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大型综合医院感染影响因素及对策研究
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摘要
背景医院感染管理(hospital infection administration,HIA)就是按照医院在医疗、诊断过程中不断出现的感染等客观规律,运用有关的理论和方法对医院感染现象进行计划、组织和控制活动,以提高工作效率、减少感染发生。近年来由于高效、广谱抗生素及免疫抑制剂的长期、广泛使用,加之疾病谱的变化和人口老龄化程度的不断提高,大量侵入性诊疗技术的开展等多种因素影响,医院感染率有上升的趋势,它不仅增加了患者的住院时间和费用,降低病床周转率,增加医务人员工作量,而且对患者的生命安全也构成了严重的威胁。国内、外医院感染重大事件时有报道,不仅严重制约了医疗质量的提升,干扰了医院的和谐发展,也给患者就医安全和疾病康复构成重大威胁。医院感染问题已经成为影响医院医疗水平、工作效率以及医院竞争力的重要因素,正日益引起当今世界各国各级卫生行政部门和医院管理者的高度重视。
     医院感染管理是医院质量管理的重要内容之一,也是医疗安全最重要的一环。随着医院感染管理的不断深化,管理内容正逐步向制度化、法制化、规范化迈进。2006年9月1日,国家卫生部颁布的《医院感染管理办法》正式实施,标志着我国医院感染管理步入了法制化建设的轨道。由于现代医学技术仍在飞速的发展,医院感染的问题仍十分突出和复杂。面对不断变迁的医院感染,作为具有全面医疗、教学、科研能力的跨地区、省、市以及向全国范围提供医疗卫生服务的大型综合医院,必将面临着更多的挑战。因此,医院感染管理是大型综合性医院的重要课题。
     目的本研究通过对某大型综合医院住院患者的医院感染特点、流行特征及有关影响因素进行调查和分析,为医院管理部门提供一个全面的医院感染现状,从而为进一步有效地预防和控制医院感染的发生,制定有效的医院感染管理措施减少医院感染的发生,避免医院感染的暴发流行,保障医疗安全,提高医院感染管理水平提供理论与实际参考依据。
     方法本研究属个案研究。通过定量调查,利用该院医院感染监测软件数据库的近五年数据,分析医院感染的发生情况,运用统计方法计算医院感染相关指标,反映数据的综合特征,分析事物的内在联系和规律;通过定性调查,采用专题小组讨论与个人深入访谈,了解医院感染的影响因素,科学评价某大型综合性医院感染管理现状、存在的问题及薄弱环节。该方法是在医院感染管理定性研究的指导下,进行“定量统计基础上的定性分析”,尤其对医院感染管理中存在的医患两方面因素进行探索,分析某大型综合性医院感染管理的特点、分布规律及影响因素,并提出相应的管理对策。
     结果
     1定量研究结果
     1.1医院感染发生率
     调查研究该院从2006至2010年住院患者266514例,全院的医院感染发生率分别为3.53%、3.25%、2.78%、2.67%、2.42%,平均为2.86%。五年医院感染的发生率逐年下降,差异有统计学意义(X2=153.25P=0.000)。
     1.2医院感染漏报率
     对2006至2010年医院感染的漏报率进行比较,发现漏报率在2006年和2007年较高,分别为25.92%和15.80%;2008、2009、2010年呈逐年下降的趋势,分别为9.95%、6.19%、6.48%。2006~2010年医院感染漏报率差异有统计学意义(X2=194.82P=0.000)。
     1.3医院感染的部位分布
     综合2006至2010年医院感染的主要发病部位中,下呼吸道感染在易感部位的构成比中占第一位(3116例,占35.52%);其次为上呼吸道感染(1462例,占16.67%);泌尿道感染(1174例,占13.38%);胃肠道感染(808例,占9.21%);手术部位感染(763例,占8.70%);腔内感染(605例,占6.90%);菌血症(413例,占4.71%);其他感染(278例,占3.17%)。
     1.4医院感染与患者年龄的关系
     本研究被感染的患者中,年龄最小3天,最大98岁,平均50.36岁。60岁以后年龄组医院感染发生率较60岁以前年龄组明显增高,20岁以前婴幼儿及儿童较60岁以后年龄组医院感染率低,但高于20~50岁之间年龄组,呈现不规则“U”型特征。检验不同年龄组之间医院感染发生率差异显著(X2=2463.51P=0.000)。
     1.5医院感染与季节时间的关系
     一年中,按月份统计每个月的医院感染发生率,发现医院感染发生率最高的月份是8月,为3.26%,最低的月份是5月为2.53%,其它月份感染率都在2%~3%之间。
     1.6医院感染与患者住院天数
     7627例医院感染患者中,住院时间小于7天,感染例数为1214例,感染率为0.96%;15天左右感染例数为3490例,感染率为6.46%;30天感染例数为2321例,感染率为24.93%;大于60天感染例数为645例,感染率为50%。住院院时间与感染率呈正相关,住院时间60天的患者感染率明显增高。
     1.7医院感染与手术与否
     7627例医院感染病例中,4659例有手术,感染率为3.63%;3032例无手术,感染率为2.16%。经X2检验,差异有统计学意义(X2=530.54,P=0.00)。
     1.8医院感染与科室分布
     所调查的医院感染的病例中,不同科室之间医院感染发生率有所不同,其中血液内科、神经内科、烧伤科的医院感染发生率分别为前3位,依次为17.25%、6.67%、6.43%,医院感染发生率排在后面三位的是产科、五官科、眼科,分别为0.91%、0.71%、0.31%。
     1.9医院感染与病原菌分布
     2006~2010年共收到临床病原微生物培养标本122744份,分离到细菌29560株,检出率24.1%,其中革兰阴性杆菌20584株占69.6%,革兰阳性球菌8976株占30.4%。住院患者细菌分离数的前十位中,鲍曼不动杆菌首位,占16.6%;大肠埃希菌,占16.5%;铜绿假单胞菌,占13.7%。
     1.10抗菌药物临床应用总体量化指标情况
     住院患者人均使用抗菌药物品种数为3.05个;住院患者人均使用抗菌药物费用为1809.12元;住院患者使用抗菌药物的百分率为60.70%;抗菌药物使用强度为70.08;抗菌药物费用占药费总额的百分率为10.53%;抗菌药物特殊品种使用量占抗菌药物使用量的百分率为4.04%;住院用抗菌药物患者病原学检查百分率为16.39%。
     2定性调查结果
     2.1医院感染管理组织体系有待优化;
     2.2医院领导对医院感染管理重视程度仍不够;
     2.3医院感染管理专职人员的队伍建设有待加强;
     2.4临床科室对医院感染管理认知依然不足;
     2.5手卫生、医院用水和食堂卫生问题有待重视;
     2.6医务人员的职业安全问题有待关注;
     2.7临床微生物实验室的作用需继续加强。
     结论
     1.医院感染的发生与患者年龄、基础疾病、侵袭性操作、住院时间、抗菌药物不合理使用等因素有关。
     2.医院感染会加重患者的经济负担,延长患者的平均住院日,并降低医院病床周转率以及医疗资源的使用效率。
     3.建立有效的医院感染管理模式,提供有力的法律保证体系,是预防与控制医院感染的重要保证。
     4.建立快速准确的医院感染监测系统,是做好医院感染控制,提高医院感染管理效率的有效方法。
     5.建立有效的信息传导与沟通机制,充分利用内部风险中的一切有利因素,是医院感染风险控制的工作基础。
     6.建立一支结构合理的医院感染管理队伍,强化医院感染知识培训工作是医院做好感染管理工作的核心。
     7.建立抗菌药物临床应用的监管体系,防止抗菌药物不合理使用是医院感染预防与控制的重要环节。
     8.建立消毒供应中心可追溯的管理系统,是医院感染管理工作质量持续改进的有效措施。
Background:
     Hospital infection administration is in accordance with the hospital in the medicaldiagnostic process of emerging infections and other objective laws, theories and methods ofusing the phenomenon of hospital infection to plan, organize and control activities, in orderto improve efficiency and reduce infection. In recent years, as efficient, broad-spectrumantibiotics and immunosuppressive agents, long-term, widespread use, coupled withchanges in disease spectrum and the aging population continues to increase, a large numberof invasive treatment techniques to carry out a variety of factors, hospital infection rates arerising trend, which not only increases the patient's hospital stay and costs, reduce bedturnover rate, increase the workload of medical staff, but also for the safety of patients alsoconstitute a serious threat. Domestic and foreign hospital infection events to be reported,not only severely restricted the quality of care improvement, interferes with the harmoniousdevelopment of the hospital, but also to the rehabilitation of patients with medical treatmentand disease pose a major security threat. Hospital infection has an impact on the level ofhospital care, hospital efficiency and competitiveness of an important factor in the worldtoday is increasingly causing health administrative departments at all levels, and hospitalmanagers are highly valued.
     Hospital infection administration is an important part of hospital quality management,is one of the most important medical safety ring. With the deepening of hospital infectioncontrol, management, content is gradually institutionalized and legalized and standardizedforward. September1,2006, issued by the Ministry of Health,“Hospital Infection ControlMeasures,” the official implementation, indicates that China has entered a hospitalinfection control legal construction of the track. As modern medical technology is stillgrowing rapidly, the problem of hospital infection is still very prominent and complex. The changing face of hospital infections, as a comprehensive health care, teaching and researchcapacity of the regional, provincial, municipal and delivery of health services across thecountry to a large general hospital, will face more challenges.
     Objects:
     This study of a large general hospital inpatient hospital infection characteristics,epidemiological characteristics and the factors affecting the investigation and analysis ofhospital management to provide a comprehensive hospital infection status, so as to furthereffective prevention and control of hospital infection development of effective hospitalinfection control measures to reduce the incidence of hospital infection, avoiding outbreaksof hospital infection, protect the health safety and improve hospital infection controlstandards and provide a theoretical and practical reference.
     Methods:
     This study is a case study. Through quantitative surveys, the use of hospitalnosocomial infection surveillance software database of nearly five years of data, analysis ofthe incidence of nosocomial infection, the use of statistical method of hospitalinfection-related indicators, reflecting the overall characteristics of data, analysis of internalrelations of things and laws; through qualitative survey, using focus group discussions andindividual depth interviews to understand the factors of nosocomial infection, the scientificevaluation of a large and integrated management of hospital infection status, problems andweaknesses, and propose appropriate management strategies. The method is qualitativeresearch in hospital infection control under the guidance of a “qualitative quantitativestatistics,”especially on hospital infection management in the patient to explore two factors,analysis of a large general hospital infection control characteristics, distribution rules andfactors.
     Results:
     1Quantitative results
     1.1The incidence of nosocomial infection
     Research hospital from2006to2010,266,514cases of hospitalized patients, thehospital's nosocomial infection rates were3.53%,3.25%,2.78%,2.67%,2.42%, an averageof2.86%. Five years, the incidence of nosocomial infection decreased year by year, thedifference was statistically significant (X2=153.25P=0.000).
     1.2False negative rate of hospital infection
     Hospital for2006to2010to compare the false negative rate of infection and foundthat the false negative rate in2006and2007, higher, respectively,25.92%and15.80%;2008,2009,2010a declining trend, were9.95%,6.19%,6.48%.2006to2010the falsenegative rate of nosocomial infection was significantly (X2=194.82P=0.000).
     1.3Parts of the distribution of hospital infections
     Integrated from2006to2010the incidence of hospital infection of the main parts, thelower respiratory tract infection in susceptible parts of the composition ratio in the firstaccount (3116cases, accounting for35.52%); followed by upper respiratory tract infection(1462cases, accounting for16.67%); urinary tract infections (1174cases, accounting for13.38%); gastrointestinal tract infection (808cases, accounting for9.21%); surgical siteinfections (763cases, accounting for8.70%); cavity infection (605cases, accounting for6.90%); bacteremia (413cases, accounting for4.71%); other infections (278cases,accounting for3.17%).
     1.4Hospital infection and the relationship between patient age
     In this study, infected patients, the youngest3days, maximum98years old, average50.36years of age. After the60-year-old age group the incidence of nosocomial infectionthan60-year-old age group was significantly higher before age20compared with60infantsand children after the age of the age group of hospital infection rate is low, but higher thanthat between the ages of20to50age group, showing no rules “U”-type features. Testbetween the different age groups the incidence of nosocomial infection significantlydifferent (X2=2463.51P=0.000).
     1.5Hospital infection and the relationship between the time the season
     Year, month by month statistics of hospital infection rates, found the highest incidenceof nosocomial infection is the month of August, to3.26%, the lowest for the month of Mayis2.53%, other2%in the month prevalence~3%.
     1.6Hospital infection and hospitalization days
     7627cases of hospital infection, the hospital stay less than7days, the number of casesto1214cases of infection, the infection rate was0.96%;15days the number of cases to3490cases of infection, the infection rate was6.46%;30days the number of cases ofinfection in2321cases, the infection rate was24.93%; greater than60days the number of cases to645cases of infection, the infection rate was50%. Inpatient hospital time waspositively correlated with infection rates, length of stay of60days was significantly higherin patients with infection.
     1.7Hospital infection and surgical
     7627cases of hospital infections,4659cases have surgery, the infection rate was3.63%;3032cases without surgery, infection rate was2.16%. The X2test, the differencewas statistically significant (X2=530.54, P=0.00).
     1.8Hospital infection and distribution departments
     The survey of hospital infections in different sections of the hospital infection ratebetween the different, in which blood medicine, neurology, burn unit of the hospitalinfection rate for the first three, followed by17.25%,6.67%,6.43%, the incidence ofhospital infections at the back of three of the obstetric, ENT, ophthalmology, were0.91%,0.71%,0.31%.
     1.9Hospital infection and pathogen distribution
     2006to2010received a total of122,744clinical specimens were cultured pathogenicmicroorganisms, bacteria isolated from29560, the detection rate of24.1%, Gram-negativebacilli2058469.6%, Gram-positive cocci accounted for30.4%of8976. The number ofhospitalized patients bacterial isolates in the top ten, top Acinetobacter baumannii,16.6%;Escherichia coli, accounting for16.5%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accounting for13.7%.
     1.10Clinical use of antibiotics in general quantitative indicators
     Per capita use of antibiotics in patients hospitalized a few varieties of3.05; hospitaluse of antibiotics per patient cost of1809.12yuan; hospital use of antimicrobial drugs inpatients with the percentage of60.70%; antimicrobial drug use intensity70.08; antibacterialdrug costs accounted for the percentage of the total drugs to10.53%; special varieties ofantibiotics accounted for use of antimicrobial agents using the percentage of the amount of4.04%; hospitalized patients with antimicrobial agents pathogenic examination percentageof16.39%.
     2Qualitative findings
     2.1Hospital management organization system to be optimized;
     2.2Hospital leadership emphasis on hospital infection control is still not enough;
     2.3Hospital infection control professionals team needs to be strengthened;
     2.4Clinical departments of the hospital infection control knowledge is still inadequate;
     2.5Hand hygiene, hospital canteens of water and sanitation issues to be valued;
     2.6Medical staff of occupational safety issues to be concerned about;
     2.7The role of clinical microbiology laboratories need to continue to strengthen.
     Conclusions:
     1. Hospital infection and patient age, underlying diseases, invasive operation, hospitalstay, antibiotics do not Fair use and other factors.
     2. Hospital patients will increase the financial burden and prolong the average lengthof stay, and reduce the turnover rate of hospital beds and medical resource utilization.
     3. Establishment of an effective hospital infection management, provide a strong legalguarantee system is to prevent and control hospital infections important guarantee.
     4. A rapid and accurate monitoring system of hospital infection, hospital infectioncontrol is good, to improve the efficiency of effective hospital infection control methods.
     5. Establish an effective mechanism of information transmission and communication,make full use of internal risk in all the favorable factors, the risk of hospital infectioncontrol is the basis for the work.
     6. The establishment of a rational structure of hospital infection control team, tostrengthen the knowledge of hospital infection hospital training is the core of good infectioncontrol.
     7. Clinical use of antibiotics to establish the regulatory system to prevent irrational useof antibiotics is the hospital infection prevention and control of important aspects.
     8. Central sterile supply can be traced back to establish the management system,hospital infection control and effective measures of continuous quality improvement.
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