热材料的颗粒直径较小时，蓄热效率较大，系统熵产值较小。高温熔盐和多孔蓄热材料在蓄热过程中存在着一定的温差。开始蓄热时候，温差的最大峰值较大，随着蓄热时间的增加，温差的最大值逐渐减小，但是存在温度差的轴向长度增加了。温差随着熔盐流速和固体蓄热材料颗粒直径的增大而增大。
建立了熔盐球型填充床潜热蓄热的传热模型，采用导热油作为传热蓄热介质，亚硝酸钠作为高温相变蓄热材料密封于不锈钢球中，利用数值计算方法对相变蓄热过程中的传热特性进行了分析。得到了不同蓄热时刻下轴向高度相变材料的温度分布、不同位置处相变材料的温度随着时间的变化、不同蓄热时刻下相变材料和传热流体的温度变化、蓄热量随着时间的变化等一般规律。对影响潜热蓄热系统性能的传热流体的比热、进口温度、进口速度、相变颗粒直径和相变材料的潜热值等参数等进行了分析，确定系统最佳运行参数。
开展了熔盐球型填充床显热和潜热蓄热系统在特定工况下的实验研究，对蓄热系统进行了整体性能测试，研究了蓄热过程中的温度分布、蓄热效率、蓄热量、相变过程等传热特性的规律。结果表明实验值和数值计算值的变化趋势基本保持一致，偏差较小，验证了数学模型的准确性，为蓄热系统的设计提供理论和实验依据。
Solar energy is the most abundant, clean and widely available renewable energy, andhigher efficient use of solar energy will change existing China’s energy shortage andunreasonable energy resources structure. The heat flux of solar energy has the characteristicsof intermittent and instability, the sunlight hours just less than half of a day and the cloudcovering which increase the difficulty of large-scale industrial application of solar energy.Therefore, the solar radiation energy needs to be stored in order to make the system runing inlonger time. However, the mechanism of thermal storage process and devices design is stilllack of investigation in the utilization of solar energy. This paper established the thermalstorage method and system using spherical packed bed to restore sensible and latent heat ofmolten salts (phase change material) in higher-temperature. It can reduce the thermal storagecosts, improve the efficiency and thermal storage capacity, and it can be used not only forthermal storage in solar thermal power generation, but also for the high temperature thermalstorage in the industrial production process.
The flow and heat transfer phenomenon was studied by theoretical and experimentalmethod during thermal charging process for the high-temperature molten salt spherical packedbed storage system. The transient two-phase non-equilibrium heat transfer model of thepacked-bed sensible storage system is established. The model of temperature distribution,thermal storage capacity, entropy generation, and efficiency were analysed and tested. Theinternal mechanism and reason of different change law led by different parameters was foundout and the main physical parameters of different filler materials that affect the thermalstorage performance were also determined. This paper set up the evaluation criteria accordingto thermal storage capacity, entropy generation, efficiencyη1based on outlet temperature,and efficiencyη2based on thermocline thickness to describe the charging efficiency andperformance of the thermal storage system. The results show that when the filler material haslarger volumetric heat capacity, the storage system has higher storage capacity and chargingefficiency, but the time for finishing the charging process is longer and the entropy generationis also larger; when the filler material has lower thermal conductivity, the charging efficiencyis higher and the entropy generation of the system is smaller; the porosity has little effect onthe thermal storage system, when the porosity is lower, the storage capacity is higher, but thecharging efficiency is lower and the entropy generation of the system is larger; when thediameter of filler material is smaller, the charging efficiency is higher and the entropy generation of the system is smaller. There is a certain temperature difference between the hightemperature molten salt and the porous filler material. The maximal value of temperaturedifference is bigger at the initial charging time, with the increase of charging time, themaximal value of temperature difference decreases gradually，but the axial length oftemperature difference is increased. The temperature difference increases with the increase ofmolten salt flow rate and fill material particle diameter.
The heat transfer model of high-temperature molten salt spherical packed bed latentstorage system was established using the heat transfer oil and sodium nitrite as the heattransfer fluid and the phase change storage material separately. The heat transfercharacteristics during the phase change process were analyzed using the numerical simulationmethod. The temperature distributions of molten salts (phase change material) in packed-bedchanges along the axial height in different charging time, the temperature change of phasechange material over time at different positions, the temperature changes of phase changematerial and heat transfer fluid at different charging time and the change of thermal storagecapacity over time were obtained. The specific heat, inlet temperature and inlet velocity ofheat transfer fluid, the particle diameter of phase change ball and latent heat value of phasechange material which affect the performance of latent heat storage system were analyzed todetermine the optimum operating parameters of the system.
The experimental study about the high-temperature molten salt spherical packed bedsensible and latent storage system in specific conditions was carried out and the overallperformance of the thermal storage system was tested. The heat transfer laws of thetemperature distribution, charging efficiency, thermal storage capacity and phase changeprocess were studied during the charging process. The results show that the trend of theexperimental data and numerical calculation values are basically consistent, and the error issmaller. After verifying the accuracy of the mathematical model, the results can providetheoretical and experimental basis for the design of thermal storage system.
本文对高温熔盐球型填充床蓄热过程中的流动与传递现象进行了深入地理论与实验研究。建立了熔盐球型填充床显热蓄热系统的两相双温度非热平衡模型，研究了熔盐热物性参数、固体蓄热材料热物性参数、孔隙率、颗粒尺寸等对蓄热性能的影响，获得了蓄热过程中温度分布、蓄热量、蓄热熵产和蓄热效率等变化规律，探悉了不同物性参数所导致的不同蓄热规律的内在机理原因，确定了影响蓄热性能的主要参数。建立了评价蓄热系统综合性能的准则，即根据蓄热系统的蓄热量、蓄热系统的熵产、基于出口温度定义的蓄热效率和基于斜温层厚度定义的蓄热效率等评价标准来确定蓄热性能和蓄热效率。结果显示，当固体蓄热材料具有较大单位体积热容时，系统蓄热量较大、蓄热效率较高，但完成蓄热所需要的时间较长，系统熵产较大；当固体蓄热材料具有较小的导热系数的时候，系统蓄热效率较大，系统熵产较小；孔隙率对蓄热系统性能的影响较小，当孔隙率较低时，蓄热量较大，但系统的熵产较高且蓄热效率较低；当固体蓄热材料的颗粒直径较小时，蓄热效率较大，系统熵产值较小。高温熔盐和多孔蓄热材料在蓄热过程中存在着一定的温差。开始蓄热时候，温差的最大峰值较大，随着蓄热时间的增加，温差的最大值逐渐减小，但是存在温度差的轴向长度增加了。温差随着熔盐流速和固体蓄热材料颗粒直径的增大而增大。
建立了熔盐球型填充床潜热蓄热的传热模型，采用导热油作为传热蓄热介质，亚硝酸钠作为高温相变蓄热材料密封于不锈钢球中，利用数值计算方法对相变蓄热过程中的传热特性进行了分析。得到了不同蓄热时刻下轴向高度相变材料的温度分布、不同位置处相变材料的温度随着时间的变化、不同蓄热时刻下相变材料和传热流体的温度变化、蓄热量随着时间的变化等一般规律。对影响潜热蓄热系统性能的传热流体的比热、进口温度、进口速度、相变颗粒直径和相变材料的潜热值等参数等进行了分析，确定系统最佳运行参数。
开展了熔盐球型填充床显热和潜热蓄热系统在特定工况下的实验研究，对蓄热系统进行了整体性能测试，研究了蓄热过程中的温度分布、蓄热效率、蓄热量、相变过程等传热特性的规律。结果表明实验值和数值计算值的变化趋势基本保持一致，偏差较小，验证了数学模型的准确性，为蓄热系统的设计提供理论和实验依据。
Solar energy is the most abundant, clean and widely available renewable energy, andhigher efficient use of solar energy will change existing China’s energy shortage andunreasonable energy resources structure. The heat flux of solar energy has the characteristicsof intermittent and instability, the sunlight hours just less than half of a day and the cloudcovering which increase the difficulty of large-scale industrial application of solar energy.Therefore, the solar radiation energy needs to be stored in order to make the system runing inlonger time. However, the mechanism of thermal storage process and devices design is stilllack of investigation in the utilization of solar energy. This paper established the thermalstorage method and system using spherical packed bed to restore sensible and latent heat ofmolten salts (phase change material) in higher-temperature. It can reduce the thermal storagecosts, improve the efficiency and thermal storage capacity, and it can be used not only forthermal storage in solar thermal power generation, but also for the high temperature thermalstorage in the industrial production process.
The flow and heat transfer phenomenon was studied by theoretical and experimentalmethod during thermal charging process for the high-temperature molten salt spherical packedbed storage system. The transient two-phase non-equilibrium heat transfer model of thepacked-bed sensible storage system is established. The model of temperature distribution,thermal storage capacity, entropy generation, and efficiency were analysed and tested. Theinternal mechanism and reason of different change law led by different parameters was foundout and the main physical parameters of different filler materials that affect the thermalstorage performance were also determined. This paper set up the evaluation criteria accordingto thermal storage capacity, entropy generation, efficiencyη1based on outlet temperature,and efficiencyη2based on thermocline thickness to describe the charging efficiency andperformance of the thermal storage system. The results show that when the filler material haslarger volumetric heat capacity, the storage system has higher storage capacity and chargingefficiency, but the time for finishing the charging process is longer and the entropy generationis also larger; when the filler material has lower thermal conductivity, the charging efficiencyis higher and the entropy generation of the system is smaller; the porosity has little effect onthe thermal storage system, when the porosity is lower, the storage capacity is higher, but thecharging efficiency is lower and the entropy generation of the system is larger; when thediameter of filler material is smaller, the charging efficiency is higher and the entropy generation of the system is smaller. There is a certain temperature difference between the hightemperature molten salt and the porous filler material. The maximal value of temperaturedifference is bigger at the initial charging time, with the increase of charging time, themaximal value of temperature difference decreases gradually，but the axial length oftemperature difference is increased. The temperature difference increases with the increase ofmolten salt flow rate and fill material particle diameter.
The heat transfer model of high-temperature molten salt spherical packed bed latentstorage system was established using the heat transfer oil and sodium nitrite as the heattransfer fluid and the phase change storage material separately. The heat transfercharacteristics during the phase change process were analyzed using the numerical simulationmethod. The temperature distributions of molten salts (phase change material) in packed-bedchanges along the axial height in different charging time, the temperature change of phasechange material over time at different positions, the temperature changes of phase changematerial and heat transfer fluid at different charging time and the change of thermal storagecapacity over time were obtained. The specific heat, inlet temperature and inlet velocity ofheat transfer fluid, the particle diameter of phase change ball and latent heat value of phasechange material which affect the performance of latent heat storage system were analyzed todetermine the optimum operating parameters of the system.
The experimental study about the high-temperature molten salt spherical packed bedsensible and latent storage system in specific conditions was carried out and the overallperformance of the thermal storage system was tested. The heat transfer laws of thetemperature distribution, charging efficiency, thermal storage capacity and phase changeprocess were studied during the charging process. The results show that the trend of theexperimental data and numerical calculation values are basically consistent, and the error issmaller. After verifying the accuracy of the mathematical model, the results can providetheoretical and experimental basis for the design of thermal storage system.
引文
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