二十世纪八十年代以来瑞典基础教育改革的价值取向研究
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摘要
二十世纪八十年代以来,瑞典基础教育根据形势的发展变化,不断深化改革,建立起了完善的、独特的、充满活力的基础教育体系,实现了教育的均衡发展与较高质量的统一,促进了经济与社会的协调发展。瑞典基础教育改革中所秉承的追求公平与效率、为终身学习奠基、服务多元文化社会等价值取向,对我国当前教育改革与发展具有重要借鉴价值。
本论文从国际比较视角,综合采用文献分析法、历史分析法、调查研究法、比较法等多种研究方法,围绕追求教育公平、提高办学效率、服务终身学习、多元文化适应四方面价值取向,系统分析了二十世纪八十年代以来瑞典基础教育改革与发展的状况,在此基础上综合评析其改革与价值取向的基本特点,并针对我国基础教育改革提出了相关建议。
本论文共分六部分,各部分主要内容如下：
第一部分为导论。该部分主要包括本论文的选题缘由、研究主题界说、文献综述、研究思路与研究方法。
第二部分论述了二十世纪八十年代以来瑞典国家教育政策调整中的教育公平取向相关问题。八十年代以来瑞典在经济一度不景气、福利缩水、福利制度转型的背景下所进行的基础教育改革始终坚持了追求教育公平的核心价值取向。在教育改革实践上,为确保教育公平的做法包括：进一步推进高中学制结构的同质性改造,以增进受教育机会的平等性与等值性；大力发展儿童看护与学前教育,不断降低普及教育年龄,通过其普遍可得性增强受教育权在起点上的平等性；对处于不利地位的特定群体制定保护性规定,采取支持性举措,以期基础教育福利能够全民覆盖,所有适龄人口都能得到等值的发展。
第三部分论述了瑞典实施新公共管理分权化改革中的提高效率的价值取向。
十世纪八十年代以来瑞典在基础教育领域逐渐加快推进分权化变革,这既是新公共管理思潮和国家行政体制改革的反映,也是教育内部为了更好地适应各利益相关者的需求以提高效率的大势所趋。在实践上主要表现为：中央与地方政府之间的权责重新配置,教育教学活动中学校和教师的专业增权；权责分散与质量保证的协调统一；私营学校迅速扩张,激发了教育系统的活力。
第四部分重点论述了在知识经济与终身学习时代背景下追求整合开放教育体系建设的价值取向。在简介瑞典发达的成人教育情况基础上,分析了建立整合开放学校体系的举措,即进一步增强中小学教育的一致化与灵活性,纳入基础教育体系的成人基础教育,将学校教育体系向下延伸至儿童看护与学前教育,着力提升基础教育质量、为开放式终身学习奠定基础。
第五部分论述了适应多元文化的价值取向。在全球化影响下,瑞典在基础教育改革过程中凸显了适应多元文化的价值取向。在具体措施上,瑞典积极开展适应多元文化的移民教育,加强少数民族文化保存与教育,加强移民的语言教育。
第六部分提出了我国当前基础教育改革与发展的政策建议。我国教育改革与发展应注重教育的社会功能,突显教育公平价值取向。在具体策略上,加大财政投入,加快推进中小学校均衡发展战略,赋予学生及其家长更多的选择权；在教育体系内部加快“立交桥”式衔接机制建设；加快学前教育发展速度,“强化开端”；关注多元文化问题。教育改革应注重科学民主决策与整体配套稳步推进。
Since1980s, basic education in Sweden has been obtaining good and sustainable development. Swedish perfect, specific and dynamic basic education system has been founded by rolling reforms, thus unity of equal development and higher quality in education has been realized with promoting economic and social coordinated development. During the process of the reforms in Swedish basic education, values of equality and efficiency, base for lifelong learning, service for multi-cultural society pursued have important meanings for Chinese present education reform and development.
From international comparative perspective, The dissertation analyzed systematically Swedish situation of basic education reform and development from1980s at aspects of four value orientations of educational equality, stimulating educational dynamics, promoting student development, service for lifelong learning and multi-cultural adjustment with comprehensive use of several research methods such as literature analysis, historical analysis method, survey research method and comparative method. And then the dissertation comprehensively analyzed the basic characteristics of Swedish educational reforms and value orientations, and provided relevant suggestions for Chinese basic education reform.
The dissertation is divided into six sections which are as follows in details.
The first section is introduction. The section mainly consists of topic reasons, definition of research subjects, literature review, research thought and methods.
The second section discussed the issues related to education equality value orientation in Swedish educational policy adjustment from1980s.The core value idea of educational reform and development, especially School Education Act from1980s is education equality. In the practice of education reforms, Swedish government has been taking many measures to ensure education equality which are as follows:further promoting homogeneity changes of high school education system structure to reinforce equality and equivalence of education opportunities; Developing energetically childcare and preschool education to lower age of universal education and strengthening equality at starting point of educated rights by universal accessibility; making protection provisions for disadvantage groups and taking supportive measures to be able to provide all population with basic educational welfare to obtain equivalent development for all school-age population.
The third section discussed value orientation of increasing efficiency in the process of decentralization education reform under the new public management in Sweden. Since1980s, Sweden has gradually accelerated decentralization change in basic education field, which reflected ideas of new public management and national administration system reform, and was also a big trend of meeting the needs of stakeholders to increase efficiency in internal education. The measures in practice were as follows:professional empowerment for schools and teachers in educational activities; coordination and unification of decentralization of authority and responsibility and quality assurance; free school choice.
The fourth section mainly discussed the value orientation of Integration and opening which is following in details:firstly, constructing school educational integration and opening system of service for lifelong learning for which concrete measures such as conducting learning cycle activities, provision of learning leave right and building individual Leaning Accounts system. Secondly, establishing basic education integrated system with two-side extension and Multiple connection. That is to say, further strengthening consistency and flexibility of basic education, constructing featured adult basic education, bringing preschool education into school education system for strong start. Thirdly, promoting basic education quality to provide knowledge base for lifelong learning, for which is in details as follows:service for lifelong learning directing rich connotation of basic education quality, paying attention to individual teaching to enhance learning quality for every student, strengthening student evaluation and quality control system.
The fifth section discussed the value orientation of multi-cultural responsiveness. Under the influence of globalization, Swedish basic education reform reflected the value orientation of multi-cultural responsiveness for which concrete measures are as follows in details:positively taking on immigrant Education to adapting to multi-culture, strengthening ethnic minority culture protection and education, improving language education for immigrants.
The sixth section put forward some policy suggestions for Chinese current basic education reform and development. Chinese current education reform and development should attach more importance to educational social functions with value orientation of educational equality. The concrete strategies should include followings:increasing financial investment, accelerating balanced development of basic education with more choice rights to students and parents, building the overpass-like connecting mechanism within the internal education system, accelerating preschool education development with reinforcing head start program, paying close attention to multi-cultural issues. Education reform should emphasize scientific and democratic decision-making and overall matching, and should also realize clearly that the issues in education are certainly not just the problem of internal education system, any education reform not only needs a series of matching measures issued within education system, but also needs social interaction and support.
本论文从国际比较视角,综合采用文献分析法、历史分析法、调查研究法、比较法等多种研究方法,围绕追求教育公平、提高办学效率、服务终身学习、多元文化适应四方面价值取向,系统分析了二十世纪八十年代以来瑞典基础教育改革与发展的状况,在此基础上综合评析其改革与价值取向的基本特点,并针对我国基础教育改革提出了相关建议。
本论文共分六部分,各部分主要内容如下：
第一部分为导论。该部分主要包括本论文的选题缘由、研究主题界说、文献综述、研究思路与研究方法。
第二部分论述了二十世纪八十年代以来瑞典国家教育政策调整中的教育公平取向相关问题。八十年代以来瑞典在经济一度不景气、福利缩水、福利制度转型的背景下所进行的基础教育改革始终坚持了追求教育公平的核心价值取向。在教育改革实践上,为确保教育公平的做法包括：进一步推进高中学制结构的同质性改造,以增进受教育机会的平等性与等值性；大力发展儿童看护与学前教育,不断降低普及教育年龄,通过其普遍可得性增强受教育权在起点上的平等性；对处于不利地位的特定群体制定保护性规定,采取支持性举措,以期基础教育福利能够全民覆盖,所有适龄人口都能得到等值的发展。
第三部分论述了瑞典实施新公共管理分权化改革中的提高效率的价值取向。
十世纪八十年代以来瑞典在基础教育领域逐渐加快推进分权化变革,这既是新公共管理思潮和国家行政体制改革的反映,也是教育内部为了更好地适应各利益相关者的需求以提高效率的大势所趋。在实践上主要表现为：中央与地方政府之间的权责重新配置,教育教学活动中学校和教师的专业增权；权责分散与质量保证的协调统一；私营学校迅速扩张,激发了教育系统的活力。
第四部分重点论述了在知识经济与终身学习时代背景下追求整合开放教育体系建设的价值取向。在简介瑞典发达的成人教育情况基础上,分析了建立整合开放学校体系的举措,即进一步增强中小学教育的一致化与灵活性,纳入基础教育体系的成人基础教育,将学校教育体系向下延伸至儿童看护与学前教育,着力提升基础教育质量、为开放式终身学习奠定基础。
第五部分论述了适应多元文化的价值取向。在全球化影响下,瑞典在基础教育改革过程中凸显了适应多元文化的价值取向。在具体措施上,瑞典积极开展适应多元文化的移民教育,加强少数民族文化保存与教育,加强移民的语言教育。
第六部分提出了我国当前基础教育改革与发展的政策建议。我国教育改革与发展应注重教育的社会功能,突显教育公平价值取向。在具体策略上,加大财政投入,加快推进中小学校均衡发展战略,赋予学生及其家长更多的选择权；在教育体系内部加快“立交桥”式衔接机制建设；加快学前教育发展速度,“强化开端”；关注多元文化问题。教育改革应注重科学民主决策与整体配套稳步推进。
Since1980s, basic education in Sweden has been obtaining good and sustainable development. Swedish perfect, specific and dynamic basic education system has been founded by rolling reforms, thus unity of equal development and higher quality in education has been realized with promoting economic and social coordinated development. During the process of the reforms in Swedish basic education, values of equality and efficiency, base for lifelong learning, service for multi-cultural society pursued have important meanings for Chinese present education reform and development.
From international comparative perspective, The dissertation analyzed systematically Swedish situation of basic education reform and development from1980s at aspects of four value orientations of educational equality, stimulating educational dynamics, promoting student development, service for lifelong learning and multi-cultural adjustment with comprehensive use of several research methods such as literature analysis, historical analysis method, survey research method and comparative method. And then the dissertation comprehensively analyzed the basic characteristics of Swedish educational reforms and value orientations, and provided relevant suggestions for Chinese basic education reform.
The dissertation is divided into six sections which are as follows in details.
The first section is introduction. The section mainly consists of topic reasons, definition of research subjects, literature review, research thought and methods.
The second section discussed the issues related to education equality value orientation in Swedish educational policy adjustment from1980s.The core value idea of educational reform and development, especially School Education Act from1980s is education equality. In the practice of education reforms, Swedish government has been taking many measures to ensure education equality which are as follows:further promoting homogeneity changes of high school education system structure to reinforce equality and equivalence of education opportunities; Developing energetically childcare and preschool education to lower age of universal education and strengthening equality at starting point of educated rights by universal accessibility; making protection provisions for disadvantage groups and taking supportive measures to be able to provide all population with basic educational welfare to obtain equivalent development for all school-age population.
The third section discussed value orientation of increasing efficiency in the process of decentralization education reform under the new public management in Sweden. Since1980s, Sweden has gradually accelerated decentralization change in basic education field, which reflected ideas of new public management and national administration system reform, and was also a big trend of meeting the needs of stakeholders to increase efficiency in internal education. The measures in practice were as follows:professional empowerment for schools and teachers in educational activities; coordination and unification of decentralization of authority and responsibility and quality assurance; free school choice.
The fourth section mainly discussed the value orientation of Integration and opening which is following in details:firstly, constructing school educational integration and opening system of service for lifelong learning for which concrete measures such as conducting learning cycle activities, provision of learning leave right and building individual Leaning Accounts system. Secondly, establishing basic education integrated system with two-side extension and Multiple connection. That is to say, further strengthening consistency and flexibility of basic education, constructing featured adult basic education, bringing preschool education into school education system for strong start. Thirdly, promoting basic education quality to provide knowledge base for lifelong learning, for which is in details as follows:service for lifelong learning directing rich connotation of basic education quality, paying attention to individual teaching to enhance learning quality for every student, strengthening student evaluation and quality control system.
The fifth section discussed the value orientation of multi-cultural responsiveness. Under the influence of globalization, Swedish basic education reform reflected the value orientation of multi-cultural responsiveness for which concrete measures are as follows in details:positively taking on immigrant Education to adapting to multi-culture, strengthening ethnic minority culture protection and education, improving language education for immigrants.
The sixth section put forward some policy suggestions for Chinese current basic education reform and development. Chinese current education reform and development should attach more importance to educational social functions with value orientation of educational equality. The concrete strategies should include followings:increasing financial investment, accelerating balanced development of basic education with more choice rights to students and parents, building the overpass-like connecting mechanism within the internal education system, accelerating preschool education development with reinforcing head start program, paying close attention to multi-cultural issues. Education reform should emphasize scientific and democratic decision-making and overall matching, and should also realize clearly that the issues in education are certainly not just the problem of internal education system, any education reform not only needs a series of matching measures issued within education system, but also needs social interaction and support.
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③国家教育委员会师范教育司组编.教育学学科建设指导性意见[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1995.20.
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⑤ 《马克思恩格斯全集》第4卷,北京：人民出版社,1957.247.
⑥劳凯声.序.刘复兴著、教育科学出版社2003年11月第1版《教育政策的价值分析》之《序》第4页。
①刘复兴著.教育政策的价值分析[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2003.37-38.
②陈庆云主编.公共政策分析[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006.243.
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②[英]杰大·惠迪(Geoff Whitty)等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府和市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003, 10.
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③李森、宋乃庆主编.基础教育概论[M].成都：四川教育出版社,2004.2.
④有人干脆更为贴切地将其译为“学校教育法”,以免误会其适用范围；但瑞典官方所给的英语译本是Education Act。
⑤ Ministry of Education and Science & National Agency for Education. The Development of Education National Report of Sweden,2001.4.
⑥ Lpfo 98中的“学前教育”系指5岁以前教育,而Lpo 94中的“学前班”(pre-school class)实施的是小学入学前一年教育。
①康永久.教育制度：最重要的教育资源[J].教育与经济,2001,(03).20.
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①宋书文主编.管理心理学词典[M].兰州：甘肃人民出版社,1989.137-138.
②张东娇著.最后的图腾——中国高中教育价值取向与学校特色发展研究[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2005.7.
③刘复兴著.教育政策的价值分析[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2003.41-42,45-46.
①王承绪主编.比较教育学史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1999.295-296.
①本部分提及作者的文章篇名与出处均见参考文献,一般不再给脚释。
②如：冷剑丽.瑞典中学性教育的实践及启示[D].西南大学.2006；靳琰.中国与瑞典、美国学校性教育比较研究[D].华东师范大学.2007。
①英国无党派独立智库Reform编印的一本小册子(2003):School Choice for All.5.
②David Green. Choice in schools benefits the poor[J]. [EB/OL]. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion /main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2006/01/20/do2002.xml.2007-05-13
③Marek Hlavac. Open Access for UK Schools:What Britain can learn from Swedish Education Reform[J]. London:Adam Smith Institute.2007.4.
④Robert Holland. Voucher Lessons from Sweden:Socialist embrace of free market brings positive outcomes [J]. School Reform News. March 1,2003.
①Martin Carnoy. National Voucher Plans In Chile and Sweden:Did Privatization Reforms Make for Better Education? Comparative Education Review.1998, Vol.42, No.3.
②SOFI. A Review of Current Research at SOFI. [EB/OL]http://www.sofi.su.se/omsofi/review.pdf, 2005-04-02
①如：华东师大李家成、傅建明、吴洪伟,东北师大李伟言,西南师大宋宝和,南京师大顾继玲,西北师大刘旭东,首都师大冯晓阳等。
②Ulf p. Lundgren. The Development of the Middle School in Sweden:Research and evaluation. International Journal of Educational Research.1988, Vol.12, No.5.494.
①中国人类发展报告2005：追求公平的人类发展[PPT].2011年11月25日下载自“百度文库”。
②新华社,温家宝总理回答中外记者提问[N].人民日报,2008-3-19,(3)
③Ides Nicaise, Gosta Esping-Andersen, etc. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country note: SWEDEN [R]. OECD,2005.9.
④Ministry of Education and Science of Sweden. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country Analytical Report of Sweden [R]. Prepared for OECD, Dec.2004.4.
③汤益诚著.促进社会和谐的瑞典经验：制度变革与政策选择[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2008.96,25.
①丁刚.瑞典人的“中庸之道”[EB/OL]. http://www.china.com.cn/review/txt/2006-12/27/content_7566 660. htm(原载《东方早报》),2007-10-13.
②吴威.瑞典式管理：海盗的平等[J].名人传记(财富人物),2008(3).41.
③苏联大百科全书选译.瑞典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1959.23.
④[法]Benedicte Lapeyer著,刘玉俐译,高毅校.话说欧洲民族性[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007.7,153.
⑤ Dale M. Brown主编,金冰翻译,吴芬审校.北欧海盗：来自北方的入侵者[M].北京：华夏出版社,南宁：广西人民出版社,2002.19-20.
⑥丁刚《瑞典模式的起源：海盗的民主》,《东方早报》；安德森《瑞典史》,p17、39。
①其英文单.词为"Ting",又音译为“亭”,意即“人民大会”,指有权携带武器的自由人的集会。
②DaleM. Brown主编,金冰翻译,吴芬审校.北欧海盗：来自北方的入侵者[M].北京：华夏出版社,南宁：广西人民出版社,2002.32
③Culture of SWEDEN. [EB/OL]. http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Sweden.html,2008-6-22.
④敬东.北欧五国简史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1987.81、88
⑤[瑞典]安德森著.瑞典史[M].苏公隽译,北京：商务印书馆,1963.321.
⑥ [英]菲利普·怀曼著.瑞典与第三条道路[M].刘庸安等译,重庆：重庆出版社,2008.26.
⑦[瑞典]安德森著.瑞典史[M].苏公隽译,北京：商务印书馆,1963.92,171-172.
⑧张契尼、潘琪昌编.当代西欧社会民主党[M].北京：东方出版社,1987.202
⑨曹长盛主编.民主社会主义模式比较研究[M：.长春：东北师范大学出版社,1996.287.
①石琴娥著.北欧文学史[M].南京：译林出版社.2005.3.
②民主社会主义在二战后流行于西欧,以此为政治信条的政党(包括社会党、社民党和工党)曾在很多西欧国家单独(或参与)执政,最多时在全世界25个国家执政。全世界信奉民主社会主义的政党或组织82个,党员约1600万,并有其全球政党联盟——社会党国际。(据黄安淼、张小劲编,黑龙江人民出版社1989年版《瑞典模式初探》,P1。)
③黄安淼、张小劲编《瑞典模式初探》,黑龙江人民出版社1989年版,“编著说明”p1、2。
④《The Working Class in Welfare Capitalism:work,unions and politics in Sweden》,p55.
⑤《Scandiavia Past and Present》(2008年10月复印于北京师范大学图书馆),vol.3,p160
④[瑞典]安德森著.瑞典史[M].苏公隽译,北京：商务印书馆,1963.336-339.
⑦[瑞典]斯·哈登纽斯著,戴汉苙、许力译.二十世纪的瑞典政治[M].北京：求实出版社,1990.4.
①[英]诺曼·戴维斯,郭方、刘北成等详：《欧洲史》,下卷,世界知识出版社,2007.963.
②刘成、马约生著.欧洲社会民主主义的缘起与演进[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2006.227235。(下下一段的前半部分亦来自此书p236) 另据英国菲利普著《瑞典与第三条道路》(重庆出版社2008)：社民党在1911、
1914和1917年大选中,分别获得了28.5%、36.4%、39.4%的民众选票。
③[英]诺曼·戴维斯.欧洲史·下卷[M].郭方、刘北成等译,北京：世界知识出版社,2007.964.
①刘成、马约生著.欧洲社会民主主义的缘起与演进[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2006.236.丁刚.瑞典百姓缘何如此重视平等[EB/OL].http://www.lngjdl.com/html/rd/rdht/3675.html,2008-3-9.
②《Creating Social Democracy:A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden》p38
②刘成、马约生著.欧洲社会民主主义的缘起与演进[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2006.238-245.
③高锋.从党纲的八次修改看瑞典社民党的理论创新与调整[M].当代世界与社会主义,2007,(05).21
④杨玲著.美国、瑞典社会保障制度比较研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2006.38.
⑤刘国来摘译.瑞典社会民主党纲领(节录)[J].共运资料选译.1986,(6).10.
⑥[瑞典]英瓦尔·卡尔松,安奈-玛丽艾·林德格伦.什么是社会民主主义?[A].高锋,时红编译.瑞典社会民
主主义模式——述评与文献[Z].北京：中央编译出版社,2009.4.
①高峰.瑞典经济发展试析[J].国际问题研究,1985,(01).
②汤益诚著.促进社会和谐的瑞典经验：制度变革与政策选择[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2008.98
③中国大陆1970年人口8.3亿,GDP为272亿美元。据人口统计数据和中国经济学教育科研网“经济学论坛”(http://bbs.cenet.org.cn)2004年4月4日发布的帖子《世界各国GDP排名(1970-2003年)》计算得出。
④World Bank. World Development Report 1981 [R]. Oxford University Press,1981.134-135.
⑤瑞典总工会(LO)《瑞典1984年的雇员投资基金》,1984年斯德哥尔摩英文版第3页,转引自黄安淼、张小劲编《瑞典模式初探》,黑龙江人民出版社1989年版,第240页。
⑥O.帕尔梅《向往未来》,斯德哥尔摩1974年版,转引自向文华著、中央编译出版社 1999年版《斯堪的纳维亚民主社会主义研究》第194页。
⑦参汤益诚著.促进社会和谐的瑞典经验：制度变革与政策选择[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2008.99-102.
①高锋.瑞典社会福利纵谈[N].(香港)经济导报,1981,(10)。(转引自http://www.chinaelections.org/New sInfo.asp?NewsID=112391)。
②丁刚.中产阶层是怎样“制造”出来的[N].东方早报,2007-02-07.
③伯特伦·西尔弗曼.瑞典模式的兴盛与衰落——访问鲁道夫·迈德纳[J].方元译,经济资料译丛,1999,(01).23
④据瓦尔特·科皮《从比较的角度看瑞典福利国家的发展》,转引自《当代世界社会主义问题》1993年第2期第57页。
⑤据福尔默·威斯蒂《北欧式民主》,中国社会科学出版社1993版,转引自向文华著、中央编译出版社1999年版《斯堪的纳维亚民主社会主义研究》,第32页。
① Amartya Sen著.以自由看待发展[M].任赜等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002.译者序言,11.
② Stephen J. Ball & Staffan Larsson. The Struggle for Democratic Education:Equality and Participation in Sweden [M]. London:The Falmer Press,1989.15.
③ Arild Tjedvoll. Quality of Equality? Scandinavian Education Towards the Year 2000 [M]. New York: Garland Publishing,1998.1-2,3-4
④转引自Karin Helena Bussell博士学位论文《Education in Postwar Sweden》,美国Texas大学,2002,P98。
⑤中联部资料编辑中心选编.社会党国际和社会党重要文件选编[Z].北京：中共中央党校出版社,1993.122
⑥ Klaus Misgeld, Karl Molin and Klas Amark. Creating Social Democracy:A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden [M]. Translation from Swedish by Jan Teeland, US:The Pennsylvania State University Press,1992.325
①吴式颖主编.外国现代教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1997.599.
②[法]加斯东·米亚拉雷、让·维亚尔主编.世界教育史(1945年至今)[M].张人杰等译,上海：上海译文出版社,1991.300.
③参Leon Boucher. Tradition and Change in Swedish Education[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1982.16
④Arild Tjedvoll. Quality of Equality? Scandinavian Education Towards the Year 2000 [M]. New York Garland Publishing,1998.101.
③此前瑞典的学校体系杂乱,有学者罗列说四十年代孩子们可以在19种学校中上他们的七年级(Karin Helena Bussell博士学位论文《Education in Postwar Sweden》,美国Texas大学,2002,25-26页)。
⑥ Leon Boucher. Tradition and Change in Swedish Education[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1982.21-25.
④[法]加斯东·米亚拉雷、让·维亚尔主编.世界教育史(1945年至今)[M].张人杰等译,上海：上海译文出 版社,1991.301-302.
①参滕大春主编.外国教育史(第六卷).济南：山东教育出版社,2005.319-320.
③[法]加斯东·米亚拉雷、让·维亚尔主编.世界教育史(1945年至今)[M].张人杰等译,上海：上海译文出版社,1991.308.
③人民教育出版社《外国教育从书》编辑组编.二十国教育概况[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1981.179-181.
① 《十一国教育发展近况——联合国教科文组织第38届国际教育会议国家报告选编》,北京师范大学外国教育研究所1982年编印,第180页。
②崔录、李波等编著.国外中学教育概况[M].北京：光明日报出版社,1987.99.
③ Leon Boucher. Tradition and Change in Swedish Education[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1982.21.
④ Karin Helena Bussell. Education in Postwar Sweden[D]. the University of Texas,2002.173、179。另据瑞典教育部为UNESCO第38届国际教育会议提交的国家报告中数据,1979年时接受高等教育的在校生已达15.5万；而方彤《瑞典基础教育》第31页数据则表明,1950年时全国就读大学生只有1.6万人。
⑤ Bo Malmberg. Number of students and enrollment rates in extended primary, integrated-upper secondary, and tertiary education, Sweden 1768-2002 [Z]. Stockholm:Institute for Futures Studies, 2007.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.31,28.② Arild Tjedvoll. Quality of Equality? Scandinavian Education Towards the Year 2000 [M]. New York: Garland Publishing,1998.103.
③霍世涛.瑞典福利国家述评[A].杨祖功选编.西欧的社会保障制度[M].北京：劳动人事出版社,1986.176.
①据统计：瑞典每年的进口、出口一般都各约占到国民生产总值的25-30%,工业产品约有47%仰赖国外市场。(黄范章薯《瑞典“福利国家”的实践与理论——“瑞典病”研究》,上海人民出版社1987年版,第128页。)
②能源消费70%依赖进口石油的瑞典自然也遭受到直接影响：1975-1982年间石油进口减少了40%,可由于两次石油危机的影响,其进口费用却翻了两番多。
③[瑞典]Klas Eklund著.瑞典经济——现代混合经济的理论与实践[M].刘国来译,北京：北京经济学院出版社,1989.214.
④[瑞典]Klas Eklund著.瑞典经济——现代混合经济的理论与实践[M].刘国来译,北京：北京经济学院出版社,1989.201,217-219.
①[瑞典]斯·哈登纽斯著.二十世纪的瑞典政治[M].戴汉笠、许力译,北京：求实出版社,1990.132.
②陈凤沼.浅析瑞典社会民主党人选失利的原因[J].西欧研究,1992,(04).25.
③黄范章.瑞典“福利国家”的实践与理论——“瑞典病”研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1987.99-101.
④高峰.瑞典经济发展试析[J].国际问题研究,1985,(01).
①蒋元椿.管窥瑞典[N].人民日报,1981-09-14.
①游殿书.瑞典新首相奥洛夫·帕尔梅[N].世界知识,1983,(01).16
②刘绪民.瑞典反危机政策的“第三条道路”[N].人民日报,1983-01-21
③高峰.瑞典经济发展试析[J].国际问题研究,1985,(01)
④参高峰.瑞典经济发展试析[J].国际问题研究,1985,(01)
①[英]菲利普·怀曼著.瑞典与第三条道路[M].刘庸安等译,重庆：重庆出版社,2008.14,12.
②高锋译.瑞典社会民主工人党党纲——2001年11月6日威斯特罗斯代表大会通过[z].当代世界社会主义问题,2003,(1).43.
①其中关于成人教育和学前教育(包括12岁以下学童的课后看护)的内容是在二十世纪九十年代通过修正案先后增加进去的。
②此小节引文凡未特别注明者(仅在引文后用括号标明其章、节、条序号),均据瑞典中央政府网站(www.swed en.gov.se)2004年6月发布的修订至2000年的该法案英译本(整部论文均据此本),以及《基础教育参考》2004年第1-2期合刊所载《瑞典九年制义务教育学校及高中教育——瑞典新教育法部分章节摘录》。
③瑞典当代社会语境中的“基本的民主价值观”的核心是：民主、平等与团结。
④2001年由教育部和国家教育署为UNESCO第46届国际教育大会准备和提交的“教育发展国别报告”,英文版第4页。
⑤OECD《Equity in Education Thematic Review-country note(Sweden)》2005,p14
①参第一章第9条、第五章4a条、第八章第1条、第九章第2条等。
②参第四章第3条。
①参第二章A节第5、8条,B节第2、3条,第四章第7条等。
② Swedish National Agency for Education. Syllabuses for the Compulsory School-Revised version 2008 [Z]. Skolverket and Fritzes,2009.6
①据该法第2条定义：学生和儿童是指正在参加和申请接受《学校教育法》(SFS No.1985:1100)所涵盖教育活动者。
②武文瑛.瑞典教育系统介绍[J].教师之友(台湾),2003,(1).99.
③据“世贸人才网”2006年9月1日文章《瑞典经济发展情况概况》(http://news.wtojob.com/news231_973 9. shtml)在1990-1993年间,瑞典GDP下降了5%,注册失业率超过8%(增加了6.5个百分点),同时还有超过7%的劳动力参加了政府主办的就业培训项目。低生产率和高失业率导致公共财政恶化。
④据瑞典国家统计局网站(www. scb. se)公布的历年GDP数据计算得出。
⑤2007年2月20日英国某网站发表的一篇针对瑞典中右翼政府上台后政策路线的时评,其网页地址http://c ommentisfree.guardian.co.uk/guy_rundle/2007/02/the_sweden_thing.html
①[瑞典]托尔斯顿·胡森.平等——学校和社会政策的目标[A].张人杰主编.国外教育社会学基本文选[C]上海：华东师范大学出版社,1989.204-217
②国内多将‘'itegrated"译为“统合化”、“综合化”,笔者以为译作“一体化”更为妥贴。
③大多数实用技术/职业教育专业为二年制,四个三年制专业属理论性的,目标是为大学培养生源,四年制专业只有1个,培养目标是让经过_三年学习后使学生有资格进入高等技术学校。此外还有学习年限2周到3年不等的特别课程,如半年的“导游”、1年的“制图员”、2年的“药剂师”和3年的“美发师”等。在九十年代初,高中学生选学三年制理论专业和二年制职教专业者分别约为50%和40%,其余的选学二年制普通理论专业、四年制技术科等。
①汪霞主编.国外中小学课程演进[M].济南：山东教育出版社,2000.646,657.瑞典为其义务教育学校给定的官方英译是"comprehensive compulsory school"。
②李家永、刘瑞生.国外高中课程——瑞典、芬兰、加拿大的个案材料[R].北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究所、基础教育课程研究中心,2002.8.
③Leon Boucher. Reform of the Swedish Post-Compulsory Schools,1960-1983[J]. Compare, No.2,1983.136.
④Swedish Ministry of Education and Science. The Swedish Way towards a Learning Society [R].1992.91
③方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.124.
⑥Leon Boucher. Reform of the Swedish Post-Compulsory Schools,1960-1983[J]. Compare, No.2,1983.167.
①转引自汪霞主编、山东教育出版社2000版《国外中小学课程演进》第651-653页。
②Swedish National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Non-compulsory School System (Lpf 94, amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:24). Stockholm:AB Danagards grafi ska,2006.8.
③2000年增设“技术”专业,至此形成沿用至今的17个专业：儿童娱乐、建筑、电力、能源、艺术、车辆工程、商业管理、手工、旅店酒店、工业、食品、媒体、自然资源利用、自然科学、保健、社会科学、技术。
④8门核心课程为：瑞典语(或作为第二语言的瑞典语)、英语、数学、体育与保健、公民、宗教知识、自然科学、艺术活动。高中阶段总学分为2500分,8个核心学科占750分、专业学科1450分、个体选修300分。
① Gymnasieutredningen. Framtidsvagen-en reformerad gymnasieskola (SOU 2008:27). Stockholm,2008. 52.
②值得注意的是,不少瑞典“初中”毕业生并不急于直接进入高中学习,高中每年所招新生中都有很多“往届生”：2005年秋季学期全国有高中一年级在读学生142984人,其中此前尚未开始高中学业的121000人,
而直接从当年春季学期义务教育九年级上来的只有119894人。
③ Statistics Sweden. Education in Sweden 2007 [R]. Stockholm,2007.37.另据瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Child Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》第54-55页：1999-2000学年度高中各专业第一志愿录取率为81.7%,此前三年则还要低1个百分点。
④ Swedish Ministry of Education and Research. Equity in Education Thematic Review Country Analytical Report-Sweden [R]. Stockholm,2004.17.另据冯增俊主编《当代国际教育发展》139页数据：瑞典1968年出生的人口到21岁时白领和蓝领家庭子女接受高等教育的比例分别为36%和7%,而1977年出生的人口到21岁时这一比例则分别为57%和15%。
⑤转引自Stephen J. Balls、Staffan Larsson合编《The Struggle for Democratic Education:Equality and Participation in Sweden》(London:The Falmer Press,1989)第26页。
⑥2008年秋季学期瑞典高校录取的之前尚未有过上大学受教育经历的51000名新生中,男女生比例为42：58, 而同口径此前申请上大学者的男女生比例是41：59。(据瑞典国家统汁局2008年11月发布的《Sokande och antagna till hogskoleutbildning pa grundniva och avancerad niva hostterminen 2008》第63页)
①在1997-1998学年度,全部“国家专业”的高中毕业生达到大学入学基本要求的比例为84%。——李韧竹译《瑞典的教育概况》,《教育参考资料》2001年13-14期,第14页。
②Statistics Sweden. Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables[R]. Stockholm,2008.132-134.
③据瑞典国家统计局2007年12月14日在其官方网站上发布的新闻稿(Nr 2007：347),2007-2008学年度高中毕业年级学生接受抽样调查者中六成有升学意愿,其中男生更是低至51%,“自然科学”专业学生以89%居各专业榜首(http://www. scb. se/Pages/PressRelease____222753. aspx)。事实上这已很高了,因为瑞典国家统计局2002年发布的"UF 36 SM 0201"号统计报告《The transition from upper secondary school to higher education》第45页显示,2001-2002学年度高中毕业生受访者当时希望继续升读大学的比例只有五成,其中男女生分别为57%和42%。
④《教育参考资料》2001年1314期第17页
⑤Transition Rate from Upper Secondary to Higher Education Programmes, Press release from Statistics Sweden, Nr 2008:079, Mar.17,2008. http://www.pubkat.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____231060. aspx
⑥The Entrance into the Labour Market among Upper Secondary Graduates in 2004/05 Academic year, Press release from Statistics Sweden, Nr 2008:304, Nov.18,2008. [EB/OL]. http://ww.scb.se/Pages /PressRelease____253555. aspx,2009-03-11.
⑤瑞典中央政府网站2008年4月2日新闻报道,[EB/OL]. http://www.Sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10086/a/101998
⑥马世骏、王凯梅.瑞典：即便全优高中生也不急于上大学[Nj.新华每日电讯,2006-05-17,(3).
①Bo Malmberg. Number of Students and Enrollment Rates in Extended Primary, Integrated-upper Secondary, and Tertiary Education, Sweden 1768-2002 [J]. Institute for Futures Studies. Stockholm,2007.7.2002-2007年数据来自瑞典国家统计局Wtbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2009 Tabeller》第98、12-13页,或据此计算得出。
②据瑞典国家统计局官方网站(www. scb. se)2008年4月22日更新的《Population 16-74 years of age by municipality, level of education, age and sex. Year 1985-2007》选择、计算得出。
③The Entrance into the Labour Market among Upper Secondary Graduates in 2004/05 Academic year, Press release from Statistics Sweden, Nr 2008:304, Nov.18,2008. http://www. scb. se/Pages/PressRelease____253555. aspx
④OECD. Education at a Glance 2007-OECD Indicators [R]. OECD,2007.137,132-135.
⑤Robert Erikson and Jan 0. Jonsson. Can Education Be Equalized? The Swedish Case in Comparative Perspective [M]. US West view Press, Inc.,1996.137,131.
① OECD. Education at a Glance 2008-OECD Indicators [R]. OECD,2008.196.
② OECD. Education at a Glance 2008-OECD Indicators [R]. OECD,2008.43-44.
③英]Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社.2003.35.
④据瑞典国家统计局《Utbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2009 Tabeller》(2008)第19页：2007年年全国32岁人口(在八十年代以来接受中小学教育)中,受过高中阶段及其以上教育者达90%。
⑤ Kerstin Holmlund (1999). Child-cribs for the Poor and Kindergartens for the Rich:Two Directions for Early Childhood Institutions in Sweden,1854-1930 [J]. History of Education, Vol.28. No.2. 143-155
①何玲.瑞典儿童福利模式及发展趋势研议[J].中国青年研究,2009,(02).67
②格特鲁德·舒尔—彼尔曼.瑞典幼儿学校的演变[J].邢克超译,外国教育动态,1980,(02).33.
③Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.4.
③即为所有六岁儿童提供每年不少于525学时的学前教育服务。
①Fact Sheets on Sweden. Child Care Programs in Sweden [R]. Swedish Institute, Stockholm,1984. 3,2.
②Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R].Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.34.
③之所以将确定18个月这样的起始年龄,是因为政府同时考虑到在经济状况允许的情况下要逐渐为12-18个月大的孩子家庭建立“父母津贴”(parental insurance)。
④Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.45-47,37.
⑤Fact Sheets on Sweden. Child Care in Sweden [R].Swedish Institute, Stockholm,1992.2.
①1991年秋季学期的实际情况是：1/4的市政区(共76个)已经先期做到了这一点。
②Fact Sheets on Sweden. Child Care in Sweden [R]. Swedish Institute, Stockholm,1994.1-2.
③Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.59,58.
②陈照雄.瑞典教育制度——培育维护人权、公平与正义之健全国民[M].台北：心理出版社,2009.101-102.
⑤Utbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2002 Tabelle [Z]. Statistiska centralbyran, Stockholm,2008.60, 48,71,13.
Lars Gunnarsson, Barbara Mart in Korpi, Ulla Nordenstam. Early Childhood Education and Care Policy in Sweden:Background report prepared for the OECD Thematic Review of Early Childhood Education and Care Policv [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Science, Stockholm,1999.72.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.58-60.
② Press Release of Swedish Ministry of Education and Research. Greater Freedom of Choice in Childcare and Universal Preschool for 3-year-olds[EB/OL]. http://ww.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/11317/a/119864, 2009-01-30
Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.66.
④在1975-1990年间,儿童看护与学前教育的政府年度开支从29亿瑞典克朗增长到350亿,其他没有哪个社会事业部门的财政预算有这么大的增长幅度。但从1991年突破400亿以后就一直在四百多亿徘徊,而事实上入学人数却已大幅增长,以致家长负担费用的比例在九十年代翻了一番,从10%上升到20%。
① Ingrid Pramling Samuelsson. ECE for Under Three-Policy and Research:Sweden as a case study. Presented at the Chilredn Has a Future international congress, Interlaken. Switzerland. May 30 to Jun 1,2007.1.
② Eva MSrk, Anna Sjogren, Helena Svaleryd. Cheaper Children, More Children [R]. Working Paper 2008:29 of the Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation, Uppsala, Sweden.8-9.
③ Statistical yearbook of Sweden 2009.494 计算得出。
① Statistics Sweden. Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables[R]. Stockholm,2008.38,40.
Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.38.
③全民教育全球监测报告2009.消除不平等：治理缘何重要[R].联合国教育、科学及文化组织,2008,中国印刷.376.
Ten Years after the Pre-school Reform:A national evaluation of the Swedish pre-school. Summary of Report 2008:318 from Swedish National Agency for Education.24.
UNICEF. The Child Care Transition - A league table of early childhood education and care in economically advanced countries [R]. Innocenti Report Card 8 of UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence,2008.2.
⑥世界银行.2006年世界发展报告：公平与发展[R].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.2,4.
① John Rawls. A Theory of Justice. Revised Edition, Oxford University Press,1999.63.
②约翰·罗尔斯著.正义论[M].何怀宏等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988.97.③全民教育全球监测报告2009.消除不平等：治理缘何重要[R].联合国教育、科学及文化组织,2008,中国印刷.132.
④据《Education at a Glance 2008-OECD Indicators))219页统计数据,瑞典中小学阶段2005年用于交通、住宿、膳食等方面的生均费用高达795美元,在OECD三十来个国家中居第三位。
①UNICEF.Education Statistics:Sweden. [EB/OL]http://www.childinfo.org,2009-02-11.2.
②SCB.Kostnader fOr utbildningsvasendet 2003-2007[R].Statistik centrabyran,Stockholm,2008. 26.
③崔录、李波等编著.国外中学教育概况[M].北京：光明日报出版社,1987.99.
④OECD. Education at a Glance 2008-ECD Indicators.238,237.
①Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. The Economy Report on Swedish Municipal and County Council Finantes.Stockholm,2008.11-2,14.
②OECD.Education at a Glante 2008-ECD Indicators.251.
③Household Budget Survey 2005 in the EU27.Households dedicated more than half of their expenditure to housing and food[N].No.STAT/08/88 of Eurostat Newsrelease,2008-06-9.
④NOrdie Statistical Yearbook 2007.118.
⑤SCB.Household consumption expenditure(ESA95)by purpose COICOP.Quarter 1993 Kl-008 K4[R] http://www.ssd.seb.se/Databaser/makro/MainTable.asp?yp=bergman&xu=scb&omradekod=NR&omradetext= National+accounts&lang=2＆langdb=22009-02-27
①Ides Nicaise, Gosta Esping-Andersen, etc. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country note SWEDEN [R]. OECD,2005.14.
②瑞典政府性别平等调查官Claes Borgstrom先生2006年5月在上海社科院演讲中分析认为：该机构虽然工作重心是保障女性权益,但机构名称中并未出现“妇女”字样,这表明它尊重两性基本权利,旨在为两性发展创造平等机会,而不仅仅为了女性。2006年新政府上台后,该部更名为"Ministry for Integration and Gender Equality",其中的‘'integration''笔者以为强调的是“消除隔离”,而不是简单的“整合”,因此译为“消除隔离与性别平等部”。
③傅国.瑞典的性别平等一体化[N].中国妇妇女报,2004-07-31.http://ww.xingbie.org/newsdetail.asp?id=1454
④联合国经济社会理事会1997年决定将社会性别主流化确定为实现性别平等的全球战略,并做出明确界定：“这是一种战略,将妇女和男于的关注事项和经验作为一个整体,纳入政治、经济和社会等所有领域的政策和方案的设计、落实、监测和评估,使男女都能平等受益,终止不平等的现象。最终目标是实现两性平等。”
①毕恒达.“瑞典性别之旅”专题引言[J]. (台湾)性别平等教育季刊,2004,(No.27).13.
②UNDP. Human Development Report 1995.76. UNDP. Human Development Report 2006.363.
③陈照雄.瑞典教育制度——培育维护人权、公平与正义之健全国民[M].台北：心理出版社,2009.256.
④丁刚.超越女权[N].东方早报,2007-11-14,(A23).
⑤OECD. Reviews of National Policies for Education:Sweden [R]. Paris:OECD,1995.32.
⑥Kirk P. H. Sullivan (2000). Creating Gender Equality at Professional Level:A review of the Swedish government's approach [J]. Compare, Vol.30, No.1.21,26.
⑦Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-school Class and the Leisure-time Centre (Lpo 94, amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:23). Swedish National Agency for Education,2006. 4-5.
⑧Curriculum for the Non-compulsory School System (Lpf 94). Swedish National Agency for Education, 2006.4.
Curriculum for the Pre-school System (Lpfo98, amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:22). Swedish National Agency for Education,2006.4.
①Sara Hasbar. Equality starts in pre-school [EB/OL]http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article__19344. aspx,2008-05-16.
②[瑞典]卡琳·阿尔弗雷德森著.机会平等：瑞典为之铺平道路.[EB/OL]唐文卿译,http://www.sweden.se /Other-languages/OL-Home/Other-languages/A-C/Chinese/15273/15268/,2009-06-03.
③Fact Sheet. Gender equality in Sweden. Swedish Institute,2007.2.
①Statistics Sweden. Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables [R]. Stockholm,2008.20-22.
②Statistics Sweden. Women and Men in Sweden-Facts and figures 2008 [R]. Stockholm,2008.7.
③Statistics Sweden. Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables [R]. Stockholm,2008.132.
④根据瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables》第105-111页数据计算得出。
⑤Swedish occupational register with statistics 2007:The labour market is as sex segregated in 2007 as in 2002 [EB/OL]http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressArchive____259760.aspx?PressReleaseID=263709,2009-03-05.
Utbildningsdepartementet:110 miljoner for okad jamstalldhet i skolan. [EB/OL]http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10403/a/107137,2008-06-13(参台湾教育部电子报对此所作汉语翻译。)另：据新华网斯德哥尔摩2010年1月12日专电(记者吴平),为缓解医学、心理学、兽医学和牙科学等热门专业女生过多的现象,瑞典政府从2003年起开始允许瑞典高校在招收这些专业学生时向男生倾斜。瑞典教育和科学大臣托比亚斯·克兰茨近日在瑞典最大的晨报《每日新闻》上发表文章说,这种做法本意是要促进平等,但实际上却造成了不平等,一些聪明的女性因为其性别而上不了理想的专业,这不合理；高校应该向那 些学习积极性高的年轻女性敞开而不是关闭大门；瑞典政府将要求高校取消目前在一些热门专业招生时歧视女性的做法。
①刘丽.社会保障让欧洲成为残疾人的天堂[N].中国保险报,20080912,(5)②Fact Sheet. Swedish disability policy [R]. Swedish Institue, Stockholm,2007.1,3.
③[日]冲原豈编著.世界的学校[M].欧用生、陈树铭合译,台北：大水牛出版社,1993.112.
④ 《十一国教育发展近况——联合国教科文组织第38届国际教育会议国家报告选编》,北京师范大学外国教育研究所1982年编印,第164、165页
①同上,第161页。②据瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables》第55、91页学生人数及其官方网站2008年11月19日新闻(http:www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart___154809.aspx)所发布年度总经费数据计算得出。
③刘丁.瑞典特殊的“普通”生活[N].华夏时报,2007-12-22.
④Fact Sheet. Central Education Authorities[:.Swedish Ministry of Education and Science,2002. 3-4.
⑤SPSM. The National Agency for Special Needs Education and Schools-Collective special needs support in Sweden[EB/OL]http://www.spsm.se/Startpage/,2008-11-10参瑞典教育与研究部官方网站 2008年11月17日更新的《Responsibility for Schools in Sweden》 (http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/8009/a/72375)。
①教育部国际合作与交流司编.世界62个国家教育概况[M].北京：首都师范大学出版社,2001.553.
②Fact Sheet. Swedish Disability Policy [R]. Swedish Institue, Stockholm,2007.1.
③Handikapp Forbunden. The Swedish Disability Federation-The Collective Voice of the Swedish Disability Movement [Z]. The Swedish Disability Federation, Sundbyberg, Sweden,2002.3.
④据瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables》 55、79、82、91、98页数据计算得出。
⑤顾耀铭在其《当今瑞典教育概览》一书中曾写到,瑞典当年860万人口时就自称有“残疾人”150万,比例高达1/6,而实际上较严重残疾者不过50万。另据瑞典残障研究所(Hjalpmedelsinstitutet) "02366''号宣传小册于《The Swedish Handicap Institute:Towards equality》第4页数据,瑞典自称10%人口(约90万)带有某种程度残疾。
⑤Special Needs Education in Europe:THEMATIC PUBLICATION [R]. European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education, January 2003.9.
⑦陈玉国.走进残疾人“天堂”的瑞典[EB/OL].浙江省残疾人联合会官方网站,2006年9月21日更新,http://ww.zjcl.com.cn/Gjjl/Gjjl_template.php?article_id=10715&article_type=81
⑥ Descriptive Data on Pre-school Activities, School-age Childcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006. Report no.283 of Swedish National Agency for Education.64.
①教育部国际合作与交流司编.世界62个国家教育概况[M].北京：首都师范大学出版社,2001.553.
②Descriptive Data on Pre school Activities, School-age Childcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006. Report no.283 of Swedish National Agency for Education.65.
③冯增俊主编.当代国际教育发展[M].上海：华东师大出版社,2002.136.
④驻瑞典台北代表团文化组.瑞典大学设特殊教育硕士班 提供学生科学调查研究[N].台湾“教育部”电子报第349期(2009-0312,http://epaper.edu.tw/windows.aspx?windows_sn=2972).
⑤据瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2002》第99-100页及《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009》第84-85页数据。
⑥Swedish National Angecy for Education.Special Education and Special Schools:EB/OL].http://www. skolverket.se/content/1/c4/12/54/special_education.PDF,2009-02-26.
①祝怀新,潘慧萍.瑞典中小学教师教育政策探析[J].外国中小学教育,2004,(07).8.
②Fact Sheet.Swedish disability policy[R].Swedish Institue,Stockholm,2007.2.
②原“特教署”(Sisus)网站"Brief Statement",http://www.sisus.se/english/48,96.cs?cs_dirid= 48.2007-12-24.
④OECD《Equity in Education Thematic Review-country note(Sweden)》2005,p14
⑤James Savage.School's Licence Removed over Single sex Teaching[EB/OL]http://www.thelocal.se/ 7651/20070619,2007-06-19.
⑥David Landes.Eight-year old Caught up in Birthday Card Outrage[EB/OL] http://www.thelocal. se/12682/20080627/,2008-06-27.
①OECD《Equity in Education Thematic Review-country note(Sweden)》2005,p15
②据瓦尔特·科皮《从比较的角度看瑞典福利国家的发展》,转引自《当代世界社会主义问题》1993年第2期第57页。
③商锋.瑞典198个社会精英与工人的收入差别[J].中国改革,2008,(03).68.
③OECD《Equity in Education Thematic Review-country note(Sweden)》2005,5
①江大树,张力亚.地方分权化的政策类型观点[J].(台湾)府际关系研究通讯,第一期,民国九十七年三月.14.
②另据方彤著、广东教育出版社2004年版《瑞典基础教育》第7页载称：当代瑞典境内历史上最早的学校是当时位于丹麦境内的Cathedral School瑞典国工1085年向该校捐赠了一笔款项用以支付教师工资。
③J(?)rgen Bukdahl et al (editors). Scandinavia Past and Present, Vol.3:Five Modern Democracies [M]. Copenhagen:Edvard Henriksen,1959.234.
④瑞典Umea大学Chritine Hudson与Anders Lidstrom二人主编Palgrave Macmillan美国公司2002年版《Local Education Policies:Comparing Sweden and Bratian》第28页分析到：“在国家控制的学校系统建立之前,英、瑞两国两国的教会都在教育发展中扮演着重要角色。至于国家所扮演的角色,两国却是不同的：瑞典国家政府方面积极介入教育事务比英国更早一些。在两个国家所建立的普通教育体系中,虽然地方政府都承担了一定责任,但瑞典在学校课程、教学大纲和教师事务等重要方面却保留了中央集权化的特征。”
⑤J(?)rgen Bukdahl et al (editors). Scandinavia Past and Present, Vol.3:Five Modern Democracies [M]. Copenhagen:Edvard Henriksen,1959.238.
①[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.3.
②梁严光编著.瑞典[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007.41.
③敬东.北欧五国简史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1987.81-97.
④ J(?)rgen Bukdahl et al (editors). Scandinavia Past and Present, Vol.3:Five Modern Democracies [M]. Copenhagen:Edvard Henriksen,1959.62-63,65-66,64.
④[德国]赫尔穆特·沃尔曼.在连贯和变革之间实现地方政府现代化：基于英瑞法德西匈六国的跨国比较[J]杨大群译,经济社会体制比较,2008,(06).82.
⑤[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.201.
⑦[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔、贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.201,5.
①曹沛霖、徐宗士主编.比较政府体制[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1993.536-537,523-524.
②Vito Tanzi, Ludger Schuknecht (1997). Reforming government:An overview of recent experience [J]. European Journal of Political Economy, Vol.13.397.
③OECD. Reviews of National Policies for Education:Sweden [R]. Paris:OECD,1995.85.
④Sixten Marklund, Gunnar Bergendal. Trends in Swedish Educational Policy [R]. Stockholm:Swedish Institue,1979.50-53.
①Sixten Marklund (1981). Sweden:setting up the comprehensive school [J]. Prospects, Vol.11, No.2.167-170(参瑞典学会1984年3月出版的Fact sheets on Sweden 《Primary and Secondary Education in Sweden》第1页,以及中华民国比较教育学会主编、台北幼师文化事业公司1979年版《世界中等教育改革动向》第285-286页。)
②Swedish National Agency for School Improvement (2007). Improving School Leadership:Background Report of Sweden [R]. From the OECD Home Page (http://www.eocd.org/edu/schoolleadership), 2007-12-05.12.
③[英Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003.35.
④Leon Boucher. Tradition and Change in Swedish Education [M]. England:Pergamon,1982.55.
⑤Anders Bjorklund, Per-Anders Edin, & etc.. The Market Comes to Education in Sweden:An Evaluation
of Sweden's Surprising School Reforms [M]. New York:Russell Sage Foundation,2005.9-10.
①本段所有数据均据埃里克·阿尔贝克等、常志宵等译、北京大学出版社2005年版《北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革》第203-208页资料,或据其资料计算得出,并参高秉雄、陈国申《西方基层政府的合并浪潮及对我国的启示》(载《社会主义研究》2006年第4期第97页)。
①[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.5,201,6.
②陈振明主编.政府再造——西方“新改革管理运动”述评[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.3,16.
③[瑞]Paul Levin.瑞典公共行政——分权化单一制国家中的治理[M].聂勇浩等译,公共行政评论,2008(6).121.
④即：①更加注重结果：②更具灵活性：③规定目标并检测其完成情况；④资源管理人员无需政治中立：⑤政府职能受到市场检验；⑥民营化、市场化以减少政府职能。(彭和平等译、中国人民大学出版社2001年版第62页)
⑤即：①起催化作用的政府：掌舵而不是划桨：②社区拥有的政府：授权而不是服务：③竞争性政府：把竞争机制注入到提供服务中去；④有使命感的政府：改变照章办事的组织；⑤讲究效果的政府：按效果而不是按投入拨款；⑥受顾客驱使的政府：满足顾客的需要,不是官僚政治的需要：⑦有事业心的政府：有收益而不浪费；⑧有预见的政府：预防而不是治疗；⑨分权的政府：从等级制到参与和协作；⑩以市场为导向的政府：通过市场力量进行变革。(周敦仁等译、上海译文出版社2006年版《目录》)
⑥即：①转移权威,提供灵活性：②保证绩效、控制和责任制；③发展竞争和选择；④提供灵活性：⑤改善人力资源管理：⑥优化信息技术；⑦改善管制质量；⑧加强中央指导职能。(转引自何文盛、王定峰《“新公共管理”主义理论及其发展趋势》一文,《兰州大学学报·社科版》2006年第1期第131页。
⑦有意思的是,北欧各国由此纷纷开始了类似的自由市镇计划：瑞典(1984)、丹麦(1985)、挪威(1987)、芬兰(1989)。
①[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.215.
②[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.220-221.
③[瑞典]埃里克·阿姆纳、斯蒂格·蒙丁主编.趋向地方自治的新理念?——比较视角下的新近地方政府立法[M].杨立华等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.141.
④[瑞典]埃里克·阿姆纳、斯蒂格·蒙丁主编.趋向地方自治的新理念?——比较视角下的新近地方政府立法[M].杨立华等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.140,147,149,139.
①[日]多田叶子.瑞典地方分权型福利的现状[J].宋颖摘译,当代世界与社会主义,1996(4).28.
②1989年4月1日《人民日报》报导指出：“从社民党的一些政策报告中可以看到,在今后一段时间内它将执行紧缩财政开支同刺激供应、减少消费、提高生产力相结合的政策。它将在以下4个方面进行比较大的改革”,其中第1条便是：“提高公共事业和国营企业的效率,实行权力下放,使地区、市有更大自主权。政府还将把一部分公共事业交私人负责经营,并允许私人开设诊所、学校,以促使公共事业提高效率。”(《让市场经济发挥更大的作用——瑞典社民党经济政策的趋向》,记者顾耀铭,第7版。)1989年10月27日《纽约时报》报导指出：“鉴于认识到不可能再提高税收,社民党不得不重新思考如何管理庞大的公共部门,许多社民党人呼吁采取更加市场化取向举措,……政府已经在想办法,希望在提供公共服务方面进一步引入更多因素,以提高服务的质量和效率。”(《Sweden's Social Democrats Veer Toward Free Market and Lower Taxes》, Steven Greenhouse为该报提供的专稿,2009年10月15日下载自http://quer y.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4D7103EF934A15753C1A96F948260&n=Top/News/World/Countr ies%20and%20Territories/Sweden。) ③Ali Hajighasemi. The Transformation of the Swedish Welfare System:Fact or Fiction? [M]. Stockholm:Sodertorns Hogskola,2004.248.
④瑞典1991-1993年期间的国民生产总值连续三年下降,“这是从二十世纪三十年代以来瑞典最严重的经济衰退”；制造业产量下降了17%,房地产开发活动减少了75%,“这是比二十世纪三十年代大萧条时代更为严重的绝对衰退”。为减少开支,瑞典公共财政占国内生产总值的百分比,1993年为70.1%,2001年已经大幅度下降到了54.4%。(英国菲利普·怀曼著、刘庸安等译、重庆出版社2008年版《瑞典与“第三条道路”：一种宏观经济学的评价》第192、214页)
⑤汤益诚著.促进社会和谐的瑞典经验：制度变革与政策选择[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2008.162-165,44.
⑥[瑞典]恩·考克.瑞典社民党党纲简评[A].高锋,时红编译.瑞典社会民主主义模式——述评与文献[Z]北京：中央编译出版社,2009.142.
①[德]赫尔穆特-沃尔曼.在连贯和变革之间实现地方政府现代化：基于英瑞法德西匈六国的跨国比较[J].杨大群译,经济社会体制比较,2008,(6).83,87.
②Public Employment and Management Working Party. The State of the Public Service [R]. OECD. GOV/PGC/PEM(2008)4/FINAL,2008-09-25.14.
③瑞典教育部在2003年发布的《Attrahera, utveckla och behalla kvalificerade larare)中,将这一时期的改革称为“瑞典教育史上范围最为广泛、影响最为深远的改革”(p.19)。
④R. Lyons. Decentralised Educational Planning:Is it a contradiction [A]. In Jon Lauglo & Martin McLean (eds.) The Control of Education:International perspectives on the centralization-decentral ization debate [M]. Heinemann Educational Books for the Institute of Education, University of London, 1985.86-95.
①[瑞典]埃里克·阿姆纳、斯蒂格·蒙丁主编.趋向地方自治的新理念?——比较视角下的新近地方政府立法[M].杨立华等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.138.(说明：这里的“县”是比“市”更加上位的区域性地方政府,即笔者文中所称的“省”。)
②Bjorn Sandstrom. The Deveolpmental Dialogue as an Instrument for Cooperation between the State and the Local School District [EB/OL]. http://www.devisa-hb.se/thinkingconference/SubmittedSup plement/SandstroemBjoern/seminar.pdf,2008-03-17.1.
③华小荃.瑞典教育的特色[J].西欧研究,1992,(3).62.
④上海师大教育系《教育发展史资料》编写组.教育发展史资料(征求意见稿) [Z]上海师范大学1973年2月印.89-90.
⑤Christine Hudson & Anders Lidstorm. Local Education Policies-Comparing Sweden and Britain [M]. New York:Palgrave, Macmillan Ltd.,2002.36-37.
⑥Robin Burns. Process and Problems in Educational Reform in Sweden [J]. Compare, No.1, Vol.11, 1981.39.
① OECD. Reviews of National Policies for Education:Sweden [R]. Paris:OECD,1995.18.
② ULF P. Lundgren (1988). The Development of the Middle School in Sweden:Research and Evaluation [J]. International Journal of Educational Research, No.5, Vol.12.481,488,490,493-494.
③ Swedish Ministry of Education & Science and the National Agency for Education. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden [R]. Prepared for the 46th session of UNESCO International Conference on Education,2001.5(另：德国波恩劳动力研究所(IZA)在2008年9月发布的3691号"Discussion Papers" 《Does School Privatization Improve Educational Achievement? Evidence from Sweden' s Voucher Reform》(作者Anders Bohlmark, Mikael Lindahl)第4页甚至使用了" sweeping school reforms"(扫荡性的,彻底的,广泛的)这样的词汇来刻画瑞典九十年代学校教育的这一系列改革。
④ Kampei Hayashi (2008). Local Reaction after Decentralization Reform in Sweden [EB/OL]. http://www. eera-e
cer.eu/publication-database/conference/2008/contribution/local_reaction_after_decentralization_reform_in_sweden/),2009-06-13.
⑤自治市政府获得中小学教师人事权改革的时间是1989年。
⑥[英]Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003.35-36.
① Christine Hudson & Anders Lidsttorm. Local Education Policies-Comparing Sweden and Britain [M]. New York:Palgrave, Macmillan Ltd,2002.53.
② Swedish Ministry of Education & Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden [R]. Prepared for the 47th session of UNESCO International Conference on Education,2004.11.
③ Anders Bjorklund, Per-Anders Edin,& etc.. The Market Comes to Education in Sweden:An Evaluation of Sweden's Surprising School Reforms [M]. New York:Russell Sage Foundation,2005.7.
①每届政府所设置的内阁部门可能略有不同,会对一些部的名称及其业务范围划分进行适当调整,就教育事务而言,目前这届政府设置的是“教育与研究部”,此前则叫“教育、研究与文化部(Ministry of Education, Research and Culture)、"教育与科学部”(Ministry of Educat ion and Science)等。
②Swedish Mini stry of Education and Research. Divisions and Secretariat s [EB/OL] http://www.regeringe n.se/sb/d/3008/a/18108,2007-10-31(参瑞典教育与研究部《Organisation》, http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d /3008,2009-08-05.)
①如2007年印发的《General Guidelines and Comments:Qualitv in leisure-time centres》,其“封底”便印有这样一段话：“本指南旨在根据《教育法》与课程方案对闲暇中心的活动所应遵循的要求与原则予以闸释,以确保其工作质量。对父母而言,这份指南也便于大家更好地发挥影响力,更好地与闲暇中心合作。”
②目前执行的主要是九十年代以来开发(其间曾数次修订)的三份课程方案：《Curriculum for the Compul sory School system, the Pre-school Class and the Leisure-time Centre》(Lpo 94)、《Curriculum for the Non-compulsory School System》(Lpf 94).《Curriculum for the Pre-school》(Lpfo 98)。
③如目前执行的2000年启用、2008年最新修订的《Syllabuses for the Compulsory School》,2002年秋季学期启用的《Syllabuses for the Compul sory School for Pupil s with Learning Di sabilities》 《Syllabuses for the School for Pupils with Hearing Impairment》绝大多数于2000启用、少数于随后一两年启用的高中分专业课程大纲《Programme Goal, Structure and Syllabuses》等。
④如高中适用的《Project Work-Sylllabuses, Grading Criteria and Commentaries》(2000年秋季学期启用)等。
⑤Ministry of Education and Science.Central Education Authorities[R]. Fact Sheet of Swedi sh Ministry of Education and Science,No. U02.003,May 2002.2-3(关于瑞典国家教育署角色的归纳,参见其“机构简介”,http://www.skolverket.se/content/1/c6/01/35/52/engelsk-intern.ppt, 2006-11-16.)
①陈照雄著.瑞典教育制度：培育维护人权、公平与正义之健全国民[M].台北：心理出版社,2009.89.
②瑞典近年对学校的督导检查明显加大了工作力度。国家教育署在2003年决定用6年时间对全国所有的中小学进行一次“普查”,后来又决定“提速”,用3年时间完成这项任务。而且除这样的轮番普查外,负责督导工作的教育署、学校改进事务署、学校教育督导局还经常组织各种专项检查。对于督导检查中发现的问题,学校必须限期整改,并报告整改结果。
③Swedish Schools Inspectorate. The Inspectorate of Educational Inspection of Sweden LR]. Published by the Swedish Schools Inspectorate, Stockholm,2009.1-2,23.
④Specialpedagogiska skolmyndigheten. The National Agency for Special Needs Education and Schools [EB/OL]. http://www.spsm.se/Startpage/,2009-11-25.
①第1章第4-7条、第10条,第2a章第1、5条,第2b章第l0b条,第4章第8条,第5章第5条,第6章第5条,第7章第7条,第8章第7条,第9章第6条。
②据瑞典国家统计局2009年12月出版《Utbildningss tatistisk arsbok 2010 Tabeller》(SCB-2009-UF0109 TAB_pdf)第110、88-89、94、103、184页数据。
③据瑞典国家统计局2009年11月出版《Kostnader for utbildningsvasendet 2004-2008》 (SCB-2009-UF12 SM0901_df)第37页数据计算得出。
④据瑞典国家教育署2008年出版((Costs:National level-Sweden's Official Statistics on Pre-school Activities, School-age Child care, schools and adult education, Part 3,2008》(编号"Report 316")第59页数据计算得出。
①如前所述,高中教育与成人教育则省级政府(省议会)也有一部分组织、管理责任,但这种责任不是必须的(mandatory)而是可选的(voluntary)。
②包括短期的和长期的。
③Skolverket.The Swedish School System:School organisers[R].Published by Swedish National Agency for Education, Feb.2009[另参：瑞典现行《教育法》第2章,瑞典中央政府网站《Responsibility for Schools》(http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/8009/a/72375,2007-12-06)欧盟Eurvbase"The Information Database on Educat ion Systems in Europe"《The Education System in Sweden》(2007-2008学年度版)第13、2627页。]
③[美]凯瑟琳·麦克德莫特(Kathrvn A. McDermott)著.掌控公立学校教育：地方主义与公平[M].周玲、杨旻译,北京：教育科学出版社,2007.23-24.
⑤Local Government in Sweden-Organi sation, activities and finance[R]. Published by Swedish Mini stry of Finance,2005,(Article no:Fi2004.43).11. world Data on Education. Sweden[R]. Compiled by UNESCO-IBE,6th edition,2006-2007, Updated version, Sept.2007.1.
①Bj6rn Sandstr6m. The Deveolpmental Dialogue as an Instrument for Cooperation between the State and the Local School District [EB/OL].http://www.devisa-hb.se/thinkingconference/SubmittedSupple ment/SandstroemBjoern/seminar.pdf,2008-03-17.2.
②Swedi sh National Agency for Education.Curriculum for the Compulsory School system,the Pre-school Class and the Lei sure-time Centre (Lpo 94, Amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:23).Printed by AB Danagards grafiska,Odesh6g,2006.
③其中Science studies之下实际上包含着生物、物理、化学3个学科,"Social studies"之下实际上包含着地理、历史、宗教、公民4个学科；这7个学科都单独有其课程大纲,同时"Science studies"和‘'Social stlldies"(?)还各有一个“大纲”
④Swedi sh National Agency for Education. Sysyllabuses for the Compulsory School (2nd edition, Revised in 2008, according to SKOLFS 2008:68). Publ i shed by Fri t zes, Stockholm,2009.
① Lisbeth Lundahl, Mikaela Nyroos & Linda Ronnberg. A Matter of Timing:Time use, freedom and influence in school from a pupil perspective [J]. European Educational Research Journal, No.4, Vol.3,2004.745. Linda Ronnberg. A Recent Swedish Attempt to Weaken State Control and Strengthen School Autonomy: the experiment with local time schedules [J]. European Educational Research Journal, No.3, Vol. 6,2007.215
②Swedish Ministry of Education & Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden [R]. Prepared for the 47th session of UNESCO International Conference on Education,2004.12.
①瑞典《学校教育法》第4章第2条、第5章第2条、第6章第2条、第7章第2条、第8章第2条、第11章第4条、第12章第2条、第13章第2条(分别针对各级各类基础教育)都规定：学生对其教育如何组织有权发挥影响,这种影响的方式与范围视其年龄和成熟度而定。
②其瑞典文(Individuell utvecklingsplan)字母缩写为“IUP”,官方给出的英文表达‘'individual development plan".以前只是需要特殊支持的学生才有这样一份IUP,2006年通过的法规要求处于k-12的每位学生都应有其IUP。每份IUP的基本内容包括：我们现在位于何处?我们要到哪里去?家庭将如何帮助学生?学校将如何帮助学生?学生自己应该做些什么?目前还正在开发一家网站,把所有IUP都放上去,教师、学生和家长可以在各自权限内查看、添加、修改自己的内容。(据http://iupp.se/首页简介,2007-12-11。)
③在义务教育阶段,学校的教学工作是由工作小组来承担的。同年级或不同年级的两个班或更多的班属于一个工作小组领导。每个工作小组由班主任、科目教师、负责残疾儿童补习的教师、负责学生福利的职员、心理医生和护士组成,共同计划、执行和检查本组范围内的工作。(参方彤著、广东教育出版社2004年版《瑞典基础教育》第72页)
④方彤著、广东教育出版社2004年版《瑞典基础教育》第80页：“每所学校甚至每个班级每个教师,都必须对国家教学大纲作出解释和说明,并和学生一起根据学生条件、经验、兴趣、需要来制定教学方案和进行教学评价。”
⑤统考科目包括瑞典语(以及作为第二语言的瑞典语)、数学和英语,其中小学3年级不考英语。
⑥比如某学生在英国留学一段时间后回到瑞典高中继续学习,其英语水平很可能会高于同年级学生,那么他可以提前参加这一科的国家测试。
⑦这种统考另一项最为重要的功能在于：监测、掌控全国各地、各学校达成国家所规定的教育目标的情况。以义务教育阶段的九年级统考为例：在1998-2002年间,国家教育署只从参加考试学生中抽取10%进行统计分析,而从2003年起,全部进行统计分析,并就统计分析结果通过文本、网站等多种形式、多种渠道发布。当然,公开发布的统计分析不针对具体的学生,而是每所学校、每个地区相对于全国常模的情况,以及全国、各学科和各地、各学校的历时性变化等。(参瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Preschool Activities, School-age Childcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006》 第55页)。
①参瑞典斯德哥尔摩市孔舒门斯(Kungsholmens)中学格尼塔·卡尔松(Agneta Karlsson)校长2007年9月访问中国中央教科所期间所做报告(据中央教科所网站2007年9月25日新闻《瑞典客人来我所访问》,马延伟撰稿,李建忠审稿,http://219.234.174.136/gjjl/jlxx/gj jl_20070925094538.html)。
②Bjorn Soderqvist.School Leaders'View on Market Forces and Decentralisation:Case Studies in a Swedish Municipality and an English County [R]. Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm, Sweden,2007.116-117.
③汪霞主编.国外中小学课程演进[M].济南：山东教育出版社,2000.672.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.161.
②张海钟.论高等学校教学质量及其评价[Jj.西北师大学报(社会科学版),2004,(4).75.
③程凤春.教育质量特性的表现形式和内容——教育质量内涵新解[J].教育研究,2005,(2).49.
④胡玲.教育质量：内涵、评估及改进策略——联合国教科文组织对提高教育质量的关注[J].大学·研究与评价,2008,(11).85.
①高锋译、时红校.瑞典社会民主工人党党纲——2001年11月6日威斯特罗斯代表大会通过[J].当代世界社会主义问题,2003,(1).25.
②Fredrik Reinfeldt. Statement of Government Policy-Presented to the Swedish Riksdag, on Oct. 6,2006 [EB/OL]. http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/574/a/70233.2007-09-30.2,13,12.
③National Agency for Education. National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System [M]. Published by Frites, Stockholm,2005.12,18.
④Kathleen T. Zanotti & Karlene N. Dickey. Sweden:A Study of the Educational System of Sweden and Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions in the United States [R]. A PIER publication sponsored by the.American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Office, NAFSA:Association of International Educators, and The College Board, Washington DC,1995.5.
⑤National Agency for Education. Education for All:The Swedish education system [R]. Printed by Lenanders Tryckeri AB, Kalmar,2000.25.
⑥关中客.瑞典学校教育印象[J].远程教育杂志,2008,(3).80.
⑦钱一呈主编.外国教育督导与评价制度研究[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社,2006.295.
⑧National Agency for Education. National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System [M]. Published by Frites, Stockholm,2005.21.
①Christine Hudson & Anders Lidstorm. Local Education Policies-Comparing Sweden and Britain [M]. New York:Palgrave, Macmillan Ltd.,2002.46.
② Mats Ekholm. School Inspections and School Development in Sweden-A waste of time and money [Z] Paper presented at the ICSEI meeting in Auckland, NZ, Jan.6-9,2008.
①Fredrik Reinfeldt. Statement of Government Policy-Presented to the Swedish Riksdag, on Oct. 6,2006[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/574/a/70233.2007-09-30.13.
②钱一呈主编.外国教育督导与评价制度研究[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社,2006.297-298,308,310,312.
Mats Ekholm. School Inspections and School Development in Sweden — A waste of time and money [Z]. Paper presented at the ICSEI meeting in Auckland, NZ, Jan.6-9,2008.
②提高学分要求的背后就是提高修学时间,以期学得更加专深、更加扎实。以培养高中外语教师的师范生为例,新办法实施后,其最低修业时限比此前老办法增加了一倍。
③参见国家教育发展研究中心与中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会编、人民教育出版社1990年版《三十五国教育发展(1986-1988)》第594-603页。
④参见瑞典教育与科学部为1992年在维也纳召开的第43届国际教育大会所提交的教育发展国别报告英文版《The Development of Education:National report from Sweden》第30-33页。
①其内涵延展为：拓展性学习、专深性学习和教学法、教师团队(瑞典所特有、为各教学班所建立的教职员工作小组)工作技能、教育教学研究、如何促进学生发展等方面技能发展,以及其它领域教育教学辅助技能的提升等等。
②Swedish Ministry of Education and Science. A New System of Teacher Education [No. U00.023 Fact Sheet]. August 2000.
③Gustafsson, Jan-Eric and Myrberg, Eva. The Impact of Financial Resources on Educational Results-A Knowledge overview [R]. The National Agency of Education, Stockholm,2002. P11.
②参见瑞典国家教育署所发布的2006年282号报告《Competence and Opportunity - The Importance of Teachers, Their Working Situation and Conditions》第8页。
③参见瑞典教育与研究部为2008年在日内瓦召开的第48届国际教育大会所提交的教育发展国别报告英文版《The Development of Education:National report of Swede》第14页。
⑥Swedish Ministry of Education and Research. Continuing Professional Education for Teachers [EB/OL]. http://ww.regeringen.se/sb7d/9400.2007-08-16另：据台湾国立教育资料馆2010年3月所整理的一份资料显示,这项三万人计划执行得不是非常好,估计最终达不到三万人,但参加培训的老师反映自己还是很有收获的。
①瑞典教育与研究部为2008年在日内瓦召开的第48届国际教育大会所提交的教育发展国别报告英文版《The Development of Education:National report of Sweden》第15-16页.
②Swedish Ministry of Education and Research.Sustainable Teacher Education.[EB/OL].http://www. sweden.gov.se/sb/d/8203/a／117518.2008-12-03.
③Swedish Ministryof Education and Research.Top of the Class-New Teacher Education Programmes [No.U10.009 Fact Sheet:.March 2010.
④Sweden Set for Stricter Teacher Credentials[EB/OL].http://www.thelocal.se/22256/20090924/. 2009-9-24.
⑤驻瑞典台北代表团文化组《瑞典将实施的教师证照制度可能降低教师地位》,载台湾《教育部电子报》第437期(2010年11月25日发布于http://epaper.edu.twjprint.aspx?print_type=windows&print_sn=6681& print_num=437)
①据“瑞典华声”网站2012年1月15日消息(http://www.huasheng.se/index.php/categoryblog/451-20122)
②瑞典中小学里面不合格教师比例居高难下的问题长期都未能得到有效解决,新华社 2001年4月13日报道(记者吴平)称其未受过师范教育的教师多达17%(转引自http://www.eol.cn/20010823/203575.shtml),而2011年“世界教师日”(10月5日)之际UNESCO发布的统计报告所列教师供不应求的国家名单中仍然还有瑞典(转引自http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2011-10/05/c_122121088.htm)。(?)而事实上,瑞典IFAU在2007年发布的第7号Working Paper《Teacher Certification and Student Achievement in Swedish Compulsory.Schools》中就指出：不具备资质教师所教学生的学业成就会受到较大的不良影响,相较于具备资质教师所教学生的学业成绩差距明显。
③Dennis Beach,Anita Eriksson and Catarina Player-Koro.Changing Teacher Education in Sweden. [EB/OL].http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/9263/2/Oxford%2520Sept%252016%2520Text.doc&sa:U&ei=US 8aT9zbCIyUiQe42bHaCw&ved=OCBOQFjAE&usg=AFQjCNFptWAx9t5zcBr3kTV-_jgLLgnvOg,2012-1-21.
④OECD《Reviews of National Policies for Education-Sweden》(1995)第88页：建立综合学校所基于 的理念是全国所有儿童能够得到同样的教育机会,而这个所谓同样的教育机会,表述出来就是执行全国统一“核心课程”的共同的基础教育(elementary schooling).
①[美]埃尔查南·科恩(Elchanan Cohn)编著.教育券与学校选择[M].刘笑飞等译,北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008.375.
②据瑞典中央政府网站2007年9月7日发布《Independent Schools Flourish in Sweden》一文附注资料《Independent Schools in Sweden》(http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Education/Basic-education/Read ing/Free-schools/,2009年6月12日下载.)(另据1995年OECD发布的《Reviews of National Policies for Education-Sweden》第151页附表,瑞典1990年全国4700所义务教育学校中有独立学校63所,535所高中学校中有独立学校55所)。
③UNESCO.World Education Report 2000[R].UNESCO Publishing.165-167.
④[英] Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003.35.
⑤OECD. Reviews of National Policies for Education:Sweden[R].Paris:OECD,1995.87.
⑥以下两段除另有注释外,主要参考“中国教育和科研计算机网”2001年8月转引自“上海民办教育网”的
《瑞典九十年代私立教育政策的论战与实施》(作者署名为“华东师范大学海边”；2007年9月19日下载于http://www.edu.cn/20010829/209622.shtml.)
①有研究评论道：“公正地说,在这场彻底的变革背后,教育界没有全面的一致意见。”(Anders Bjorklund等著、美国Russell Sage Foundation于2005年出版《The Market Comes to Education in Sweden:An Evaluation of Sweden's Surprising School Reforms》第13页。)另：“瑞典私立学校交流协会”网站首页2009年10月6日最后更新的“简介’'《Independent schools in Sweden-main points》也指出“关于支持还是反对独立学校的政治争论时不时还是挺激烈的’'(http://www.friskola.se/Om_oss_In_English_DXNI-38495_. aspx).
②这里所说“酝酿已久”,既包括中右政党联盟上台前的策划与设计,也包括此前社民党在任期间许多松绑政策所作的铺垫,社民党下台之前就在一定条件下和一定程度上支持向私营学校拨款的提案。
③瑞典的私营学校在中小学阶段称作独立学校,其瑞典文表达包括"Fristaende skolor"、"privatskola"等,政府官方给定的英文译名是"independent school",而托幼、学前教育和学童课后看护教育方面私营机构则称"enskilda verksamheter、"enskilda forskolor",从官方给定的英文表达看,就是“私营机构”、
“私立学前学校”的意思。这些由私人或私人团体(而非国家或地方政府)创办的教育机构,虽然由私人或其他非政府机构(组织)拥有和自主经营,但与其出资方式无关,既可以完全不接受政府资助,也可以部分甚至全额接受政府拨款,它与公立学校最大的区别在于更加自由灵活的“经营”方式,而非由私人或政府出资与否。
④英Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003.36-37.
①李韧竹译.瑞典的教育概况[J].教育参考资料,2001,(13、14).7.
②Skolverket.Beskrivande data 2009:Forskoleverksamhet, skolbarnsomsorg, skola och vuxenutbildning [R].RAPPORT 335.Skolverket.38.
③Peter Vinthagen Simpson.Free School Applications Hit New Highs[EB/OL].http://www.thelocal.se/ 33756/20110513/,2011-5-23.
④19851990年数据来自美国教育统计中心(NCES)1996年版《International Education Indicators:A Time Series Perspective》第37页；1990-1991学年度数据来自《教育参考资料》2001年13、14期合刊第6页(李韧竹译《瑞典的教育概况》)；1991-1992学年度数据来自《Comparative Education Review》1998年第3期第332页(Martin Carnoy《National Voucher Plans in Chile and Sweden:Did Privatization Reforms Make for Better Education?》);19921993至1994-1995及2003-2004四个学年度的数据依据《基础教育参考》2007年第2期第23页(祝伟《激发竞争和活力：瑞典独立学校的发展及影响评述》,依笔者研判,这三年的人数实际上仅指义务教育学段。另：该资料所统计数据包含了“国际学校”与“国家寄宿学校(national boarding school)学生人数)：19951996至1999-2000五个学年度的数据依据瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Chi ld Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》(Printed by Elanders Gotab AB, Stockholm,2000)第27页；20002001至2002-2003三个学年度的数据依据瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Chi ldcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2003》(Printed by Elanders Gotab AB, Stockholm,2003)第34页：2004-2005之后七个学年度数据依据瑞典国家统计局《Utbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2010 Tabeller》第6061页《Utbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2012 Tabeller》第64-65页。
①James Savage.School's Licence Removed over Single-sex Teaching[EB/OL].http://www.thelocal.se /7651/20070619,2007-06-19.
②[美]Elchanan Cohn编著.教育券与学校选择[M].刘笑飞等译,北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008.33.
①该校网站新闻《Students, parents, teachers:pleased with Kunskapsskolan》, http://www.kunskapsskol an.co.uk/press/news/studentsparentsteacherspleasedwithkunskapsskolan.5.13ed45fa118bfee46738000
4172.html,2008-06-02.
②筹备工作正在紧锣密鼓地进行之中,目前其中一所(Twickenham Academy)已经招募、选拔、任命了校长,将于2010年9月招生、开学(http://www.kunskapsskolan.co.uk/press/news/twickenhamacademyheadteach ernamed.5.70530fa6123bcf46aab800011257.html,2009-09-24。)
③Education News. Can Sweden teach our schools a lesson? [EB/OL]. http://www.independent.co.uk/new s/education/education-news/can-sweden-teach-our-schools-a-lesson-1882566. html,2010-01-29.
④Donna Gundle-Krieg. Should Obama look to Sweden's successful school voucher program? [EB/OL]. http://www.examiner.com/x-1393-Education-Improvement-Examiner y2009m3d20-Should-Obama-look-to-Swedens-successful-school-voucher-program,2009-03-20.
Claudia Hepburn and John Merrifield. School Choice in Sweden:Lessons for Canada [R]. http://www. frase rinstitute. org/commerce.web/product_files/SchoolChoiceinSweden.pdf,2006-11-01.
⑥Helen Raham (2003). Lessons for Canada from Sweden's schools [J]. Canada:Inroads, Vol.13.
③瑞典Uppsala大学Asa Ahlin在其《Does School Competition Matter Effects of a Large-Scale School Choice Reform on Student Performance》(Uppsala大学经济系Working Paper Series,No.2003:2)一文中,是用私营学校所招收学生占当地生源份额来计算学校之间“竞争度(the Degree of School Competition). (P.10)
④张明辉,颜秀如.英、纽、澳及瑞典中小学家长教育选择权[J].(台湾)教育研究月刊,2005,(7).58.
① Bjorn Soderqvist. School Leaders'View on Market Forces and Decentralisation:Case Studies in a Swedish Municipality and an English County [R]. Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm, Sweden,2007.106.
②瑞典《每日新闻》.瑞典公立高中招生难 私立高中受欢迎[z].世界教育信息,2010,(6).5.
③1996-1997学年度及以前数据来自瑞典国家教育署《Beskrivande data om skolverksamheten 1997》(瑞典文版,编号"SKOLVERKETS RAPPORT NR 135")第11页,19971998至1999-2000学年度数据来自瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Child Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》(英文版,编号"NATIONAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION REPORT NO.192")第27页,20002001学年度及以后数据来自瑞典国家教育署《Beskrivande data 2009:Forskoleverksamhet, skolbarnsomsorg, skola och vuxenutbildning》(瑞典文版,编号"RAPPORT 335")第38页。
①数据来自瑞典国家教育署2008年出版《Costs:National level-Sweden's Official Statistics on pre-school activities, school-age child care, schools and adult education, Part 3,2008》(编号"Report 316")第51、19、34、37页,及瑞典国家统计局2003年出版《Utbildningskostnader 1998-2002》(编号"UF 12 SM 0301")第28页,比值及其他部分数据系经计算得出。
②刘德胜.瑞典中等教育现况、改革动向及启示[J]. (台湾)教育资料集刊,2007,(6).240-241.
③ Donald Hirsch (1995). School Choice and the Search for an Educational Market [J]. International Review of Education, No.3-4, Vol.41.246.
④如斯德哥尔摩大学国际教育研究所Gary Miron发表在《Educational Leadership》1996年10月号上的《FreeChoice and Vouchers Transform Schools》一文所列举的那样：市立学校也被鼓励创造自己的“特色”,如特别强调艺术。体育或者其他一些特殊科目或领域。(p.79)
⑤ F. Mikael Sandstroma, Fredrik Bergstrom (2005). School vouchers in practice:competition will not hurt you [J]. Journal of Public Economics, Vol.89.355.
⑥ Staffan Waldo. Competition and Public School Efficiency in Sweden-An Empirical Evaluation of Second Stage Regression Results for Different Models of Nondiscretionary Inputs in Data Envelopment Analysis [R]. No.2006:7 Working Papers from Lund University, Department of Economics.3,23-24.
①Swedish National Agency for Education. Schools like Any Other? Swedish Independent Schools as Part of the System 1991-2004 (English Summary of "RAPPORT 271") [R]. Published in 2006.26.
②[美]埃尔查南·科恩(Elchanan Cohn)编著.教育券与学校选择[M].刘笑飞等译,北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008.28、26、47.
③ Donna Gundle-Krieg. Should Obama look to Sweden's successful school voucher program? [EB/OL]. http://www.examiner.com/x-1393-Education-Improvement-Examiner y2009m3d20-Should-Obama-look-to-Swedens-successful-school-voucher-program,2009-03-20.
④Per Unckel.瑞典教育多元化的启示[N].中国经营报,2008-05-12. (A15)
⑤参瑞典国家教育署2006年出版的《Schools like Any Other? Swedish Independent Schools as Part of the System 1991-2004》 (English Summary of "RAPPORT 271")第7-8页。
⑥ Claudia Hepburn & John Merrifield. School Choice in Sweden:Lessons for Canada [R]. Studies in Education Policy, Published by the Fraser Institute, Canada, Nov.2006.6.
① Helen Raham (2003). Lessons for Canada from Sweden's schools [J]. Canada:Inroads, Vol.13. 57.
② Swedish National Agency for Education. School Choice and Its Effects in Sweden [R]. Offprint of REPORT 230, Printed by Lenanders Grafiska AB, Kalmar 2003.11-12.
③该校网站新闻《Students, parents, teachers:pleased with Kunskapsskolan》, http://www.kunskapssko lan.co.uk/press/news/studentsparentsteacherspleasedwithkunskapsskolan.5.13ed45fa118bfee4673800 04172.html,2008-06-02.
④焦阳.瑞典自由学校：“自由”边界渐清晰.[N].中国教育报,2011-12-21,(3).
⑤ Donald Hirsch School Choice and the Search for an Educational Market [J].International Review of Education,1995, (3-4).251.
⑥ Bjorn Soderqvist. School Leaders' View on Market Forces and Decentralisation:Case Studies in a Swedish Municipality and an English County [R]. Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm, Sweden,2007.106-107.
①Bjorn Soderqvist. School Leaders' View on Market Forces and Decentralisation:Case Studies in a Swedish Municipality and an English County [R]. Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm, Sweden,2007.60.
Ali Hajighasemi. The Transformation of the Swedish Welfare System:Fact or Fiction? [M]. Stockholm:Sodertorns Hogskola,2004.247.
④ Swedish National Agency for Education. Costs:National level-Sweden's Official Statistics on pre-school activities, school-age child care, schools and adult education, Part 3,2008 [R] Published by Skolverket, Stockholm,2008.37.
①一位参与了瑞典教育券制度设计的学者明确指出：“要想让独立学校大行其道(flourish),就必须允许他们盈利."(Anders Hultin《Profit is the key.to success in'Swedish schools'》,http://www.spectator.co. uk/essays/all/5381686/profit-is-the-key-to-success-in-swedish-schools.thtml,2009-10-03.)
②Stuart M.Butler.Learning from Sweden's school voucher success[EB/OL].http://www.heritage.org /Press/Commentary/ed091109a.cfm,2009-09-11.
③正如有的受访民众所分析的那样：“如果你的学校‘公司’开得好,你可以盈利,但如果办得差劲,你便休想招到学生。你必须做好工作才能赚钱,这对私营学校来讲更为重要。”(新闻《Big Change for Welfarist Sweden:School Choice》,http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25865257/,2008-07-27。)
④Swedish National Agency for Education.Schools like Any Other?Swedish Independent Schools as Part of the System 1991-2004(English Summary of"RAPPORT 271")[R].Published in 2006.21, 45,25.
⑤Skolverket.Betyg i grundskolan lasar 1991/92:Uppgifter pa riksniva mellan 1990/91 och 1993/94 finns under lasar 1993/94.[EB/OL].http://www.skolverket.se/content/1/c4/78/66/922.xls,2006-11-30.
⑥在2008-2009学年度,全国就读独立学校的义务教育与高中教育学生分别都差一点点才到10%和20%,可斯德哥尔摩下辖Osteraker、Tabv、Solna的高中生就读独立学校的比例分别高达60%、51%、50%,斯德哥尔摩下辖Upplands Vasby、Taby与乌普萨拉下辖Alvkarleby的义务教育学生就读独立学校的比例分别高达40%、34%、30%(http://www.friskola.se/Om_friskolor Friskolorna_i_siffror_DXNI-25907_.aspx,2009-09-07)。
①据瑞典国家教育署2008年出版的“Report 316”号统计报告第98页,及瑞典国家统计局2008年12月出版《Statistisk arsbok for Sverige 2009》第75页数据,百分比系经计算得出。
②Nick Cowen. Swedish Lessons:How Schools With More Freedom Can Deliver Better Education [M]. Typeset by Civitas, Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, Wiltshire,2008.8.
Agneta Ranerup. Internet-Based Guidance in Quasi-Markets for Education in Sweden [J]. Internat. Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance,2004, (4).44.
②Anders Bjorklund, Per-Anders Edin, & etc.. The Market Comes to Education in Sweden:An Evaluation of Sweden's Surprising School Reforms [M]. New York:Russell Sage Foundation,2005.119,118.
③Anders Bohlmark& Mikael Lindahl. The Impact of School Choice on Pupil Achievement, Segregation and Costs:Swedish Evidence [R]. No.2786 Discussion Papers of the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany,2007.42.
Swedish National Agency for Education. Schools like Any Other? Swedish Independent Schools as Part of the System 1991-2004 (English Summary of "RAPPORT 271") [R]. Published in 2006.16.
①联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会.学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天[M].华东师范大学比较教育研究所译,北京：教育科学出版社,1996.2,223.
②方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.161.
③[日]冲原豊编著.世界的学校[M].欧用生、陈树铭合译,台北：台湾水牛出版社,1993.99.
④凯梅著.在童话王国总长大：成长在瑞典[M].天津：新蕾出版社,2005.108-109.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.31,23.
②顾耀铭、王和平著.当今瑞典教育概览[M].郑州：河南教育出版社,1994.P127
③ Research Voor Beleid. Country Report on the Action Plan on Adult Learning:Sweden(March 2011) [EB /OL]. http://adultlearning-budapest2011.teamwork.fr/docs/Country-report_SE_final.pdf,2012-1-12.4.
④Ministry of Education and Research. Education is a key to empowerment [EB/OL]. http://www.swed en.gov.se/sb/d/3781/a/172078 (Published 01 July 2011),2011-09-17.
③杨叙著.北欧社区[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2004.189.
⑥ International Project on Technical and Vocational Education. The Role of Technical and Vocational Education in the Swedish Education System [R]. UNESCO,1999.9.
⑦Government Offices of Sweden & Ministry of Education and Research. National Report on the Development and State of the Art of Adult Learning and Education (ALE)-Sweden [R]. Prerared for the 6th International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA VI),2008-03-26.4.
⑧ Eleni Prokou. A Comparative Approach to Lifelong Learning Policies in Europe:the cases of the UK, Sweden and Greece [J]. European Journal of Education,2008 (1).130.
①参王宇《北欧国家报业变革与发展》(《中国报业》2009年第2期第69页)及陈季冰《海外视窗：对瑞典报业的观察与思索》(网页http://media.news.hexun.com/1317_767227C.shtml,2011-11-9)。
②顾耀铭.话说瑞典公共图书馆[N]人民日报,1989-12-14(7).
③Swedish Arts Council.Public Libraries 2008[EB/OL].http://www.kulturradet.se/en/In-English/St atisticsl/Public-Libraries-2008,2010-11-5.有篇中国人描写瑞典观感的文章写到：“这个社区图书馆把成年人、学生和幼儿的需要都满足了。我看到一个家庭妇女模样的中年妇女提着从超市买的一大框东西进来,放在大厅门口后就进阅览厅了。不久,她夹着十几本书出来,在管理员那里签字登记时,管理员递给她一个结实的塑料口袋,把书都装进去,然后这位家庭主妇提上她的框子,带着新借到的书回家了。’(http://house.focus.cn/msgview/724/1/216551130.html)
④[日]冲原豊编著.世界的学校[M].欧用生、陈树铭合译,台北：大水牛出版社,1993.99.
⑤OECD.Thematic Review on Adult Learning-Country Note:Sweden[EB/OL].http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/23/2/2697896.pdf,2007-6-17.11.
⑥Thomas Andren, Bjorn Gustafsson. Income Effects from Labor Market Training Programs in Sweden During the 80's and 90's[Z].Bonn:Institute for the Study of Labor(IZA)Discussion Paper No.603. 2002-10.3.
①陈照雄著.瑞典教育制度：培育维护人权、公平与正义之健全国民[M].台北：心理出版社,2009.190.
②Sadiq Kwesi BOATENG.Significant Country Differences in Adult Learning[R].EUROSTAT Statistics in Focus,2009,(44).1-2.(网页文件地址:http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-S F-09-044/EN/KS-SF-09-044-EN.PDF)
①OECD.Education at a Glance 2011-OECD indicators[EB/OL].http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2011-en, 2012-04-17.373.
②顾耀铭、王和平著.当今瑞典教育概览[M].郑州：河南教育出版社,1994.P126.
①[英]Colin J. Titmus培格曼国际终身教育百科全书[M].教育与科普研究所编译,北京：职工教育出版社,1990.200.
②Hallgjerd Brattset. What Are the Characteristics of the Study Circle? a Summary [Z]. Published 1984 by Norwegian Institute of Adult Education in Trondheim.9.
③转引自郭嘉陵《瑞典学习圈研究》(河南大学2008年硕士学位论文)第1314页。
①李淑丽.瑞典学习圈研究[J].河北大学成人教育学院学报,2009(2).52.
②高淑婷,[瑞典]Tore Persson瑞典的“学习圈”[J].中国远程教育(资讯版),1995,(2).52-55.
③黄斌华.瑞典专家来沪交流一种新颖的成人教育形式——“学习圈”[EB/OL].http://www.sssa.org.cn/ allinfo／info_content.cfm?infoid=6068,2008-11-03.
④Gitte Jutvik, Peter Wiborn,Ludmila Glushkova&Inese Liepina.Manual for Participants of Study Circles[EB/OL]. http://www.balticuniv.uu.se/index.php/downloads/doc_view/180-manual-for-parti cipants-of-study-circles-english,2012-01-07.5,7.
⑤瑞典]Oscar 0lsson.瑞典学习圈—现代社会中的“古老”学习方式EB/OL].http://www.folkbildning.n et/.tore.persson/china-2,2008-10-15.
①据瑞典国家统汁局(SCB)所出版的统计年鉴(《Statistisk arsbok for Sverige 1995》p386.《Statistisk arsbok for Sverige 2002》p534.《Stati sti sk arsbok for Sverige 2008》p622.《Statistisk arsbok for Sverige 2012》p478)和瑞典成人教育委员会(Folkbildningsradet)2011年5月出版的《Facts on folkbildning in Sweden-A brief overview》(http://www.folkbildning.se/Documents/E-Fakta-om_folkbildningen/ Facts%20on%20folkbild ning_2011_web.pdf,2011-09-15下载)第14页。
②OECD Economic Surveys-Sweden[R].Volume 2005/9-August 2005.[EB/OL].http://homepage.ntu.edu. tw/.1bh/ref/OECD/46.pdf,2011-10-25.94.
①Employee's Right to Educational Leave Act(SFS 1974:981；Including amendments up to and including SFS 1994:1687)(英文版,http://naring.regeringen.se/inenglish/pdf/sfs1974_981.pdf)。参阅‘'http://w ww.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/SWEDEN/ANCHOR-STUDIELEDIGHET-SE.htm"网页上的简介《Study Leave》。
②据瑞典最大工会组织L0网站上对'The Study Leave Act'’的简介(http://www.e/home/lo/home.nsf/uni dView/11813AEA848EEE93C1256E5100459ADO,浏览下载时网页显示其最后更新日期为2011-04-12)
③参见‘'http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C140"网页上的该公约全文及‘[http://www.ilo.or g/ilol ex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C140'网页上所列已批准加入该公约的国家名单.。
④Richard Brisbois,Nicole Pollack,Ron Saunders.Lessons from Other Countries Regarding Incentives for Employer-Sponsored Training[R]Canadian Policy Research Networks Research Report,March 2009.17.
⑤CEDEFOP.Forms of Educational Leave in Europe[EB/OL].http://www.ictu.ie/press/2005/07/28/forms-of-educational-leave-in-europe/,2007-12-21同时参阅《世界职业技术教育》2003年第5期熊苹《瑞典终身职业教育与培训体系及其财政政策》一文。
⑥Annual Leave Act(1977:480,Amendments up to and including 2009:1439)[EB/OL].http:// www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/10/49/86/27725d11.pdf,2011-11-17.
① Staff Training Statistics,2010:Less Than Half of All Employed Persons in Staff Training [EB/OL]. http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____303327. aspx, Press release from Statistics Sweden, 2010-11-12.
②[瑞典]英格·帕森.瑞典的终身学习和员工培训[J].余祖光译,中国职业技术教育,2005(21).44.
③ Commissioner Investigates New System of Individual Skill Development [EB/OL]. http://www.euro found.europa.eu/eiro/2000/01/inbrief/se0001118n.htm,2008-10-11.
①据称这项制度全面启动之时,可以覆盖全国430万名劳动个体,而2002年底瑞典全国的从业人口总数是442万(瑞典国家统计局所出版瑞典统计年鉴《STATISTISK ARSBOK for Sverige 2004》p371).不过就实际可能开设账户的人数,预计是第一年能有六十五万人,十年之内能够达到两百万人(据加拿大哥伦比亚大学Hans G.Schuetze在2005年所做研究报告《Financing Lifelong Learning:Potential of and Problems with Individual Learning Accounts in Three Countries》第20页).
②刘奉越.瑞典个人学习帐户制度研究[J].继续教育,2008(9).62-63.参调查专委会2000年11月所提交《Individual Learning Accounts, IKS - a Stimulus for Lifelong Learning starting in year 2002》.
③Hans G.Schuetze.Financing Lifelong Learning:Potential of and Problems with Individual Learning Accounts in Three Countries[EB/OL].http://ncspe.org/publications_files/OP107.pdf,2011-9-8.16.
①谌启标.瑞典职业教育与培训的新进展[J].中国职业技术教育,2004(27).36.
②参见瑞典教育与研究部为2008年在日内瓦召开的第48届国际教育大会所提交的教育发展国别报告英文版《The Development of Education:National report of Sweden》第13页.
③参加拿大Hans G.Schuetze研究报告《Financing Lifelong Learning:Potential of and Problems with Individual Learning Accounts in Three Countries》第20页与瑞典Goteborg大学Thomas Ericson的《Trends in the Pattern of Lifelong Learning in Sweden:towards a Decentralized Economy》一文第14-16页的分析(下载自http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/2735/1/gunwpe0188.pdf,20112-9).
"Cedefop(European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training)Panorama series 163. Individual Learning Accounts [R].Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,2009.11-12.
⑤雷达.瑞典：国小公民科学素质高[N].人民日报,2006-11-28(7)
①(美)保尔·朗格朗.终身教育引论[M].周南照、陈树清译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1985.35.
②王桂主编.当代外国教育——教育改革的浪潮与趋势[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1995.182.
①Swedishi Ministry of Education & Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004, Nr. U2003/4288/IS) [EB/OL].http://ww.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.2,5.
②四五十年代所谓的“统一学校”有四层含义：一是完全统-(totally unified)的基础教育学校体系,二是在初中阶段以前实行统一教育,将古典性的学习(classical studies)推迟到高中阶段；三是先进行六年的共同教育(common schooling),然后才进行分流；四是在完成八至九年的义务教育之后再进入分化的“义务教育后”学校(post-compulsory schools)。——Leon Bouche 《Tradition and Change in Swedish Education》第24页。
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.63,70,71.
②Swedishi Ministry of Education＆Science.The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004,Nr.U2003/4288/IS)[EB/OL].http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.7.
③Ministry of Education and Research.The new Education Act-for knowledge, choice and security [EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12996/a/142348(Published 22 March 2010),2010-5-3.
④“市”在瑞典是省下面一级的政权组织,是绝大多数公共服务职能的承担者。
①Skolverket.Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data(rapport nr 363)[EB/OL]. http://www.skolverket.se/2.3894/publicerat/2.5006?_xurl_=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.skolverket.se%3A808 O%2Fwtpub%2Fws%2Fskolbok%2Fwpubext%2Ftrycksak%2FBlob%2Fpdf2692.pdf%3Fk%3D2692,2012-3-2.48-51.
②Swedi shi Mini stry of Education＆Science.The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004,Nr.U2003/4288/IS)[EB/OL].http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.5.
③Ministry of Education and Research.Curricula with New Syllabuses and Knowledge Requirements and a New Grading Scale(Fact Sheet U08.021,dec.2008)[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/ c6/11/77/01/1011cd7a.pdf,2009-1-19.1.
④瑞典认为同一学段不同类型学校执行不同课程方案与教学大纲是推行等值化教育的藩篱。瑞典议会在1993年12月通过决议：将基础教育阶段各级各类学校的课程方案整合、统一成两套,一套适用于义务教育阶段,另一套适用于除此之外的非义务教育。1994年2月17日,国家教育署在同一天发布了这两套课程方案。
⑤梁光严编著.列国志：瑞典[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007.258.
①Skolverket.Education for All-the Swedish Education System.[Z]Printed by Lenanders Tryckeri AB,Kalmar,Sept.2000.16.
②Skollag(SFS nr.2010:800)[EB/OL].http://62.95.69.3/SFSdoc/10/100800.PDF,2011-8-17.
③Education Act(SFS 1985:1100,Amendments included:to and including SFS 2000:445)[EB/OL]. http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/15/38/1532b277.pdf,2007-3-18.
④Descriptive Data on Pre-school Activities,School-age Childcare,Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006.Report no.283 of Swedish National Agency for Education.57.
⑤瑞典在世纪之交也曾进行过这方面的调查研究与讨论,并一度认为父母亲选择将孩子留在家里实施包括义务教育在内的学校教育是父母“天然的权利”(natural right),此前的法律不但未明确禁止如此,而且从法意上讲,还能找到近似可以(或至少不是不可以)实施居家教育的法律条文(参瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学国际教育研究所Cynthia M.Villalba所撰《Creating Policy from Discursive Exchanges on Compulsory Education and Schooling in Sweden》一文,载《Evaluation and Research in Education》杂志2003年第2期).
⑥教育部对回信的公文编号是“U2011/6269/S”(2011年12月28日下载自http://esra-media.tripod.com/ 2011_Reply_Swedish_DoE.pdf).
⑦智障学校的学制是十年,按照十年来安排义务教育阶段的教学内容。
⑧据瑞典国家教育署在《Skolverkets lagesbed6mning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data》(rapport nr 363)第58页、62页中所列统计数据,1999-2000至2009-2010期间的十个学年度,这一比例都是近九成(最高的年份是89.9%,最低的年份为88.2%),但实际上每年初中毕业后升入高中阶段学校就读的比例都在98%左右(最高的年份是98.8%,最低的年份为97.5%；而且.每年都有一部分同学自己没有申请继续就读高中,这一比例在此十年间最高年份为3.2%,最低年份为1.1%),因为瑞典的高中阶段教育针对米达到义务教育毕业水准的申请者开设有单独的专业(program),或在录取就学后提供专门的补救帮扶措施。
①参《新华每日电讯》2006年5月17日第3版所载新华社报导《瑞典：即便全优高中生也不急于上大学》。
②庞超.瑞典高中职业教育改革新动向[J].中国职业技术教育,2009(10).67.
③Swedishi Ministry of Education and Research. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden(Prepared for the 48th session of the International Conference on Education, Oct.2004) [EB/OL].http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/sweden_NR08.pdf,2010-6-15.11.
④Ministry of Education and Research.Background of the New Upper Secondary School[EB/OL].http: www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12055/a/129149,published 30 June 2009,last updated 06 September 2011.
⑤Gymnasieutredningen.Framtidsv gen-en reformerad gymnasieskola(SOU 2008:27)[EB/OL].http:/ www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10005/a/101587,2008-331.57,51.
⑥Press release of Ministry of Education and Research. Bjorklund:A Renaissance for Vocational Education Programmes[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10086/a/101998,2008-4-2.
⑦Government Offices of Sweden.Sweden's National Reform Programme 2011[EB/OL].http://www.sweden. gov.se/sb/d/5867/a/167504,2011-6-9.31.
①Chapter 15,Section 2,paragraphs 1 and 2,Education Act (2010:800)转引自瑞典国家教育署2012年初印发的《Upper Secondary School 2011》(2012-39下载自http://www.senrp.se/sb/d/193)第8页。
②刘华锦,庞超.瑞典高中新一轮课程改革理念探析[J].教育导刊,2010(6).58.
① Mini stry of Education and Research. Upper Secondary School [EB/OL]. http://www.sweden.gov.se/ sb/d/10485,published 10 January 2008, last updated 07 September 2011. Ministry of Education and Research. Questions and answers [EB/OL]. http://www.sweden.gov.se/ sb/d/12056, published 30 June 2009, last updated 07 September 2011.
②Ministry of Education and Research.The Swedish Educational System[Z].Printed in May 2004.17.
③Gymnasieutredningen.Framtidsv gen-en reformerad gymnasieskola(SOU 2008:27)[EB/OL].http: www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10005/a/101587,2008-3-31.58.
④[日]中岛博.瑞典回归教育体制的确立[J].司荫贞译,外国教育动态,1981(3).24.
⑤参蔡培村、武文瑛《瑞典回流教育之经验与启示》(载台湾《教育资料集刊》2008年第12期；205、208页)。
⑥方彤,陈珊.瑞典大学的“门槛”低吗[N].中国教育报,2007-10-08(8)
① Skolverket.Beskrivande data om skolverksamheten 1997(Rapport nr 135)[R].Publi shed in 1997.32.
② Swedi sh National Agency for Education. Descriptive Data on Pre-school Aactivities, School-age Childcare,Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006(Report no.283)[R].Published in 2006.72.
③当然这也有其弊端,以致瑞典的高中生和大学生能在规定的最低修业年限(学制年限)内毕业的比例明显低于世界其他各国,中途休学、过一两年再返回去学习的情况比较突出。新华社2001年4月就曾根据《瑞典日报》的报导发过一篇通讯稿《瑞典高中生辍学现象严重》(下载自http://education.163.com/edit/010411 /010411_64353.html,网页时间为2011年4月11日),称瑞典高中生辍学比例九十年代中期为20%,2000年增至27%(不过另据http://www.b.shuttle.de/wifo/duoqual/s-se.htm的数据称,瑞典1997年高中一、高二的学生辍学率,国家专业都在4%左右,其中职教专业稍高一点,而个人计划专业的辍学率确实高达35%)。在2008年3月高中教育改革调研委员会发布的高中改革调研报告也抨击高中学校的学生不能按期毕业的情况太突出,“吞吐量”(throughput)(?)很不理想(见调研报告瑞典文版英文摘要)。
④(美)保尔·朗格朗.终身教育引论[M].周南照、陈树清译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1985.16.
① Swedishi Ministry of Education and Culture Affairs. National Report:Sweden [R]. Prepared for the 38th session of the UNESCO-International Conference on Education,1981.46.
② Swedishi Ministry of Education and Research. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (Prepared for the 48th session of the International Conference on Education, Oct.2004) [EB/OL]. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/sweden_NR08.pdf,2010-6-15.25.
③ Mats Ekholm, Sverker Hard. Lifelong Learning and Lifewide Learning [R]. Printed by Swedish National Agency for Education,2000.7.
④此外中央政府还办有两所成人教育学校,一些省份也开办了省立成人教育学校,均提供中学层次教学服务。
⑤ Fact Sheets on Sweden. Adult Education in Sweden [R]. Publishen by the Swedish Institute, Feb. 1985.3.
⑥ Swedishi Ministry of Education and Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (Prepared for the 46th session of the International Conference on Education,2001).7,4.为此《学校教育法》第一章第11条明确规定：“国家成人教育系统与面向儿童语年轻人的国家学校教育系统共同构成国家学校教育系统(national school system)”。
① Swedish National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Non-compulsory School System (Lpf 94, Amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:24, Printed by AB Danagards grafi ska, Odeshog,2006)8,9.
②提出要扩大规模,成人教育学校每年要新增十万学员,民众高中每年要新增学员一万名。参台湾《社教双月刊》2001年12月号所载《以降低失业率为目标的教育行动：瑞典成人教育五年行动计划》(作者许雅惠)。
Fact Sheet. The Adult Education Initiative-A unique programme for adult education [R]. Published by the Swedish Ministry of Education and Science, Jan.1999.1-2.
④Research Voor Beleid. Country Report on the Action Plan on Adult Learning:Sweden(March 2011) [EB/ OL]. http://adultlearning-budapest2011. teamwork. fr/docs/Country-report_SE_final. pdf,2012-1-12.5.
⑤ Swedish Ministry of Education and Research. Municipal adult education [EB/OL]. http://www.sweden. gov.se/sb/d/6997/a/67936 (last updated 06 May 2011),2011-7-13.
EAEA. Country Report on Adult Education in Sweden[R].Published by European Association for the Education of Adults, Helsinki,2011.5.
①现行《学校教育法》第1113章。参瑞典教育部2004年9月为欧洲职业教育发展中心(CEDEFOP)提交的《Structures of Education, Vocational Training and Adult Education Systems in Europe-Sweden》(2009-12-27下载自http://www.senrp.se/content/1/c4/53/04/SWEDEN_EN.pdf)第26-27页。
①据瑞典国家教育署《Skolverkets 1agesbed6mning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data》第131页原图改绘。
②这是近年来未办成人基础教育学校(机构)市政区数目最多的一年(2000年时仅八个,2008年首破二十)。
③本段及下表数据均据瑞典国家教育署2011年发布的第363号报告《Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data》(瑞典文版)第50、69、75、82、107、112-144页及其英文摘要版《Facts and figures 2011:Pre-school activities,school-age childcare,schools and adult education in Sweden》(2012-3-2下载自页面http://www.senrp.se/sb/d/193)第50-68页。
①Swedish National Agency for education.Upper Secondary School 2011(Published in 2012):EB/OL]. http://www.senrp.se/sb/d/193,2012-3-9.36.
②刘华锦,庞超.瑞典高中新一轮课程改革理念探析[J].教育导刊,2010(6).69.
③Sweden Tops Child Care Table[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/News_____20591.aspx, 2008-12-15.另据联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)2007年2月14日发表的对21个发达国家儿童状况的评估报告,根据物质福利、健康与安全、教育品质、伙伴和家庭关系、行为与危险、自我感觉六大标准,瑞典在这份榜单上排名第二,仅次于荷兰(下载于http://world.people.com.cn/GB/1029/42356/5402127.html,2007-2-15).
①Barbara Martin Korpi. The Po1itics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergellce and growth of the Swedi sh pre sch00l [R].Published by The Mimostry of Education and Research,2007.25-26.
②据瑞典国家统计局所出版的《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1971)第40页,《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1975)第272页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1981)第42页,《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1984)第317页,《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1992)第32、299页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1997)第38、316页数据计算得出。
③这一比例在1995年仅80%：80%与95%这两个数据分别见Barbara Martin Korpi《The Politics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions L]nderlying the emergence and growth of the Swedi sh pre-school》 第57页和方彤《瑞典基础教育》第37页)。
①转引自Barbara Martin Korpi 《The Politics of Pre- school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school》 第61-62页。
②但这并不是义务教育：各市政区当局有义务提供这样的教学服务,而且免费,但适龄儿童父母可以选择参加或者不参加。瑞典当时虽然仍规定7岁开始接受义务教育,但修订后的《学校教育法》已允许儿童可以提前到6岁入学。总之学前班面向的是开始接受义务教育之前一年的5-7岁儿童。
③其官方所给的英文译名叫"Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-school Class and the Leisure-time Centre"。
Hillevi Lenz Taguchi, Ingmarie Munkammar. Consolidating Governmental Early Childhooh Education and Care Services under the Ministry of Education and Science:A Swedish Case Study [R]. Early Childhood and Family Policy Series No.6-2003, Published by UNESCO, April 2003.17-20.
⑤ OECD. Starting Strong Ⅲ:A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care[R] published by OECD,2012. from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264123564-en,2012-1-13.53.
①[瑞典]格特鲁德·舒尔彼尔曼.瑞典幼儿学校的演变[J].邢克超译,外国教育动态,1980(2).32.
② Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Published by The Ministry of Education and Research,2007.9.
③ National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Pre-school (Lpfo98, Amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:22) [Z]. Printed by AB Danagards grafi ska, Odeshog,2006.4,9.
④李继宏,刘俊华.瑞典学前教育的目标、内容及方式：从终身学习的视角分析[J].幼儿教育·教育科学版,2007(z1).78.
⑤ National Agency for Education. Pre-school in Transition:A National Evaluation of the Swedish Pre-school (A summary of Report 2004-239) [R]. Printed by Elanders Gotab,2004.36,40,39.
①National Agency for Education. Ten Years after the Pre-school Reform:A national evaluation of the Swedish pre-school (A summary of Report 2008-318) [R]. Printed by AB Typoform,2008.18-19,8.
参台湾教育部《电子报》第346期(http://epaper.edu.tw/windows.aspx?windows_sn=2838,2009-2-19)所发表驻瑞典代表处文化组文化参事刘德胜译介《瑞典学前学校十年改革报告》。
Ministry of education and Reseach Fact Sheet. Status and Pedagogical Task of Preschool to be Strengthened (Published in June 2011) [EB/OL]. http://wwwoxydiane.net/IMG/pdf/Svezia_asilo.pdf, 2011-10-9.1,4.
③庞超.关照学生课后教育：瑞典学童看护制度与启示[J].比较教育研究,2009(12).77.
① National Agency for Education. Your Child's Leisure Time is Important-Information about leisure-time centres[EB/OL]. http://www.senrp.se/sb/d/193,2011-9-13.7-8.
② National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-school Class and the Leisure-time Centre (Lpo 94, Amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:23) [Z]. Printed by AB Danagards grafi ska, Odeshog,2006.7,15.
③ Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Published by The Ministry of Education and Research,2007.66,68.
④ National Agency for Education. Five Year with the Maximum Fee (English summary of Report 294) [R].Stockhol,2007.12.
①这样一来,相似的家庭无论生活在哪一市政区,都只需缴纳同样的学费,而且收费标准比改革前也便宜了很多。据瑞典乌普萨拉大学劳动力市场政策评估研究所(IFAU)2008年发布的第29号Working Paper 《Cheaper Childcare, More Children》 (作者Eva Mork, Anna Sjogren, Helena Svaleryd)第8-9页测算,在1999年,有两位成年人、两个学前教育学龄儿童的中等收入家庭,一般每月得支付儿童看护费2660瑞典克朗,而且还要看他们居住在哪个市政区,这决定着儿童看护的月缴费幅度在1560-3940瑞典克朗之间。在2002年实行限额收费后,同样的情况两个孩子所需看护费总共为1900瑞典克朗(收费区间在1040-1900瑞典克朗之间)。
② Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R].Published by The Ministry of Education and Research,2007.70,75.
③根据瑞典国家统计局发布《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1981)第42页和《Statistical Yearbookof Sweden》(2012)第83页数据,瑞典全国1980年、2010年年末6岁及以下人口分别为694475、774024人。
①根据瑞典国家统计局所发布《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1981)第314页数据算得。当时是7岁开始接受义务教育,因此一般而言,“12岁及以下学童”大致就是五年级及其以下的义务教育学校学生。
②根据瑞典国家统计局所发布《Yearbook of Educational Stati stics 2012》第53、63页数据算得。现在是6岁开始接受义务教育,因此一般而言,“12岁及以下学童”主要就是六年级及其以下的义务教育学校学生,另外因为学前班的学生也纳入“学童看护”覆盖范围,因此应将其包括进去。。
③据瑞典国家统计局所出版《Stati stical Yearbook of Sweden》(1984)第317页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1988)第306页、《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1992)第299页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1997)第316页、《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(2004)第511页.《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(2009)第495页、《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(2012)第437-438页数据。为便于参照当年的适龄儿童大致人数,列出了各学年度义务教育学校一年级学生人数(如果列各年龄段人数,表格将太复杂)。所列义务教育学校一年级学生人数来自瑞典国家教育署所发布的《Beskrivande data om skolverksamheten 1997》第12页《Descriptive Data on Child Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》第28页,以及瑞典国家统计局所发布《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1981)第314页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1982-1983)第312页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1984)第354页《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2012》第63页,其中1983-1984学年度至1993-1994学年度数据系据瑞典国家统计局《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1985)第353页《Stati stical Yearbook of Sweden》(1992)第340页所列当年小学1-3年级学生总人数除以3所得约数。
④2008-2009学年度以前叫“family day care",2009-2010学学年度以后叫"Pedagogical care".
①刘华俊,李继宏.学习化社会背景下的瑞典教育改革——以学前教育和高等教育为蓝本[J].比较教育研究,2008(1).44.
② UNICEF. The Child Care Transition-A league table of early childhood education and care in economically advanced countries [R]. Innocenti Report Card 2008-8, published by UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence,2008.2.
③ UNESCO Institute for Statistics. GLOBAL EDUCATION DIGEST 2011-Comparing Education Statistics Across the World [EB/OL]. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/global_education_digest_20 11_en.pdf,2011-10-31.96-99.
④ Helene Lumholdt, Monica Klasen McGrath. The Swedish Pre-school Class-One of a kind [R]. published by the Swedish National Agency for School Improvement,2006.5.
①(美)保尔·朗格朗.终身教育引论[M].周南照、陈树清译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1985.16.
②世界全民教育大会.世界全民教育宣言[EB/OL].http://www.ctc-health.org.cn/file/20081008007.pdf,2008-10-11.3.
③Dual Qualification in Sweden Vocational Programmes [EB/OL].http://www.b.shuttle.de/wifo/duoq ual/s-se.htm(First set up 23/08/1998,Latest update:25/04/2000),2008-7-27.
④汪霞主编.国外中小学课程演进[M].济南：山东教育出版社,2000.582.
⑤(美)保尔·朗格朗.终身教育引论[M].周南照、陈树清译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1985.6.
①Swedish National Agency for Education. The Foundation for Lifelong Learning (Report No.2000-182 of the Agency) [R]. Printed by Katarina Tryck, Stockholm 2000.9.
②MatsEkholm, Sverker Hard. Lifelong Learning and Lifewide Learning [R]. Printed by Swedish National Agency for Education,2000.10,9,30-31.
③Swedish National Agency for Education. The Foundation for Lifelong Learning (Report No.2000-182 of the Agency) [R]. Printed by Katarina Tryck, Stockholm 2000.101.
① Ministry of Education and Research. The New Education Act for knowledge, choice and security (Published 22 March 2010)[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12996/a/142348,2010-5-19.
②Swedish National Agency for Education.Curriculum for the Compulsory School,Preschool Class and the Leisure-time Centre 2011(Lgr 11):Z:Printed by Ordforradet AB,Stockholm,2011.9,11-12.
①Swedi sh National Agency for Education.Curriculum for the Compulsory School,Preschool Class and the Leisure-time Centre 2011(Lgr 11)[Z]Printed by Ordforradet AB,Stockholm,2011.12.
②Swedi sh National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Compulsory School, Preschool Class and the Leisure time Centre 2011(Lgr 11)[Z]Printed by Ordf6rradet AB,Stockholm,2011.15-16.
③在字体与页面设置一样的情况下,同样的英文版,已厚达242页,而2000年与2008年修订之后的版本分别仅92页、95页。
④Swedishi Ministry of Education&Science.The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004,Nr.U2003/4288/IS)[EB/OL].http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.10.
①马延伟.瑞典客人来我所访问[EB/OL].http://219.234.174.136/gjjl/jlxx/gjjl_20070925094538.html, 2007-11-13.
② Mats Ekholm, Sverker Hard. Lifelong Learning and Lifewide Learning [R]. Printed by Swedish National Agency for Education,2000.11.
②方肜著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.73-74.另参瑞典教育部2004年向第47届世界教育大会提交的《The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden》 (August 2004, Nr. U2003/4288/IS)第10页。
①English summary of Ann-Chri stine Vallberg Roth&Annika Mansson's Individuella utvecklingsplaner som uttryck for reglerad barndom-Likriktning med variation[EB/OL].http://www.ped.gu.se/pedfo/ pdf-filer/engsuml3-2.pdf,2011-8-30.123.
②据瑞典《Pedagogisk Forskning i Sverige》杂志2008年第2期《Individuella utvecklingsplaner som uttryck for reglerad barndom -Likriktning med variation》(p82)一文所载数据,在学前教育领域要求执行个人发展计划的市政区比例,此前五年间从10%提高到了48%。另参瑞典国家教育署2008年发表的《Ten Years after the Pre school Reform-A national evaluation of the Swedish pre school》第11页。
③参《OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education-SWEDEN》(2011年2月出版,2011-12-17下载于http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/38/42/47169533.pdf)第8-9页。 ①Nanny Hart smar.Educational Policies that Address Social Inequality-Country Report:Sweden[R] Published by EU Education and Culture Socrates, Nov.2008.10.
②参见其专门网站"http://iupp.se/"。
③瑞典自主学习学校：让孩子做自己[N].台湾《立报》,20003-17(4).
④刘华锦,庞超.瑞典高中新一轮课程改革理念探析[J].教育导刊,2010(6).57.
①参汪霞主编《国外中小学课程演进》(山东教育出版社2000年版)第666-667页。
② Skolverket. Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data (rapport nr 363) [EB/OL]. http://www.skolverket.se/2.3894/publicerat/2.5006?_xurl_=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.skolverket.se%3A808 0%2Fwtpub%2Fws%2Fskolbok%2Fwpubext%2Ftrycksak%2FBlob%2Fpdf2692. pdf%3Fk%3D2692,2012-3-2.85.
③根据瑞典国家教育署2011年11月发布瑞典文版《Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data:Forskoleverksamhet, skolbarnsomsorg, skola och vuxenutbildning》第85页原图改绘
①[瑞典]托斯坦·胡森.论教育质量[J].施良方译,华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),1987(3).5.
②方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.161.95.
③Kristian Ramstedt. National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System [R]. Translated into English by Ander Auer,published by Swedish National Agency for Education,2005.7,9.另参斯德哥尔摩大学教育研究所Astrid Pettersson2004年所发《The National Tests and National Asses-sment in Sweden》(2010-5-21下载于http://www.prim.su.se/artiklar/pdf/Sw_test_ICME.pdf)第2页。
①Kristian Ramstedt.National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System[R].Translated into Engli sh by Ander Auer,published by Swedish National Agency for Education,2005.14-18.
②褚慧玲,周磊.瑞典中小学的学业评价与考试探析[J] 教育测量与评价(理论版),2010(8).56,57.
③比如义务教育阶段所得的MVG、VG和G等级,就分别对应20、15和10分。
④2012年1月27日瑞典的一家新闻网站就刊登了一则案例《Principal Stopped Kids from Getting Marks that Were'Too Low'》(http://www.thelocal.se/38754/20120127/),并提出了,“如若教师给学生成绩评定分数太低校长是否有权干预”的疑问。
⑤马延伟.瑞典客人来我所访问[EB/OL].http://219.234.174.136/gjjl/jlxx/gjjl_20070925094538.html,2007-11-13.
①Fact Sheet (No. U08.021). Curricula with New Syllabuses and Knowledge Requirements and a New Grading Scale [Z] Published by Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, Dec.2008.参2008年11月21日下载自http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/09/78/62/a72a0612.pdf的包括义务教育与高中教育的新旧两套等级评定分数折合对比图。另参2008年11月21日下载自http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10282的“学业评级新体系问答”(FAQ)。
②Kristian Ramstedt. National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System [R]. Translated into English by Ander Auer, published by Swedish National Agency for Education,2005.19.
① Swedish National Agency for Education. Descriptive Data on Pre-school Activities, School-age Childcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006 (Report no.283).55.
② Skolverket. Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data (rapport nr 363).59.
③ National Agency for Education. Skolverket-a presentation [R]. Printed by db grafiska, Orebro, 2002.2.
④ Skolutveckling. National School Development-for Enhanced Knowledge and Better Results (Report No.16/2006) [R].Printed by Elanders Gotab AB, Valingby,2007.11.
①Skolinspektionen.Our activities[EB/OL].http://www.skolinspektionen.se/en/About-Skolinspek tionen/The-activities-of-the-School-Inspectorate/,2011-12-14.
②钱一呈主编.外国教育督导与评价制度研究[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社,2006.293-298,311-312.
③2003年后三季度用于教育检查的预算为5.42亿克朗,全年预计要7.7亿克朗,比2002年教育质量检查的预算增加了50%。2004年的专项预算预计比2002年增加70%。到2005年,增办加到了2002年的两倍。
④中国教育部网站.赴瑞典、西班牙、意大利教育督导考察报告EB/OL].http://202.205.177.9/edoas/web sitel8/95/info18195.htm,2007-5-23.
⑤Swedish Schools Inspectorate.The Inspectorate of Educational Inspection of Sweden[EB/OL].http: //www.skolinspektionen.se/PageFiles/1854/SwedishSchoolsInspectorate2009.pdf,2009-9-3.1.
⑥驻瑞典台北代表团文化组.瑞典学校督导局评鉴：学习力及特殊学生协助需加强[N].台湾“教育部”电子报,第396期(2010-2-4)
①驻瑞典台北代表团文化组.瑞典学校督导局改进全国学测建议[N].台湾“教育部”电子报,第462期(2011526).
②见台湾“教育部”电子报第286期(2007-1213)、第440期(2010-12-16)。
①[瑞典]约翰·诺尔贝格(Johan Norberg)著.为全球化申辩[M].姚中秋,陈海威译,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008.241.
②李丽红编.多元文化主义[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2011.“选编说明”第1页.
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④另外两个是加拿大与澳大利亚。
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④Harald Runblom. Swedish Multiculturalism in a Comparative European Perspective [J].Sociological Forum, Vol.9. No.4,1994.628-629.
⑤Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.148.
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②Dennis Sven Nordin. A Swedish Dilemma - A Liberal European Nation's Struggle with Racism and Xenophobia,1990-2000 [M]. New York:University Press of America,2005.23.
③Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.149-151.
④Walter Korpi. The Working Class in Welfare Capitalism:Work, Unions and Politics in Sweden [M]. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1981.58.
①Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.158-160.
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④Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations 2007. Sweden [EB/OL].http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Swe den.aspx,2008-12-15.
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⑥SCB. Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 1986.42.
①SCB. Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2012.94.
②根据瑞典国家统计局网站2012-2-20发布的最新统计数据(http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart_26047.aspx)绘制。
③Susan Opper. Multiculturalism in Sweden:A Case of Assimilation and Integration [J]. Comparative Education,1983, Vol.19, No.2 (Special Number 7:Education and Diversity of Cultures).202.
④根据瑞典国家统计局所发布《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2012》第100页数据计算得出。
①据瑞典Pieter Bevelander等编著《Resettled and Included? The Employment Integration of Resettled Refugees in Sweden》p49数据：2007年瑞典近十万移入民中以家庭团聚为由者达2.9万人,比例高达29.15%；而据瑞典一体化与性别平等部(Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality)2009年12月发布的Fact Sheet 《Swedish Integration Policy》第4页数据：2008年在瑞典获得居住许可或居住注册权的90021人中,以家庭团聚为由者达33687人,比例更是高达37.42%。
②根据瑞典国家统计局网站2012-2-20发布的最新统计数据(http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____26047.aspx)绘制。
②Susan Opper. Multiculturalism in Sweden:A Case of Assimilation and Integration [J]. Comparative Education,1983, Vol.19, No.2 (Special Number 7:Education and Diversity of Cultures).196.
①SCB. Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2012.101.
②Fact Sheet. Swedish Integration Policy [R]. Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality,2009.
Pieter Bevelander, Mirjam Hagstrom & sofa Ronnqvist. Resettled and Included? The Employment Integration of Resettled Refugees in Sweden [M]. Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmo 2009.51.
④Susan Opper. Multiculturalism in Sweden:A Case of Assimilation and Integration [J]. Comparative Education,1983, Vol.19, No.2 (Special Number 7:Education and Diversity of Cultures).202.
⑤路德教又称“信义宗”,是基督教新教的一个重要派别,在欧洲语言中原为“路德宗”(Lutheran church),翻译成中文的时候,考虑到马丁·路德不愿以自己的名字为派别命名的意愿,改译“信义宗”。
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②Harald Runblom.Swedish Multiculturalismin a Comparative European Perspective[EB/OL].http://www. springerlink.com/index/h412426375270k73.pdf,2009-3-7.629.
③杨洪贵.瑞典多元文化政策初探[J].欧洲研究,2006(5) 112.
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②Tomas Hamma. Immigration Research in Sweden [J]. InterrzationalVol.14, No.1, Spring 1980.98.
Harald Runblom. Swedish Multiculturalismin a Comparative European Perspective [EB/OL]. http://www. springerlink.com/index/h412426375270k73.pdf,2009-3-7.631.
①Tomes Hammer, European immigration policy; A Comparative Study, p.36.
②Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.158.
③Susan Opper. Multiculturalism in Sweden:A Case of Assimilation and Integration [J]. Comparative Education,1983, Vol.19, No.2 (Special Number 7:Education and Diversity of Cultures).205-206.
④滕星.多元文化教育——全球多元文化社会的政策与实践[M].北京：民族出版社,2010.285.
①Dennis Sven Nordin. A Swedish Dilemma-A Liberal European Nation's Struggle with Racism and Xenophobia,1990-2000 [M]. New York:University Press of America,2005.32,33,36.
②Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.163,23.
③Lars Jedrlund, Victor Kayfetz. In Transition:From Immigration Policy to Integration Policy in Sweden (published in Scandinavian Review) [EB/OL]. http;//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5037524 923,2009-12-7.
④Harald Runblom, "Swedish Multiculturalism in a Comparative European Perspective" p.634.
⑤Stephen Castles, "Book Reviews,'Paradoxes of Multiculturalism; Essays on Swedish Society'", International Migration Review, Vol.27, No.2, Summer 1993, p.439.
①Christine Inglis,Multicultwalism:New Policy Responses to Diversity, Paris.Unesco,1996:44.
②杨洪贵.瑞典社会对外来移民的整合[EB/OL]. http://www.hnshx.com/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=770 5,2011-12-23.
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④参瑞典工业、雇用与交通部(Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications)2002年6月发布的Fact Sheet《Swedi sh Integration Policy for the 21st Century》正文第1页。
① Lars Jedrlund, Victor Kayfetz. In Transition:From Immigration Policy to Integration Policy in Sweden (published in Scandinavian Review) [EB/OL]. http;//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5037524 923,2009-12-7.
②李丽红编.多元文化主义[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2011.38.
①Harald Runblom, "Swedish Multiculturalism in a Comparative European Perspective" p.623-624.
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④郝时远,张世和,纳日碧力戈.瑞典萨米人及其驯鹿业考察报告[J].世界民族,1996(4).
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③ Fact Sheet. Minority Rights are Strenghtened [R]. Published by Swedish Ministry for Integration and Gender Equality,2009.
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①参瑞典《学校教育法》(Education Act, SFS No:1985:1100, amendments included:to and including SFS2000：445)第八章。据瑞典国家教育署2011年发布的363号报告第49页数据,2010-2011学年度,全国萨米学校总共只有学生141人,事实上2000年以来学生最多的一年是2000-2001学年度,达163人,最少的年份是2009-2010学年度,只有131人。
②Mikael Svonni. Sami-The Sami Language in Education in Sweden [R]. Mercator-Education,2001.7-16.
①Paul 0'Mahony.Teacher Warned for Raci st Remarks[EB/OL].http://www.thelocal.se/6774/20070323/ 2007-5-20.
①滕星.多元文化教育——全球多元文化社会的政策与实践[M].北京：民族出版社,2010.273-274.
②滕星.多元文化教育——全球多元文化社会的政策与实践[M].北京：民族出版社,2010.276.
③据瑞典国家统计局《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden-(2012)p100-101、《Staristical Yearbook of Sweden》 (2002)p87.《Statstical Yearbook of Sweden》(1992)p59数据绘制.
①张国平.瑞典、芬兰、丹麦三国学前教育目标比较研究[J].课程教材教学研究(幼教研究),2011(1).31.
①杨林.二十世纪九十年代以来瑞典基础教育课程改革的理念与创新[D].西南大学,2011.31.
②Dennis Sven Nordin. A Swedi sh Dilemma -A Liberal European Nation's Struggle with Racism and Xenophobia,1990-2000 [M]. New York:University Press of America,2005.32-33.
③Miho Taguma,Moonhee Kim etc.OECD Reviews of Migrant Education SWEDEN[R].OECD,March 2010.17.
④Immigrant Children Shortchanged by Swedi sh Schools[EB/OL]. http://www.thelocal.se/33968/ 20110524/,2011-5-25.
②中国驻瑞典大使馆教育处.瑞典中小学校差距呈扩大态势[J] 基础教育参考,2007(8).26.
①驻瑞典使馆教育处.瑞典政府的语言政策分析.世界教育信息,2002(10).31.
①据瑞典国家教育署《Beskrivande data 2009-Forskoleverksamhet,skolbarnsomsorg,skola och vuxenutbildning》(Skolverkets rapport nr 335,2009-11)第44数据整理。
①张莉.瑞典移民的语言教育[J].中国民族教育,2011(10).43.
①张莉.瑞典移民的语言教育[J].中国民族教育,2011(10).44.
①Mikael Svonni. The Sami language in education in Sweden [R] Mercator-Education:European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education,2011.7.
②资料来源：瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics2002》第67、77页,及瑞典国家统计局(Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2012》第63、72页。另参见瑞典国家教育署《Beskrivande data 2009-Forskoleverksamhet, skolbarnsomsorg, skola och vuxenutbildning》 (Skolverkets rapport nr 335,2009-11)第42-43页。
①Leah Hyslop.Sweden is Top Country at Integrating Immigrants[EB/OL].http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ expat/expatnews/8359653/Sweden-is-top-country-at-integrating-immigrants.html,2011-3-5.
②刘德胜.瑞典许多学校存在种族歧视的恫吓案件[EB/OL].http://epaper.edu.tw/windows.aspx?windows_sn=2929,2009-03-03.
③(?)
①Ides Nicaise, Gosta Esping-Andersen, etc. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country note: SWEDEN [R].OECD,2005.14.
①即学生“个人发展计划”(该报告中的表述为individual developmental plan)。
②以及包含该词根的equalisation、equalising、equality、equal以及equity等单词。
③之所以没有提及再早前的几份报告,是因为手头10份报告中只有这5份有电子版：在电子版中通过查找功能统计其出现次数才不致遗漏。
Swedishi Ministry of Education & Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004, Nr. U2003/4288/IS) [EB/OL]. http://www. ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.7-9.
①即《Act Prohibiting Discrimination and Other Degrading Treatment of Children and School Students》 (SFS 2006:67),2006年2月颁布,4月1日生效。
②Swedishi Ministry of Education and Research. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (Prepared for the 48th session of the International Conference on Education,2004) [EB/OL]. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/sweden_NR08.pdf,2010-6-15.6-7,17-26.
③2011年版高中课纲尚未得到,但国家教育署《Upper Secondary School 2011》中多次出现“等值”一词。
④Ides Nicaise, Gosta Esping-Andersen, etc. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country note: SWEDEN [R]. OECD,2005.14.
①因为一般而言都是随着时间推移教育的条件越来越好、水平越来越高,下一代人总是比上一代人的受教育条件更好。
②根据瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Child Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》第82、84页与瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2012》第203、404页数据可知：2010-2011学年度全国290个市政区中有260个提供了SFI教育服务,参加学习的外来移民人数创历史新高,达96136人,财政投入达18.55亿瑞典克朗,分别是1998-1999学年度的2.77倍和3.07倍。
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③Press release.Path to the Future-A reformed upper secondary school[EB/OL].http://www.sweden. gov.se/sb/d/586/a/101962,2008-4-3.
④Questions and answers.What was the Basis of Upper Secondary School Reform[EB/OL].http://www. sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12056,2011-9-7.
①Ministry of Education and Research. The new Educat ion Act-for knowledge, choice and security [EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12996/a/142342,2011-6-23.
①比如针对学前教育整合到教育系统五年、十年之际的发展情况,儿童看护与学前教育费用限额制度实施情况,学童课外闲暇中心发展状况,以及青少年学生的闲暇时间是如何度过的等等,国家教育署都进行了专项的调研评估,并发布了翔实的评估报告。
②余风盛.当代教育变革浅析[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004.56-69.
③胡锦涛.在全国教育工作会议上的讲话[N].人民日报,20109-9(2).
①闵维方主编.探索教育变革：经济学和管理政策的视角[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2005.42.
②崔烜.中国基尼系数突破国际警戒线(载2012年1月出刊的《时代周报》第162期)[EB/OL].http://news. time-weekly.com/story/201201-05/121624.html,2012-1-7.
③参庞超、刘自力.中国基础教育三十年分权改革进程反思与前瞻[Jj.教学与管理,2009(15).4.
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⑤原载2007年10月8口《武汉晨报》,2010年11月3日下载于黑龙江教育信息网http://www.hlje.net/e/ action/ShowInfo.php?classid=222&id=34274).
⑥温家宝.百年大计教育为本[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2009-01/04/content_1194983.htm, 2009-1-5.
①我国从2006年开始在农村全面实施免费义务教育 这是
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②SOFI. A Review of Current Research at SOFI. [EB/OL]http://www.sofi.su.se/omsofi/review.pdf, 2005-04-02
①如：华东师大李家成、傅建明、吴洪伟,东北师大李伟言,西南师大宋宝和,南京师大顾继玲,西北师大刘旭东,首都师大冯晓阳等。
②Ulf p. Lundgren. The Development of the Middle School in Sweden:Research and evaluation. International Journal of Educational Research.1988, Vol.12, No.5.494.
①中国人类发展报告2005：追求公平的人类发展[PPT].2011年11月25日下载自“百度文库”。
②新华社,温家宝总理回答中外记者提问[N].人民日报,2008-3-19,(3)
③Ides Nicaise, Gosta Esping-Andersen, etc. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country note: SWEDEN [R]. OECD,2005.9.
④Ministry of Education and Science of Sweden. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country Analytical Report of Sweden [R]. Prepared for OECD, Dec.2004.4.
③汤益诚著.促进社会和谐的瑞典经验：制度变革与政策选择[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2008.96,25.
①丁刚.瑞典人的“中庸之道”[EB/OL]. http://www.china.com.cn/review/txt/2006-12/27/content_7566 660. htm(原载《东方早报》),2007-10-13.
②吴威.瑞典式管理：海盗的平等[J].名人传记(财富人物),2008(3).41.
③苏联大百科全书选译.瑞典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1959.23.
④[法]Benedicte Lapeyer著,刘玉俐译,高毅校.话说欧洲民族性[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007.7,153.
⑤ Dale M. Brown主编,金冰翻译,吴芬审校.北欧海盗：来自北方的入侵者[M].北京：华夏出版社,南宁：广西人民出版社,2002.19-20.
⑥丁刚《瑞典模式的起源：海盗的民主》,《东方早报》；安德森《瑞典史》,p17、39。
①其英文单.词为"Ting",又音译为“亭”,意即“人民大会”,指有权携带武器的自由人的集会。
②DaleM. Brown主编,金冰翻译,吴芬审校.北欧海盗：来自北方的入侵者[M].北京：华夏出版社,南宁：广西人民出版社,2002.32
③Culture of SWEDEN. [EB/OL]. http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Sweden.html,2008-6-22.
④敬东.北欧五国简史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1987.81、88
⑤[瑞典]安德森著.瑞典史[M].苏公隽译,北京：商务印书馆,1963.321.
⑥ [英]菲利普·怀曼著.瑞典与第三条道路[M].刘庸安等译,重庆：重庆出版社,2008.26.
⑦[瑞典]安德森著.瑞典史[M].苏公隽译,北京：商务印书馆,1963.92,171-172.
⑧张契尼、潘琪昌编.当代西欧社会民主党[M].北京：东方出版社,1987.202
⑨曹长盛主编.民主社会主义模式比较研究[M：.长春：东北师范大学出版社,1996.287.
①石琴娥著.北欧文学史[M].南京：译林出版社.2005.3.
②民主社会主义在二战后流行于西欧,以此为政治信条的政党(包括社会党、社民党和工党)曾在很多西欧国家单独(或参与)执政,最多时在全世界25个国家执政。全世界信奉民主社会主义的政党或组织82个,党员约1600万,并有其全球政党联盟——社会党国际。(据黄安淼、张小劲编,黑龙江人民出版社1989年版《瑞典模式初探》,P1。)
③黄安淼、张小劲编《瑞典模式初探》,黑龙江人民出版社1989年版,“编著说明”p1、2。
④《The Working Class in Welfare Capitalism:work,unions and politics in Sweden》,p55.
⑤《Scandiavia Past and Present》(2008年10月复印于北京师范大学图书馆),vol.3,p160
④[瑞典]安德森著.瑞典史[M].苏公隽译,北京：商务印书馆,1963.336-339.
⑦[瑞典]斯·哈登纽斯著,戴汉苙、许力译.二十世纪的瑞典政治[M].北京：求实出版社,1990.4.
①[英]诺曼·戴维斯,郭方、刘北成等详：《欧洲史》,下卷,世界知识出版社,2007.963.
②刘成、马约生著.欧洲社会民主主义的缘起与演进[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2006.227235。(下下一段的前半部分亦来自此书p236) 另据英国菲利普著《瑞典与第三条道路》(重庆出版社2008)：社民党在1911、
1914和1917年大选中,分别获得了28.5%、36.4%、39.4%的民众选票。
③[英]诺曼·戴维斯.欧洲史·下卷[M].郭方、刘北成等译,北京：世界知识出版社,2007.964.
①刘成、马约生著.欧洲社会民主主义的缘起与演进[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2006.236.丁刚.瑞典百姓缘何如此重视平等[EB/OL].http://www.lngjdl.com/html/rd/rdht/3675.html,2008-3-9.
②《Creating Social Democracy:A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden》p38
②刘成、马约生著.欧洲社会民主主义的缘起与演进[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2006.238-245.
③高锋.从党纲的八次修改看瑞典社民党的理论创新与调整[M].当代世界与社会主义,2007,(05).21
④杨玲著.美国、瑞典社会保障制度比较研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2006.38.
⑤刘国来摘译.瑞典社会民主党纲领(节录)[J].共运资料选译.1986,(6).10.
⑥[瑞典]英瓦尔·卡尔松,安奈-玛丽艾·林德格伦.什么是社会民主主义?[A].高锋,时红编译.瑞典社会民
主主义模式——述评与文献[Z].北京：中央编译出版社,2009.4.
①高峰.瑞典经济发展试析[J].国际问题研究,1985,(01).
②汤益诚著.促进社会和谐的瑞典经验：制度变革与政策选择[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2008.98
③中国大陆1970年人口8.3亿,GDP为272亿美元。据人口统计数据和中国经济学教育科研网“经济学论坛”(http://bbs.cenet.org.cn)2004年4月4日发布的帖子《世界各国GDP排名(1970-2003年)》计算得出。
④World Bank. World Development Report 1981 [R]. Oxford University Press,1981.134-135.
⑤瑞典总工会(LO)《瑞典1984年的雇员投资基金》,1984年斯德哥尔摩英文版第3页,转引自黄安淼、张小劲编《瑞典模式初探》,黑龙江人民出版社1989年版,第240页。
⑥O.帕尔梅《向往未来》,斯德哥尔摩1974年版,转引自向文华著、中央编译出版社 1999年版《斯堪的纳维亚民主社会主义研究》第194页。
⑦参汤益诚著.促进社会和谐的瑞典经验：制度变革与政策选择[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2008.99-102.
①高锋.瑞典社会福利纵谈[N].(香港)经济导报,1981,(10)。(转引自http://www.chinaelections.org/New sInfo.asp?NewsID=112391)。
②丁刚.中产阶层是怎样“制造”出来的[N].东方早报,2007-02-07.
③伯特伦·西尔弗曼.瑞典模式的兴盛与衰落——访问鲁道夫·迈德纳[J].方元译,经济资料译丛,1999,(01).23
④据瓦尔特·科皮《从比较的角度看瑞典福利国家的发展》,转引自《当代世界社会主义问题》1993年第2期第57页。
⑤据福尔默·威斯蒂《北欧式民主》,中国社会科学出版社1993版,转引自向文华著、中央编译出版社1999年版《斯堪的纳维亚民主社会主义研究》,第32页。
① Amartya Sen著.以自由看待发展[M].任赜等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002.译者序言,11.
② Stephen J. Ball & Staffan Larsson. The Struggle for Democratic Education:Equality and Participation in Sweden [M]. London:The Falmer Press,1989.15.
③ Arild Tjedvoll. Quality of Equality? Scandinavian Education Towards the Year 2000 [M]. New York: Garland Publishing,1998.1-2,3-4
④转引自Karin Helena Bussell博士学位论文《Education in Postwar Sweden》,美国Texas大学,2002,P98。
⑤中联部资料编辑中心选编.社会党国际和社会党重要文件选编[Z].北京：中共中央党校出版社,1993.122
⑥ Klaus Misgeld, Karl Molin and Klas Amark. Creating Social Democracy:A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden [M]. Translation from Swedish by Jan Teeland, US:The Pennsylvania State University Press,1992.325
①吴式颖主编.外国现代教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1997.599.
②[法]加斯东·米亚拉雷、让·维亚尔主编.世界教育史(1945年至今)[M].张人杰等译,上海：上海译文出版社,1991.300.
③参Leon Boucher. Tradition and Change in Swedish Education[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1982.16
④Arild Tjedvoll. Quality of Equality? Scandinavian Education Towards the Year 2000 [M]. New York Garland Publishing,1998.101.
③此前瑞典的学校体系杂乱,有学者罗列说四十年代孩子们可以在19种学校中上他们的七年级(Karin Helena Bussell博士学位论文《Education in Postwar Sweden》,美国Texas大学,2002,25-26页)。
⑥ Leon Boucher. Tradition and Change in Swedish Education[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1982.21-25.
④[法]加斯东·米亚拉雷、让·维亚尔主编.世界教育史(1945年至今)[M].张人杰等译,上海：上海译文出 版社,1991.301-302.
①参滕大春主编.外国教育史(第六卷).济南：山东教育出版社,2005.319-320.
③[法]加斯东·米亚拉雷、让·维亚尔主编.世界教育史(1945年至今)[M].张人杰等译,上海：上海译文出版社,1991.308.
③人民教育出版社《外国教育从书》编辑组编.二十国教育概况[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1981.179-181.
① 《十一国教育发展近况——联合国教科文组织第38届国际教育会议国家报告选编》,北京师范大学外国教育研究所1982年编印,第180页。
②崔录、李波等编著.国外中学教育概况[M].北京：光明日报出版社,1987.99.
③ Leon Boucher. Tradition and Change in Swedish Education[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1982.21.
④ Karin Helena Bussell. Education in Postwar Sweden[D]. the University of Texas,2002.173、179。另据瑞典教育部为UNESCO第38届国际教育会议提交的国家报告中数据,1979年时接受高等教育的在校生已达15.5万；而方彤《瑞典基础教育》第31页数据则表明,1950年时全国就读大学生只有1.6万人。
⑤ Bo Malmberg. Number of students and enrollment rates in extended primary, integrated-upper secondary, and tertiary education, Sweden 1768-2002 [Z]. Stockholm:Institute for Futures Studies, 2007.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.31,28.② Arild Tjedvoll. Quality of Equality? Scandinavian Education Towards the Year 2000 [M]. New York: Garland Publishing,1998.103.
③霍世涛.瑞典福利国家述评[A].杨祖功选编.西欧的社会保障制度[M].北京：劳动人事出版社,1986.176.
①据统计：瑞典每年的进口、出口一般都各约占到国民生产总值的25-30%,工业产品约有47%仰赖国外市场。(黄范章薯《瑞典“福利国家”的实践与理论——“瑞典病”研究》,上海人民出版社1987年版,第128页。)
②能源消费70%依赖进口石油的瑞典自然也遭受到直接影响：1975-1982年间石油进口减少了40%,可由于两次石油危机的影响,其进口费用却翻了两番多。
③[瑞典]Klas Eklund著.瑞典经济——现代混合经济的理论与实践[M].刘国来译,北京：北京经济学院出版社,1989.214.
④[瑞典]Klas Eklund著.瑞典经济——现代混合经济的理论与实践[M].刘国来译,北京：北京经济学院出版社,1989.201,217-219.
①[瑞典]斯·哈登纽斯著.二十世纪的瑞典政治[M].戴汉笠、许力译,北京：求实出版社,1990.132.
②陈凤沼.浅析瑞典社会民主党人选失利的原因[J].西欧研究,1992,(04).25.
③黄范章.瑞典“福利国家”的实践与理论——“瑞典病”研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1987.99-101.
④高峰.瑞典经济发展试析[J].国际问题研究,1985,(01).
①蒋元椿.管窥瑞典[N].人民日报,1981-09-14.
①游殿书.瑞典新首相奥洛夫·帕尔梅[N].世界知识,1983,(01).16
②刘绪民.瑞典反危机政策的“第三条道路”[N].人民日报,1983-01-21
③高峰.瑞典经济发展试析[J].国际问题研究,1985,(01)
④参高峰.瑞典经济发展试析[J].国际问题研究,1985,(01)
①[英]菲利普·怀曼著.瑞典与第三条道路[M].刘庸安等译,重庆：重庆出版社,2008.14,12.
②高锋译.瑞典社会民主工人党党纲——2001年11月6日威斯特罗斯代表大会通过[z].当代世界社会主义问题,2003,(1).43.
①其中关于成人教育和学前教育(包括12岁以下学童的课后看护)的内容是在二十世纪九十年代通过修正案先后增加进去的。
②此小节引文凡未特别注明者(仅在引文后用括号标明其章、节、条序号),均据瑞典中央政府网站(www.swed en.gov.se)2004年6月发布的修订至2000年的该法案英译本(整部论文均据此本),以及《基础教育参考》2004年第1-2期合刊所载《瑞典九年制义务教育学校及高中教育——瑞典新教育法部分章节摘录》。
③瑞典当代社会语境中的“基本的民主价值观”的核心是：民主、平等与团结。
④2001年由教育部和国家教育署为UNESCO第46届国际教育大会准备和提交的“教育发展国别报告”,英文版第4页。
⑤OECD《Equity in Education Thematic Review-country note(Sweden)》2005,p14
①参第一章第9条、第五章4a条、第八章第1条、第九章第2条等。
②参第四章第3条。
①参第二章A节第5、8条,B节第2、3条,第四章第7条等。
② Swedish National Agency for Education. Syllabuses for the Compulsory School-Revised version 2008 [Z]. Skolverket and Fritzes,2009.6
①据该法第2条定义：学生和儿童是指正在参加和申请接受《学校教育法》(SFS No.1985:1100)所涵盖教育活动者。
②武文瑛.瑞典教育系统介绍[J].教师之友(台湾),2003,(1).99.
③据“世贸人才网”2006年9月1日文章《瑞典经济发展情况概况》(http://news.wtojob.com/news231_973 9. shtml)在1990-1993年间,瑞典GDP下降了5%,注册失业率超过8%(增加了6.5个百分点),同时还有超过7%的劳动力参加了政府主办的就业培训项目。低生产率和高失业率导致公共财政恶化。
④据瑞典国家统计局网站(www. scb. se)公布的历年GDP数据计算得出。
⑤2007年2月20日英国某网站发表的一篇针对瑞典中右翼政府上台后政策路线的时评,其网页地址http://c ommentisfree.guardian.co.uk/guy_rundle/2007/02/the_sweden_thing.html
①[瑞典]托尔斯顿·胡森.平等——学校和社会政策的目标[A].张人杰主编.国外教育社会学基本文选[C]上海：华东师范大学出版社,1989.204-217
②国内多将‘'itegrated"译为“统合化”、“综合化”,笔者以为译作“一体化”更为妥贴。
③大多数实用技术/职业教育专业为二年制,四个三年制专业属理论性的,目标是为大学培养生源,四年制专业只有1个,培养目标是让经过_三年学习后使学生有资格进入高等技术学校。此外还有学习年限2周到3年不等的特别课程,如半年的“导游”、1年的“制图员”、2年的“药剂师”和3年的“美发师”等。在九十年代初,高中学生选学三年制理论专业和二年制职教专业者分别约为50%和40%,其余的选学二年制普通理论专业、四年制技术科等。
①汪霞主编.国外中小学课程演进[M].济南：山东教育出版社,2000.646,657.瑞典为其义务教育学校给定的官方英译是"comprehensive compulsory school"。
②李家永、刘瑞生.国外高中课程——瑞典、芬兰、加拿大的个案材料[R].北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究所、基础教育课程研究中心,2002.8.
③Leon Boucher. Reform of the Swedish Post-Compulsory Schools,1960-1983[J]. Compare, No.2,1983.136.
④Swedish Ministry of Education and Science. The Swedish Way towards a Learning Society [R].1992.91
③方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.124.
⑥Leon Boucher. Reform of the Swedish Post-Compulsory Schools,1960-1983[J]. Compare, No.2,1983.167.
①转引自汪霞主编、山东教育出版社2000版《国外中小学课程演进》第651-653页。
②Swedish National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Non-compulsory School System (Lpf 94, amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:24). Stockholm:AB Danagards grafi ska,2006.8.
③2000年增设“技术”专业,至此形成沿用至今的17个专业：儿童娱乐、建筑、电力、能源、艺术、车辆工程、商业管理、手工、旅店酒店、工业、食品、媒体、自然资源利用、自然科学、保健、社会科学、技术。
④8门核心课程为：瑞典语(或作为第二语言的瑞典语)、英语、数学、体育与保健、公民、宗教知识、自然科学、艺术活动。高中阶段总学分为2500分,8个核心学科占750分、专业学科1450分、个体选修300分。
① Gymnasieutredningen. Framtidsvagen-en reformerad gymnasieskola (SOU 2008:27). Stockholm,2008. 52.
②值得注意的是,不少瑞典“初中”毕业生并不急于直接进入高中学习,高中每年所招新生中都有很多“往届生”：2005年秋季学期全国有高中一年级在读学生142984人,其中此前尚未开始高中学业的121000人,
而直接从当年春季学期义务教育九年级上来的只有119894人。
③ Statistics Sweden. Education in Sweden 2007 [R]. Stockholm,2007.37.另据瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Child Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》第54-55页：1999-2000学年度高中各专业第一志愿录取率为81.7%,此前三年则还要低1个百分点。
④ Swedish Ministry of Education and Research. Equity in Education Thematic Review Country Analytical Report-Sweden [R]. Stockholm,2004.17.另据冯增俊主编《当代国际教育发展》139页数据：瑞典1968年出生的人口到21岁时白领和蓝领家庭子女接受高等教育的比例分别为36%和7%,而1977年出生的人口到21岁时这一比例则分别为57%和15%。
⑤转引自Stephen J. Balls、Staffan Larsson合编《The Struggle for Democratic Education:Equality and Participation in Sweden》(London:The Falmer Press,1989)第26页。
⑥2008年秋季学期瑞典高校录取的之前尚未有过上大学受教育经历的51000名新生中,男女生比例为42：58, 而同口径此前申请上大学者的男女生比例是41：59。(据瑞典国家统汁局2008年11月发布的《Sokande och antagna till hogskoleutbildning pa grundniva och avancerad niva hostterminen 2008》第63页)
①在1997-1998学年度,全部“国家专业”的高中毕业生达到大学入学基本要求的比例为84%。——李韧竹译《瑞典的教育概况》,《教育参考资料》2001年13-14期,第14页。
②Statistics Sweden. Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables[R]. Stockholm,2008.132-134.
③据瑞典国家统计局2007年12月14日在其官方网站上发布的新闻稿(Nr 2007：347),2007-2008学年度高中毕业年级学生接受抽样调查者中六成有升学意愿,其中男生更是低至51%,“自然科学”专业学生以89%居各专业榜首(http://www. scb. se/Pages/PressRelease____222753. aspx)。事实上这已很高了,因为瑞典国家统计局2002年发布的"UF 36 SM 0201"号统计报告《The transition from upper secondary school to higher education》第45页显示,2001-2002学年度高中毕业生受访者当时希望继续升读大学的比例只有五成,其中男女生分别为57%和42%。
④《教育参考资料》2001年1314期第17页
⑤Transition Rate from Upper Secondary to Higher Education Programmes, Press release from Statistics Sweden, Nr 2008:079, Mar.17,2008. http://www.pubkat.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____231060. aspx
⑥The Entrance into the Labour Market among Upper Secondary Graduates in 2004/05 Academic year, Press release from Statistics Sweden, Nr 2008:304, Nov.18,2008. [EB/OL]. http://ww.scb.se/Pages /PressRelease____253555. aspx,2009-03-11.
⑤瑞典中央政府网站2008年4月2日新闻报道,[EB/OL]. http://www.Sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10086/a/101998
⑥马世骏、王凯梅.瑞典：即便全优高中生也不急于上大学[Nj.新华每日电讯,2006-05-17,(3).
①Bo Malmberg. Number of Students and Enrollment Rates in Extended Primary, Integrated-upper Secondary, and Tertiary Education, Sweden 1768-2002 [J]. Institute for Futures Studies. Stockholm,2007.7.2002-2007年数据来自瑞典国家统计局Wtbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2009 Tabeller》第98、12-13页,或据此计算得出。
②据瑞典国家统计局官方网站(www. scb. se)2008年4月22日更新的《Population 16-74 years of age by municipality, level of education, age and sex. Year 1985-2007》选择、计算得出。
③The Entrance into the Labour Market among Upper Secondary Graduates in 2004/05 Academic year, Press release from Statistics Sweden, Nr 2008:304, Nov.18,2008. http://www. scb. se/Pages/PressRelease____253555. aspx
④OECD. Education at a Glance 2007-OECD Indicators [R]. OECD,2007.137,132-135.
⑤Robert Erikson and Jan 0. Jonsson. Can Education Be Equalized? The Swedish Case in Comparative Perspective [M]. US West view Press, Inc.,1996.137,131.
① OECD. Education at a Glance 2008-OECD Indicators [R]. OECD,2008.196.
② OECD. Education at a Glance 2008-OECD Indicators [R]. OECD,2008.43-44.
③英]Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社.2003.35.
④据瑞典国家统计局《Utbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2009 Tabeller》(2008)第19页：2007年年全国32岁人口(在八十年代以来接受中小学教育)中,受过高中阶段及其以上教育者达90%。
⑤ Kerstin Holmlund (1999). Child-cribs for the Poor and Kindergartens for the Rich:Two Directions for Early Childhood Institutions in Sweden,1854-1930 [J]. History of Education, Vol.28. No.2. 143-155
①何玲.瑞典儿童福利模式及发展趋势研议[J].中国青年研究,2009,(02).67
②格特鲁德·舒尔—彼尔曼.瑞典幼儿学校的演变[J].邢克超译,外国教育动态,1980,(02).33.
③Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.4.
③即为所有六岁儿童提供每年不少于525学时的学前教育服务。
①Fact Sheets on Sweden. Child Care Programs in Sweden [R]. Swedish Institute, Stockholm,1984. 3,2.
②Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R].Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.34.
③之所以将确定18个月这样的起始年龄,是因为政府同时考虑到在经济状况允许的情况下要逐渐为12-18个月大的孩子家庭建立“父母津贴”(parental insurance)。
④Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.45-47,37.
⑤Fact Sheets on Sweden. Child Care in Sweden [R].Swedish Institute, Stockholm,1992.2.
①1991年秋季学期的实际情况是：1/4的市政区(共76个)已经先期做到了这一点。
②Fact Sheets on Sweden. Child Care in Sweden [R]. Swedish Institute, Stockholm,1994.1-2.
③Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.59,58.
②陈照雄.瑞典教育制度——培育维护人权、公平与正义之健全国民[M].台北：心理出版社,2009.101-102.
⑤Utbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2002 Tabelle [Z]. Statistiska centralbyran, Stockholm,2008.60, 48,71,13.
Lars Gunnarsson, Barbara Mart in Korpi, Ulla Nordenstam. Early Childhood Education and Care Policy in Sweden:Background report prepared for the OECD Thematic Review of Early Childhood Education and Care Policv [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Science, Stockholm,1999.72.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.58-60.
② Press Release of Swedish Ministry of Education and Research. Greater Freedom of Choice in Childcare and Universal Preschool for 3-year-olds[EB/OL]. http://ww.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/11317/a/119864, 2009-01-30
Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.66.
④在1975-1990年间,儿童看护与学前教育的政府年度开支从29亿瑞典克朗增长到350亿,其他没有哪个社会事业部门的财政预算有这么大的增长幅度。但从1991年突破400亿以后就一直在四百多亿徘徊,而事实上入学人数却已大幅增长,以致家长负担费用的比例在九十年代翻了一番,从10%上升到20%。
① Ingrid Pramling Samuelsson. ECE for Under Three-Policy and Research:Sweden as a case study. Presented at the Chilredn Has a Future international congress, Interlaken. Switzerland. May 30 to Jun 1,2007.1.
② Eva MSrk, Anna Sjogren, Helena Svaleryd. Cheaper Children, More Children [R]. Working Paper 2008:29 of the Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation, Uppsala, Sweden.8-9.
③ Statistical yearbook of Sweden 2009.494 计算得出。
① Statistics Sweden. Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables[R]. Stockholm,2008.38,40.
Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:Intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, 2007.38.
③全民教育全球监测报告2009.消除不平等：治理缘何重要[R].联合国教育、科学及文化组织,2008,中国印刷.376.
Ten Years after the Pre-school Reform:A national evaluation of the Swedish pre-school. Summary of Report 2008:318 from Swedish National Agency for Education.24.
UNICEF. The Child Care Transition - A league table of early childhood education and care in economically advanced countries [R]. Innocenti Report Card 8 of UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence,2008.2.
⑥世界银行.2006年世界发展报告：公平与发展[R].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.2,4.
① John Rawls. A Theory of Justice. Revised Edition, Oxford University Press,1999.63.
②约翰·罗尔斯著.正义论[M].何怀宏等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988.97.③全民教育全球监测报告2009.消除不平等：治理缘何重要[R].联合国教育、科学及文化组织,2008,中国印刷.132.
④据《Education at a Glance 2008-OECD Indicators))219页统计数据,瑞典中小学阶段2005年用于交通、住宿、膳食等方面的生均费用高达795美元,在OECD三十来个国家中居第三位。
①UNICEF.Education Statistics:Sweden. [EB/OL]http://www.childinfo.org,2009-02-11.2.
②SCB.Kostnader fOr utbildningsvasendet 2003-2007[R].Statistik centrabyran,Stockholm,2008. 26.
③崔录、李波等编著.国外中学教育概况[M].北京：光明日报出版社,1987.99.
④OECD. Education at a Glance 2008-ECD Indicators.238,237.
①Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. The Economy Report on Swedish Municipal and County Council Finantes.Stockholm,2008.11-2,14.
②OECD.Education at a Glante 2008-ECD Indicators.251.
③Household Budget Survey 2005 in the EU27.Households dedicated more than half of their expenditure to housing and food[N].No.STAT/08/88 of Eurostat Newsrelease,2008-06-9.
④NOrdie Statistical Yearbook 2007.118.
⑤SCB.Household consumption expenditure(ESA95)by purpose COICOP.Quarter 1993 Kl-008 K4[R] http://www.ssd.seb.se/Databaser/makro/MainTable.asp?yp=bergman&xu=scb&omradekod=NR&omradetext= National+accounts&lang=2＆langdb=22009-02-27
①Ides Nicaise, Gosta Esping-Andersen, etc. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country note SWEDEN [R]. OECD,2005.14.
②瑞典政府性别平等调查官Claes Borgstrom先生2006年5月在上海社科院演讲中分析认为：该机构虽然工作重心是保障女性权益,但机构名称中并未出现“妇女”字样,这表明它尊重两性基本权利,旨在为两性发展创造平等机会,而不仅仅为了女性。2006年新政府上台后,该部更名为"Ministry for Integration and Gender Equality",其中的‘'integration''笔者以为强调的是“消除隔离”,而不是简单的“整合”,因此译为“消除隔离与性别平等部”。
③傅国.瑞典的性别平等一体化[N].中国妇妇女报,2004-07-31.http://ww.xingbie.org/newsdetail.asp?id=1454
④联合国经济社会理事会1997年决定将社会性别主流化确定为实现性别平等的全球战略,并做出明确界定：“这是一种战略,将妇女和男于的关注事项和经验作为一个整体,纳入政治、经济和社会等所有领域的政策和方案的设计、落实、监测和评估,使男女都能平等受益,终止不平等的现象。最终目标是实现两性平等。”
①毕恒达.“瑞典性别之旅”专题引言[J]. (台湾)性别平等教育季刊,2004,(No.27).13.
②UNDP. Human Development Report 1995.76. UNDP. Human Development Report 2006.363.
③陈照雄.瑞典教育制度——培育维护人权、公平与正义之健全国民[M].台北：心理出版社,2009.256.
④丁刚.超越女权[N].东方早报,2007-11-14,(A23).
⑤OECD. Reviews of National Policies for Education:Sweden [R]. Paris:OECD,1995.32.
⑥Kirk P. H. Sullivan (2000). Creating Gender Equality at Professional Level:A review of the Swedish government's approach [J]. Compare, Vol.30, No.1.21,26.
⑦Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-school Class and the Leisure-time Centre (Lpo 94, amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:23). Swedish National Agency for Education,2006. 4-5.
⑧Curriculum for the Non-compulsory School System (Lpf 94). Swedish National Agency for Education, 2006.4.
Curriculum for the Pre-school System (Lpfo98, amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:22). Swedish National Agency for Education,2006.4.
①Sara Hasbar. Equality starts in pre-school [EB/OL]http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article__19344. aspx,2008-05-16.
②[瑞典]卡琳·阿尔弗雷德森著.机会平等：瑞典为之铺平道路.[EB/OL]唐文卿译,http://www.sweden.se /Other-languages/OL-Home/Other-languages/A-C/Chinese/15273/15268/,2009-06-03.
③Fact Sheet. Gender equality in Sweden. Swedish Institute,2007.2.
①Statistics Sweden. Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables [R]. Stockholm,2008.20-22.
②Statistics Sweden. Women and Men in Sweden-Facts and figures 2008 [R]. Stockholm,2008.7.
③Statistics Sweden. Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables [R]. Stockholm,2008.132.
④根据瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables》第105-111页数据计算得出。
⑤Swedish occupational register with statistics 2007:The labour market is as sex segregated in 2007 as in 2002 [EB/OL]http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressArchive____259760.aspx?PressReleaseID=263709,2009-03-05.
Utbildningsdepartementet:110 miljoner for okad jamstalldhet i skolan. [EB/OL]http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10403/a/107137,2008-06-13(参台湾教育部电子报对此所作汉语翻译。)另：据新华网斯德哥尔摩2010年1月12日专电(记者吴平),为缓解医学、心理学、兽医学和牙科学等热门专业女生过多的现象,瑞典政府从2003年起开始允许瑞典高校在招收这些专业学生时向男生倾斜。瑞典教育和科学大臣托比亚斯·克兰茨近日在瑞典最大的晨报《每日新闻》上发表文章说,这种做法本意是要促进平等,但实际上却造成了不平等,一些聪明的女性因为其性别而上不了理想的专业,这不合理；高校应该向那 些学习积极性高的年轻女性敞开而不是关闭大门；瑞典政府将要求高校取消目前在一些热门专业招生时歧视女性的做法。
①刘丽.社会保障让欧洲成为残疾人的天堂[N].中国保险报,20080912,(5)②Fact Sheet. Swedish disability policy [R]. Swedish Institue, Stockholm,2007.1,3.
③[日]冲原豈编著.世界的学校[M].欧用生、陈树铭合译,台北：大水牛出版社,1993.112.
④ 《十一国教育发展近况——联合国教科文组织第38届国际教育会议国家报告选编》,北京师范大学外国教育研究所1982年编印,第164、165页
①同上,第161页。②据瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables》第55、91页学生人数及其官方网站2008年11月19日新闻(http:www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart___154809.aspx)所发布年度总经费数据计算得出。
③刘丁.瑞典特殊的“普通”生活[N].华夏时报,2007-12-22.
④Fact Sheet. Central Education Authorities[:.Swedish Ministry of Education and Science,2002. 3-4.
⑤SPSM. The National Agency for Special Needs Education and Schools-Collective special needs support in Sweden[EB/OL]http://www.spsm.se/Startpage/,2008-11-10参瑞典教育与研究部官方网站 2008年11月17日更新的《Responsibility for Schools in Sweden》 (http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/8009/a/72375)。
①教育部国际合作与交流司编.世界62个国家教育概况[M].北京：首都师范大学出版社,2001.553.
②Fact Sheet. Swedish Disability Policy [R]. Swedish Institue, Stockholm,2007.1.
③Handikapp Forbunden. The Swedish Disability Federation-The Collective Voice of the Swedish Disability Movement [Z]. The Swedish Disability Federation, Sundbyberg, Sweden,2002.3.
④据瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009 Tables》 55、79、82、91、98页数据计算得出。
⑤顾耀铭在其《当今瑞典教育概览》一书中曾写到,瑞典当年860万人口时就自称有“残疾人”150万,比例高达1/6,而实际上较严重残疾者不过50万。另据瑞典残障研究所(Hjalpmedelsinstitutet) "02366''号宣传小册于《The Swedish Handicap Institute:Towards equality》第4页数据,瑞典自称10%人口(约90万)带有某种程度残疾。
⑤Special Needs Education in Europe:THEMATIC PUBLICATION [R]. European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education, January 2003.9.
⑦陈玉国.走进残疾人“天堂”的瑞典[EB/OL].浙江省残疾人联合会官方网站,2006年9月21日更新,http://ww.zjcl.com.cn/Gjjl/Gjjl_template.php?article_id=10715&article_type=81
⑥ Descriptive Data on Pre-school Activities, School-age Childcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006. Report no.283 of Swedish National Agency for Education.64.
①教育部国际合作与交流司编.世界62个国家教育概况[M].北京：首都师范大学出版社,2001.553.
②Descriptive Data on Pre school Activities, School-age Childcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006. Report no.283 of Swedish National Agency for Education.65.
③冯增俊主编.当代国际教育发展[M].上海：华东师大出版社,2002.136.
④驻瑞典台北代表团文化组.瑞典大学设特殊教育硕士班 提供学生科学调查研究[N].台湾“教育部”电子报第349期(2009-0312,http://epaper.edu.tw/windows.aspx?windows_sn=2972).
⑤据瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2002》第99-100页及《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2009》第84-85页数据。
⑥Swedish National Angecy for Education.Special Education and Special Schools:EB/OL].http://www. skolverket.se/content/1/c4/12/54/special_education.PDF,2009-02-26.
①祝怀新,潘慧萍.瑞典中小学教师教育政策探析[J].外国中小学教育,2004,(07).8.
②Fact Sheet.Swedish disability policy[R].Swedish Institue,Stockholm,2007.2.
②原“特教署”(Sisus)网站"Brief Statement",http://www.sisus.se/english/48,96.cs?cs_dirid= 48.2007-12-24.
④OECD《Equity in Education Thematic Review-country note(Sweden)》2005,p14
⑤James Savage.School's Licence Removed over Single sex Teaching[EB/OL]http://www.thelocal.se/ 7651/20070619,2007-06-19.
⑥David Landes.Eight-year old Caught up in Birthday Card Outrage[EB/OL] http://www.thelocal. se/12682/20080627/,2008-06-27.
①OECD《Equity in Education Thematic Review-country note(Sweden)》2005,p15
②据瓦尔特·科皮《从比较的角度看瑞典福利国家的发展》,转引自《当代世界社会主义问题》1993年第2期第57页。
③商锋.瑞典198个社会精英与工人的收入差别[J].中国改革,2008,(03).68.
③OECD《Equity in Education Thematic Review-country note(Sweden)》2005,5
①江大树,张力亚.地方分权化的政策类型观点[J].(台湾)府际关系研究通讯,第一期,民国九十七年三月.14.
②另据方彤著、广东教育出版社2004年版《瑞典基础教育》第7页载称：当代瑞典境内历史上最早的学校是当时位于丹麦境内的Cathedral School瑞典国工1085年向该校捐赠了一笔款项用以支付教师工资。
③J(?)rgen Bukdahl et al (editors). Scandinavia Past and Present, Vol.3:Five Modern Democracies [M]. Copenhagen:Edvard Henriksen,1959.234.
④瑞典Umea大学Chritine Hudson与Anders Lidstrom二人主编Palgrave Macmillan美国公司2002年版《Local Education Policies:Comparing Sweden and Bratian》第28页分析到：“在国家控制的学校系统建立之前,英、瑞两国两国的教会都在教育发展中扮演着重要角色。至于国家所扮演的角色,两国却是不同的：瑞典国家政府方面积极介入教育事务比英国更早一些。在两个国家所建立的普通教育体系中,虽然地方政府都承担了一定责任,但瑞典在学校课程、教学大纲和教师事务等重要方面却保留了中央集权化的特征。”
⑤J(?)rgen Bukdahl et al (editors). Scandinavia Past and Present, Vol.3:Five Modern Democracies [M]. Copenhagen:Edvard Henriksen,1959.238.
①[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.3.
②梁严光编著.瑞典[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007.41.
③敬东.北欧五国简史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1987.81-97.
④ J(?)rgen Bukdahl et al (editors). Scandinavia Past and Present, Vol.3:Five Modern Democracies [M]. Copenhagen:Edvard Henriksen,1959.62-63,65-66,64.
④[德国]赫尔穆特·沃尔曼.在连贯和变革之间实现地方政府现代化：基于英瑞法德西匈六国的跨国比较[J]杨大群译,经济社会体制比较,2008,(06).82.
⑤[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.201.
⑦[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔、贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.201,5.
①曹沛霖、徐宗士主编.比较政府体制[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1993.536-537,523-524.
②Vito Tanzi, Ludger Schuknecht (1997). Reforming government:An overview of recent experience [J]. European Journal of Political Economy, Vol.13.397.
③OECD. Reviews of National Policies for Education:Sweden [R]. Paris:OECD,1995.85.
④Sixten Marklund, Gunnar Bergendal. Trends in Swedish Educational Policy [R]. Stockholm:Swedish Institue,1979.50-53.
①Sixten Marklund (1981). Sweden:setting up the comprehensive school [J]. Prospects, Vol.11, No.2.167-170(参瑞典学会1984年3月出版的Fact sheets on Sweden 《Primary and Secondary Education in Sweden》第1页,以及中华民国比较教育学会主编、台北幼师文化事业公司1979年版《世界中等教育改革动向》第285-286页。)
②Swedish National Agency for School Improvement (2007). Improving School Leadership:Background Report of Sweden [R]. From the OECD Home Page (http://www.eocd.org/edu/schoolleadership), 2007-12-05.12.
③[英Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003.35.
④Leon Boucher. Tradition and Change in Swedish Education [M]. England:Pergamon,1982.55.
⑤Anders Bjorklund, Per-Anders Edin, & etc.. The Market Comes to Education in Sweden:An Evaluation
of Sweden's Surprising School Reforms [M]. New York:Russell Sage Foundation,2005.9-10.
①本段所有数据均据埃里克·阿尔贝克等、常志宵等译、北京大学出版社2005年版《北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革》第203-208页资料,或据其资料计算得出,并参高秉雄、陈国申《西方基层政府的合并浪潮及对我国的启示》(载《社会主义研究》2006年第4期第97页)。
①[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.5,201,6.
②陈振明主编.政府再造——西方“新改革管理运动”述评[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.3,16.
③[瑞]Paul Levin.瑞典公共行政——分权化单一制国家中的治理[M].聂勇浩等译,公共行政评论,2008(6).121.
④即：①更加注重结果：②更具灵活性：③规定目标并检测其完成情况；④资源管理人员无需政治中立：⑤政府职能受到市场检验；⑥民营化、市场化以减少政府职能。(彭和平等译、中国人民大学出版社2001年版第62页)
⑤即：①起催化作用的政府：掌舵而不是划桨：②社区拥有的政府：授权而不是服务：③竞争性政府：把竞争机制注入到提供服务中去；④有使命感的政府：改变照章办事的组织；⑤讲究效果的政府：按效果而不是按投入拨款；⑥受顾客驱使的政府：满足顾客的需要,不是官僚政治的需要：⑦有事业心的政府：有收益而不浪费；⑧有预见的政府：预防而不是治疗；⑨分权的政府：从等级制到参与和协作；⑩以市场为导向的政府：通过市场力量进行变革。(周敦仁等译、上海译文出版社2006年版《目录》)
⑥即：①转移权威,提供灵活性：②保证绩效、控制和责任制；③发展竞争和选择；④提供灵活性：⑤改善人力资源管理：⑥优化信息技术；⑦改善管制质量；⑧加强中央指导职能。(转引自何文盛、王定峰《“新公共管理”主义理论及其发展趋势》一文,《兰州大学学报·社科版》2006年第1期第131页。
⑦有意思的是,北欧各国由此纷纷开始了类似的自由市镇计划：瑞典(1984)、丹麦(1985)、挪威(1987)、芬兰(1989)。
①[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.215.
②[丹麦]埃里克·阿尔贝克等.北欧地方政府：战后发展趋势与改革[M].常志宵、张志强译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.220-221.
③[瑞典]埃里克·阿姆纳、斯蒂格·蒙丁主编.趋向地方自治的新理念?——比较视角下的新近地方政府立法[M].杨立华等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.141.
④[瑞典]埃里克·阿姆纳、斯蒂格·蒙丁主编.趋向地方自治的新理念?——比较视角下的新近地方政府立法[M].杨立华等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.140,147,149,139.
①[日]多田叶子.瑞典地方分权型福利的现状[J].宋颖摘译,当代世界与社会主义,1996(4).28.
②1989年4月1日《人民日报》报导指出：“从社民党的一些政策报告中可以看到,在今后一段时间内它将执行紧缩财政开支同刺激供应、减少消费、提高生产力相结合的政策。它将在以下4个方面进行比较大的改革”,其中第1条便是：“提高公共事业和国营企业的效率,实行权力下放,使地区、市有更大自主权。政府还将把一部分公共事业交私人负责经营,并允许私人开设诊所、学校,以促使公共事业提高效率。”(《让市场经济发挥更大的作用——瑞典社民党经济政策的趋向》,记者顾耀铭,第7版。)1989年10月27日《纽约时报》报导指出：“鉴于认识到不可能再提高税收,社民党不得不重新思考如何管理庞大的公共部门,许多社民党人呼吁采取更加市场化取向举措,……政府已经在想办法,希望在提供公共服务方面进一步引入更多因素,以提高服务的质量和效率。”(《Sweden's Social Democrats Veer Toward Free Market and Lower Taxes》, Steven Greenhouse为该报提供的专稿,2009年10月15日下载自http://quer y.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4D7103EF934A15753C1A96F948260&n=Top/News/World/Countr ies%20and%20Territories/Sweden。) ③Ali Hajighasemi. The Transformation of the Swedish Welfare System:Fact or Fiction? [M]. Stockholm:Sodertorns Hogskola,2004.248.
④瑞典1991-1993年期间的国民生产总值连续三年下降,“这是从二十世纪三十年代以来瑞典最严重的经济衰退”；制造业产量下降了17%,房地产开发活动减少了75%,“这是比二十世纪三十年代大萧条时代更为严重的绝对衰退”。为减少开支,瑞典公共财政占国内生产总值的百分比,1993年为70.1%,2001年已经大幅度下降到了54.4%。(英国菲利普·怀曼著、刘庸安等译、重庆出版社2008年版《瑞典与“第三条道路”：一种宏观经济学的评价》第192、214页)
⑤汤益诚著.促进社会和谐的瑞典经验：制度变革与政策选择[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2008.162-165,44.
⑥[瑞典]恩·考克.瑞典社民党党纲简评[A].高锋,时红编译.瑞典社会民主主义模式——述评与文献[Z]北京：中央编译出版社,2009.142.
①[德]赫尔穆特-沃尔曼.在连贯和变革之间实现地方政府现代化：基于英瑞法德西匈六国的跨国比较[J].杨大群译,经济社会体制比较,2008,(6).83,87.
②Public Employment and Management Working Party. The State of the Public Service [R]. OECD. GOV/PGC/PEM(2008)4/FINAL,2008-09-25.14.
③瑞典教育部在2003年发布的《Attrahera, utveckla och behalla kvalificerade larare)中,将这一时期的改革称为“瑞典教育史上范围最为广泛、影响最为深远的改革”(p.19)。
④R. Lyons. Decentralised Educational Planning:Is it a contradiction [A]. In Jon Lauglo & Martin McLean (eds.) The Control of Education:International perspectives on the centralization-decentral ization debate [M]. Heinemann Educational Books for the Institute of Education, University of London, 1985.86-95.
①[瑞典]埃里克·阿姆纳、斯蒂格·蒙丁主编.趋向地方自治的新理念?——比较视角下的新近地方政府立法[M].杨立华等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2005.138.(说明：这里的“县”是比“市”更加上位的区域性地方政府,即笔者文中所称的“省”。)
②Bjorn Sandstrom. The Deveolpmental Dialogue as an Instrument for Cooperation between the State and the Local School District [EB/OL]. http://www.devisa-hb.se/thinkingconference/SubmittedSup plement/SandstroemBjoern/seminar.pdf,2008-03-17.1.
③华小荃.瑞典教育的特色[J].西欧研究,1992,(3).62.
④上海师大教育系《教育发展史资料》编写组.教育发展史资料(征求意见稿) [Z]上海师范大学1973年2月印.89-90.
⑤Christine Hudson & Anders Lidstorm. Local Education Policies-Comparing Sweden and Britain [M]. New York:Palgrave, Macmillan Ltd.,2002.36-37.
⑥Robin Burns. Process and Problems in Educational Reform in Sweden [J]. Compare, No.1, Vol.11, 1981.39.
① OECD. Reviews of National Policies for Education:Sweden [R]. Paris:OECD,1995.18.
② ULF P. Lundgren (1988). The Development of the Middle School in Sweden:Research and Evaluation [J]. International Journal of Educational Research, No.5, Vol.12.481,488,490,493-494.
③ Swedish Ministry of Education & Science and the National Agency for Education. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden [R]. Prepared for the 46th session of UNESCO International Conference on Education,2001.5(另：德国波恩劳动力研究所(IZA)在2008年9月发布的3691号"Discussion Papers" 《Does School Privatization Improve Educational Achievement? Evidence from Sweden' s Voucher Reform》(作者Anders Bohlmark, Mikael Lindahl)第4页甚至使用了" sweeping school reforms"(扫荡性的,彻底的,广泛的)这样的词汇来刻画瑞典九十年代学校教育的这一系列改革。
④ Kampei Hayashi (2008). Local Reaction after Decentralization Reform in Sweden [EB/OL]. http://www. eera-e
cer.eu/publication-database/conference/2008/contribution/local_reaction_after_decentralization_reform_in_sweden/),2009-06-13.
⑤自治市政府获得中小学教师人事权改革的时间是1989年。
⑥[英]Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003.35-36.
① Christine Hudson & Anders Lidsttorm. Local Education Policies-Comparing Sweden and Britain [M]. New York:Palgrave, Macmillan Ltd,2002.53.
② Swedish Ministry of Education & Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden [R]. Prepared for the 47th session of UNESCO International Conference on Education,2004.11.
③ Anders Bjorklund, Per-Anders Edin,& etc.. The Market Comes to Education in Sweden:An Evaluation of Sweden's Surprising School Reforms [M]. New York:Russell Sage Foundation,2005.7.
①每届政府所设置的内阁部门可能略有不同,会对一些部的名称及其业务范围划分进行适当调整,就教育事务而言,目前这届政府设置的是“教育与研究部”,此前则叫“教育、研究与文化部(Ministry of Education, Research and Culture)、"教育与科学部”(Ministry of Educat ion and Science)等。
②Swedish Mini stry of Education and Research. Divisions and Secretariat s [EB/OL] http://www.regeringe n.se/sb/d/3008/a/18108,2007-10-31(参瑞典教育与研究部《Organisation》, http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d /3008,2009-08-05.)
①如2007年印发的《General Guidelines and Comments:Qualitv in leisure-time centres》,其“封底”便印有这样一段话：“本指南旨在根据《教育法》与课程方案对闲暇中心的活动所应遵循的要求与原则予以闸释,以确保其工作质量。对父母而言,这份指南也便于大家更好地发挥影响力,更好地与闲暇中心合作。”
②目前执行的主要是九十年代以来开发(其间曾数次修订)的三份课程方案：《Curriculum for the Compul sory School system, the Pre-school Class and the Leisure-time Centre》(Lpo 94)、《Curriculum for the Non-compulsory School System》(Lpf 94).《Curriculum for the Pre-school》(Lpfo 98)。
③如目前执行的2000年启用、2008年最新修订的《Syllabuses for the Compulsory School》,2002年秋季学期启用的《Syllabuses for the Compul sory School for Pupil s with Learning Di sabilities》 《Syllabuses for the School for Pupils with Hearing Impairment》绝大多数于2000启用、少数于随后一两年启用的高中分专业课程大纲《Programme Goal, Structure and Syllabuses》等。
④如高中适用的《Project Work-Sylllabuses, Grading Criteria and Commentaries》(2000年秋季学期启用)等。
⑤Ministry of Education and Science.Central Education Authorities[R]. Fact Sheet of Swedi sh Ministry of Education and Science,No. U02.003,May 2002.2-3(关于瑞典国家教育署角色的归纳,参见其“机构简介”,http://www.skolverket.se/content/1/c6/01/35/52/engelsk-intern.ppt, 2006-11-16.)
①陈照雄著.瑞典教育制度：培育维护人权、公平与正义之健全国民[M].台北：心理出版社,2009.89.
②瑞典近年对学校的督导检查明显加大了工作力度。国家教育署在2003年决定用6年时间对全国所有的中小学进行一次“普查”,后来又决定“提速”,用3年时间完成这项任务。而且除这样的轮番普查外,负责督导工作的教育署、学校改进事务署、学校教育督导局还经常组织各种专项检查。对于督导检查中发现的问题,学校必须限期整改,并报告整改结果。
③Swedish Schools Inspectorate. The Inspectorate of Educational Inspection of Sweden LR]. Published by the Swedish Schools Inspectorate, Stockholm,2009.1-2,23.
④Specialpedagogiska skolmyndigheten. The National Agency for Special Needs Education and Schools [EB/OL]. http://www.spsm.se/Startpage/,2009-11-25.
①第1章第4-7条、第10条,第2a章第1、5条,第2b章第l0b条,第4章第8条,第5章第5条,第6章第5条,第7章第7条,第8章第7条,第9章第6条。
②据瑞典国家统计局2009年12月出版《Utbildningss tatistisk arsbok 2010 Tabeller》(SCB-2009-UF0109 TAB_pdf)第110、88-89、94、103、184页数据。
③据瑞典国家统计局2009年11月出版《Kostnader for utbildningsvasendet 2004-2008》 (SCB-2009-UF12 SM0901_df)第37页数据计算得出。
④据瑞典国家教育署2008年出版((Costs:National level-Sweden's Official Statistics on Pre-school Activities, School-age Child care, schools and adult education, Part 3,2008》(编号"Report 316")第59页数据计算得出。
①如前所述,高中教育与成人教育则省级政府(省议会)也有一部分组织、管理责任,但这种责任不是必须的(mandatory)而是可选的(voluntary)。
②包括短期的和长期的。
③Skolverket.The Swedish School System:School organisers[R].Published by Swedish National Agency for Education, Feb.2009[另参：瑞典现行《教育法》第2章,瑞典中央政府网站《Responsibility for Schools》(http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/8009/a/72375,2007-12-06)欧盟Eurvbase"The Information Database on Educat ion Systems in Europe"《The Education System in Sweden》(2007-2008学年度版)第13、2627页。]
③[美]凯瑟琳·麦克德莫特(Kathrvn A. McDermott)著.掌控公立学校教育：地方主义与公平[M].周玲、杨旻译,北京：教育科学出版社,2007.23-24.
⑤Local Government in Sweden-Organi sation, activities and finance[R]. Published by Swedish Mini stry of Finance,2005,(Article no:Fi2004.43).11. world Data on Education. Sweden[R]. Compiled by UNESCO-IBE,6th edition,2006-2007, Updated version, Sept.2007.1.
①Bj6rn Sandstr6m. The Deveolpmental Dialogue as an Instrument for Cooperation between the State and the Local School District [EB/OL].http://www.devisa-hb.se/thinkingconference/SubmittedSupple ment/SandstroemBjoern/seminar.pdf,2008-03-17.2.
②Swedi sh National Agency for Education.Curriculum for the Compulsory School system,the Pre-school Class and the Lei sure-time Centre (Lpo 94, Amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:23).Printed by AB Danagards grafiska,Odesh6g,2006.
③其中Science studies之下实际上包含着生物、物理、化学3个学科,"Social studies"之下实际上包含着地理、历史、宗教、公民4个学科；这7个学科都单独有其课程大纲,同时"Science studies"和‘'Social stlldies"(?)还各有一个“大纲”
④Swedi sh National Agency for Education. Sysyllabuses for the Compulsory School (2nd edition, Revised in 2008, according to SKOLFS 2008:68). Publ i shed by Fri t zes, Stockholm,2009.
① Lisbeth Lundahl, Mikaela Nyroos & Linda Ronnberg. A Matter of Timing:Time use, freedom and influence in school from a pupil perspective [J]. European Educational Research Journal, No.4, Vol.3,2004.745. Linda Ronnberg. A Recent Swedish Attempt to Weaken State Control and Strengthen School Autonomy: the experiment with local time schedules [J]. European Educational Research Journal, No.3, Vol. 6,2007.215
②Swedish Ministry of Education & Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden [R]. Prepared for the 47th session of UNESCO International Conference on Education,2004.12.
①瑞典《学校教育法》第4章第2条、第5章第2条、第6章第2条、第7章第2条、第8章第2条、第11章第4条、第12章第2条、第13章第2条(分别针对各级各类基础教育)都规定：学生对其教育如何组织有权发挥影响,这种影响的方式与范围视其年龄和成熟度而定。
②其瑞典文(Individuell utvecklingsplan)字母缩写为“IUP”,官方给出的英文表达‘'individual development plan".以前只是需要特殊支持的学生才有这样一份IUP,2006年通过的法规要求处于k-12的每位学生都应有其IUP。每份IUP的基本内容包括：我们现在位于何处?我们要到哪里去?家庭将如何帮助学生?学校将如何帮助学生?学生自己应该做些什么?目前还正在开发一家网站,把所有IUP都放上去,教师、学生和家长可以在各自权限内查看、添加、修改自己的内容。(据http://iupp.se/首页简介,2007-12-11。)
③在义务教育阶段,学校的教学工作是由工作小组来承担的。同年级或不同年级的两个班或更多的班属于一个工作小组领导。每个工作小组由班主任、科目教师、负责残疾儿童补习的教师、负责学生福利的职员、心理医生和护士组成,共同计划、执行和检查本组范围内的工作。(参方彤著、广东教育出版社2004年版《瑞典基础教育》第72页)
④方彤著、广东教育出版社2004年版《瑞典基础教育》第80页：“每所学校甚至每个班级每个教师,都必须对国家教学大纲作出解释和说明,并和学生一起根据学生条件、经验、兴趣、需要来制定教学方案和进行教学评价。”
⑤统考科目包括瑞典语(以及作为第二语言的瑞典语)、数学和英语,其中小学3年级不考英语。
⑥比如某学生在英国留学一段时间后回到瑞典高中继续学习,其英语水平很可能会高于同年级学生,那么他可以提前参加这一科的国家测试。
⑦这种统考另一项最为重要的功能在于：监测、掌控全国各地、各学校达成国家所规定的教育目标的情况。以义务教育阶段的九年级统考为例：在1998-2002年间,国家教育署只从参加考试学生中抽取10%进行统计分析,而从2003年起,全部进行统计分析,并就统计分析结果通过文本、网站等多种形式、多种渠道发布。当然,公开发布的统计分析不针对具体的学生,而是每所学校、每个地区相对于全国常模的情况,以及全国、各学科和各地、各学校的历时性变化等。(参瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Preschool Activities, School-age Childcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006》 第55页)。
①参瑞典斯德哥尔摩市孔舒门斯(Kungsholmens)中学格尼塔·卡尔松(Agneta Karlsson)校长2007年9月访问中国中央教科所期间所做报告(据中央教科所网站2007年9月25日新闻《瑞典客人来我所访问》,马延伟撰稿,李建忠审稿,http://219.234.174.136/gjjl/jlxx/gj jl_20070925094538.html)。
②Bjorn Soderqvist.School Leaders'View on Market Forces and Decentralisation:Case Studies in a Swedish Municipality and an English County [R]. Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm, Sweden,2007.116-117.
③汪霞主编.国外中小学课程演进[M].济南：山东教育出版社,2000.672.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.161.
②张海钟.论高等学校教学质量及其评价[Jj.西北师大学报(社会科学版),2004,(4).75.
③程凤春.教育质量特性的表现形式和内容——教育质量内涵新解[J].教育研究,2005,(2).49.
④胡玲.教育质量：内涵、评估及改进策略——联合国教科文组织对提高教育质量的关注[J].大学·研究与评价,2008,(11).85.
①高锋译、时红校.瑞典社会民主工人党党纲——2001年11月6日威斯特罗斯代表大会通过[J].当代世界社会主义问题,2003,(1).25.
②Fredrik Reinfeldt. Statement of Government Policy-Presented to the Swedish Riksdag, on Oct. 6,2006 [EB/OL]. http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/574/a/70233.2007-09-30.2,13,12.
③National Agency for Education. National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System [M]. Published by Frites, Stockholm,2005.12,18.
④Kathleen T. Zanotti & Karlene N. Dickey. Sweden:A Study of the Educational System of Sweden and Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions in the United States [R]. A PIER publication sponsored by the.American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Office, NAFSA:Association of International Educators, and The College Board, Washington DC,1995.5.
⑤National Agency for Education. Education for All:The Swedish education system [R]. Printed by Lenanders Tryckeri AB, Kalmar,2000.25.
⑥关中客.瑞典学校教育印象[J].远程教育杂志,2008,(3).80.
⑦钱一呈主编.外国教育督导与评价制度研究[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社,2006.295.
⑧National Agency for Education. National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System [M]. Published by Frites, Stockholm,2005.21.
①Christine Hudson & Anders Lidstorm. Local Education Policies-Comparing Sweden and Britain [M]. New York:Palgrave, Macmillan Ltd.,2002.46.
② Mats Ekholm. School Inspections and School Development in Sweden-A waste of time and money [Z] Paper presented at the ICSEI meeting in Auckland, NZ, Jan.6-9,2008.
①Fredrik Reinfeldt. Statement of Government Policy-Presented to the Swedish Riksdag, on Oct. 6,2006[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/574/a/70233.2007-09-30.13.
②钱一呈主编.外国教育督导与评价制度研究[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社,2006.297-298,308,310,312.
Mats Ekholm. School Inspections and School Development in Sweden — A waste of time and money [Z]. Paper presented at the ICSEI meeting in Auckland, NZ, Jan.6-9,2008.
②提高学分要求的背后就是提高修学时间,以期学得更加专深、更加扎实。以培养高中外语教师的师范生为例,新办法实施后,其最低修业时限比此前老办法增加了一倍。
③参见国家教育发展研究中心与中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会编、人民教育出版社1990年版《三十五国教育发展(1986-1988)》第594-603页。
④参见瑞典教育与科学部为1992年在维也纳召开的第43届国际教育大会所提交的教育发展国别报告英文版《The Development of Education:National report from Sweden》第30-33页。
①其内涵延展为：拓展性学习、专深性学习和教学法、教师团队(瑞典所特有、为各教学班所建立的教职员工作小组)工作技能、教育教学研究、如何促进学生发展等方面技能发展,以及其它领域教育教学辅助技能的提升等等。
②Swedish Ministry of Education and Science. A New System of Teacher Education [No. U00.023 Fact Sheet]. August 2000.
③Gustafsson, Jan-Eric and Myrberg, Eva. The Impact of Financial Resources on Educational Results-A Knowledge overview [R]. The National Agency of Education, Stockholm,2002. P11.
②参见瑞典国家教育署所发布的2006年282号报告《Competence and Opportunity - The Importance of Teachers, Their Working Situation and Conditions》第8页。
③参见瑞典教育与研究部为2008年在日内瓦召开的第48届国际教育大会所提交的教育发展国别报告英文版《The Development of Education:National report of Swede》第14页。
⑥Swedish Ministry of Education and Research. Continuing Professional Education for Teachers [EB/OL]. http://ww.regeringen.se/sb7d/9400.2007-08-16另：据台湾国立教育资料馆2010年3月所整理的一份资料显示,这项三万人计划执行得不是非常好,估计最终达不到三万人,但参加培训的老师反映自己还是很有收获的。
①瑞典教育与研究部为2008年在日内瓦召开的第48届国际教育大会所提交的教育发展国别报告英文版《The Development of Education:National report of Sweden》第15-16页.
②Swedish Ministry of Education and Research.Sustainable Teacher Education.[EB/OL].http://www. sweden.gov.se/sb/d/8203/a／117518.2008-12-03.
③Swedish Ministryof Education and Research.Top of the Class-New Teacher Education Programmes [No.U10.009 Fact Sheet:.March 2010.
④Sweden Set for Stricter Teacher Credentials[EB/OL].http://www.thelocal.se/22256/20090924/. 2009-9-24.
⑤驻瑞典台北代表团文化组《瑞典将实施的教师证照制度可能降低教师地位》,载台湾《教育部电子报》第437期(2010年11月25日发布于http://epaper.edu.twjprint.aspx?print_type=windows&print_sn=6681& print_num=437)
①据“瑞典华声”网站2012年1月15日消息(http://www.huasheng.se/index.php/categoryblog/451-20122)
②瑞典中小学里面不合格教师比例居高难下的问题长期都未能得到有效解决,新华社 2001年4月13日报道(记者吴平)称其未受过师范教育的教师多达17%(转引自http://www.eol.cn/20010823/203575.shtml),而2011年“世界教师日”(10月5日)之际UNESCO发布的统计报告所列教师供不应求的国家名单中仍然还有瑞典(转引自http://news.xinhuanet.com/edu/2011-10/05/c_122121088.htm)。(?)而事实上,瑞典IFAU在2007年发布的第7号Working Paper《Teacher Certification and Student Achievement in Swedish Compulsory.Schools》中就指出：不具备资质教师所教学生的学业成就会受到较大的不良影响,相较于具备资质教师所教学生的学业成绩差距明显。
③Dennis Beach,Anita Eriksson and Catarina Player-Koro.Changing Teacher Education in Sweden. [EB/OL].http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/9263/2/Oxford%2520Sept%252016%2520Text.doc&sa:U&ei=US 8aT9zbCIyUiQe42bHaCw&ved=OCBOQFjAE&usg=AFQjCNFptWAx9t5zcBr3kTV-_jgLLgnvOg,2012-1-21.
④OECD《Reviews of National Policies for Education-Sweden》(1995)第88页：建立综合学校所基于 的理念是全国所有儿童能够得到同样的教育机会,而这个所谓同样的教育机会,表述出来就是执行全国统一“核心课程”的共同的基础教育(elementary schooling).
①[美]埃尔查南·科恩(Elchanan Cohn)编著.教育券与学校选择[M].刘笑飞等译,北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008.375.
②据瑞典中央政府网站2007年9月7日发布《Independent Schools Flourish in Sweden》一文附注资料《Independent Schools in Sweden》(http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Education/Basic-education/Read ing/Free-schools/,2009年6月12日下载.)(另据1995年OECD发布的《Reviews of National Policies for Education-Sweden》第151页附表,瑞典1990年全国4700所义务教育学校中有独立学校63所,535所高中学校中有独立学校55所)。
③UNESCO.World Education Report 2000[R].UNESCO Publishing.165-167.
④[英] Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003.35.
⑤OECD. Reviews of National Policies for Education:Sweden[R].Paris:OECD,1995.87.
⑥以下两段除另有注释外,主要参考“中国教育和科研计算机网”2001年8月转引自“上海民办教育网”的
《瑞典九十年代私立教育政策的论战与实施》(作者署名为“华东师范大学海边”；2007年9月19日下载于http://www.edu.cn/20010829/209622.shtml.)
①有研究评论道：“公正地说,在这场彻底的变革背后,教育界没有全面的一致意见。”(Anders Bjorklund等著、美国Russell Sage Foundation于2005年出版《The Market Comes to Education in Sweden:An Evaluation of Sweden's Surprising School Reforms》第13页。)另：“瑞典私立学校交流协会”网站首页2009年10月6日最后更新的“简介’'《Independent schools in Sweden-main points》也指出“关于支持还是反对独立学校的政治争论时不时还是挺激烈的’'(http://www.friskola.se/Om_oss_In_English_DXNI-38495_. aspx).
②这里所说“酝酿已久”,既包括中右政党联盟上台前的策划与设计,也包括此前社民党在任期间许多松绑政策所作的铺垫,社民党下台之前就在一定条件下和一定程度上支持向私营学校拨款的提案。
③瑞典的私营学校在中小学阶段称作独立学校,其瑞典文表达包括"Fristaende skolor"、"privatskola"等,政府官方给定的英文译名是"independent school",而托幼、学前教育和学童课后看护教育方面私营机构则称"enskilda verksamheter、"enskilda forskolor",从官方给定的英文表达看,就是“私营机构”、
“私立学前学校”的意思。这些由私人或私人团体(而非国家或地方政府)创办的教育机构,虽然由私人或其他非政府机构(组织)拥有和自主经营,但与其出资方式无关,既可以完全不接受政府资助,也可以部分甚至全额接受政府拨款,它与公立学校最大的区别在于更加自由灵活的“经营”方式,而非由私人或政府出资与否。
④英Geoff Whitty等著.教育中的放权与择校：学校、政府与市场[M].马忠虎译,北京：教育科学出版社,2003.36-37.
①李韧竹译.瑞典的教育概况[J].教育参考资料,2001,(13、14).7.
②Skolverket.Beskrivande data 2009:Forskoleverksamhet, skolbarnsomsorg, skola och vuxenutbildning [R].RAPPORT 335.Skolverket.38.
③Peter Vinthagen Simpson.Free School Applications Hit New Highs[EB/OL].http://www.thelocal.se/ 33756/20110513/,2011-5-23.
④19851990年数据来自美国教育统计中心(NCES)1996年版《International Education Indicators:A Time Series Perspective》第37页；1990-1991学年度数据来自《教育参考资料》2001年13、14期合刊第6页(李韧竹译《瑞典的教育概况》)；1991-1992学年度数据来自《Comparative Education Review》1998年第3期第332页(Martin Carnoy《National Voucher Plans in Chile and Sweden:Did Privatization Reforms Make for Better Education?》);19921993至1994-1995及2003-2004四个学年度的数据依据《基础教育参考》2007年第2期第23页(祝伟《激发竞争和活力：瑞典独立学校的发展及影响评述》,依笔者研判,这三年的人数实际上仅指义务教育学段。另：该资料所统计数据包含了“国际学校”与“国家寄宿学校(national boarding school)学生人数)：19951996至1999-2000五个学年度的数据依据瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Chi ld Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》(Printed by Elanders Gotab AB, Stockholm,2000)第27页；20002001至2002-2003三个学年度的数据依据瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Chi ldcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2003》(Printed by Elanders Gotab AB, Stockholm,2003)第34页：2004-2005之后七个学年度数据依据瑞典国家统计局《Utbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2010 Tabeller》第6061页《Utbildningsstatistisk arsbok 2012 Tabeller》第64-65页。
①James Savage.School's Licence Removed over Single-sex Teaching[EB/OL].http://www.thelocal.se /7651/20070619,2007-06-19.
②[美]Elchanan Cohn编著.教育券与学校选择[M].刘笑飞等译,北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008.33.
①该校网站新闻《Students, parents, teachers:pleased with Kunskapsskolan》, http://www.kunskapsskol an.co.uk/press/news/studentsparentsteacherspleasedwithkunskapsskolan.5.13ed45fa118bfee46738000
4172.html,2008-06-02.
②筹备工作正在紧锣密鼓地进行之中,目前其中一所(Twickenham Academy)已经招募、选拔、任命了校长,将于2010年9月招生、开学(http://www.kunskapsskolan.co.uk/press/news/twickenhamacademyheadteach ernamed.5.70530fa6123bcf46aab800011257.html,2009-09-24。)
③Education News. Can Sweden teach our schools a lesson? [EB/OL]. http://www.independent.co.uk/new s/education/education-news/can-sweden-teach-our-schools-a-lesson-1882566. html,2010-01-29.
④Donna Gundle-Krieg. Should Obama look to Sweden's successful school voucher program? [EB/OL]. http://www.examiner.com/x-1393-Education-Improvement-Examiner y2009m3d20-Should-Obama-look-to-Swedens-successful-school-voucher-program,2009-03-20.
Claudia Hepburn and John Merrifield. School Choice in Sweden:Lessons for Canada [R]. http://www. frase rinstitute. org/commerce.web/product_files/SchoolChoiceinSweden.pdf,2006-11-01.
⑥Helen Raham (2003). Lessons for Canada from Sweden's schools [J]. Canada:Inroads, Vol.13.
③瑞典Uppsala大学Asa Ahlin在其《Does School Competition Matter Effects of a Large-Scale School Choice Reform on Student Performance》(Uppsala大学经济系Working Paper Series,No.2003:2)一文中,是用私营学校所招收学生占当地生源份额来计算学校之间“竞争度(the Degree of School Competition). (P.10)
④张明辉,颜秀如.英、纽、澳及瑞典中小学家长教育选择权[J].(台湾)教育研究月刊,2005,(7).58.
① Bjorn Soderqvist. School Leaders'View on Market Forces and Decentralisation:Case Studies in a Swedish Municipality and an English County [R]. Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm, Sweden,2007.106.
②瑞典《每日新闻》.瑞典公立高中招生难 私立高中受欢迎[z].世界教育信息,2010,(6).5.
③1996-1997学年度及以前数据来自瑞典国家教育署《Beskrivande data om skolverksamheten 1997》(瑞典文版,编号"SKOLVERKETS RAPPORT NR 135")第11页,19971998至1999-2000学年度数据来自瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Child Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》(英文版,编号"NATIONAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION REPORT NO.192")第27页,20002001学年度及以后数据来自瑞典国家教育署《Beskrivande data 2009:Forskoleverksamhet, skolbarnsomsorg, skola och vuxenutbildning》(瑞典文版,编号"RAPPORT 335")第38页。
①数据来自瑞典国家教育署2008年出版《Costs:National level-Sweden's Official Statistics on pre-school activities, school-age child care, schools and adult education, Part 3,2008》(编号"Report 316")第51、19、34、37页,及瑞典国家统计局2003年出版《Utbildningskostnader 1998-2002》(编号"UF 12 SM 0301")第28页,比值及其他部分数据系经计算得出。
②刘德胜.瑞典中等教育现况、改革动向及启示[J]. (台湾)教育资料集刊,2007,(6).240-241.
③ Donald Hirsch (1995). School Choice and the Search for an Educational Market [J]. International Review of Education, No.3-4, Vol.41.246.
④如斯德哥尔摩大学国际教育研究所Gary Miron发表在《Educational Leadership》1996年10月号上的《FreeChoice and Vouchers Transform Schools》一文所列举的那样：市立学校也被鼓励创造自己的“特色”,如特别强调艺术。体育或者其他一些特殊科目或领域。(p.79)
⑤ F. Mikael Sandstroma, Fredrik Bergstrom (2005). School vouchers in practice:competition will not hurt you [J]. Journal of Public Economics, Vol.89.355.
⑥ Staffan Waldo. Competition and Public School Efficiency in Sweden-An Empirical Evaluation of Second Stage Regression Results for Different Models of Nondiscretionary Inputs in Data Envelopment Analysis [R]. No.2006:7 Working Papers from Lund University, Department of Economics.3,23-24.
①Swedish National Agency for Education. Schools like Any Other? Swedish Independent Schools as Part of the System 1991-2004 (English Summary of "RAPPORT 271") [R]. Published in 2006.26.
②[美]埃尔查南·科恩(Elchanan Cohn)编著.教育券与学校选择[M].刘笑飞等译,北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008.28、26、47.
③ Donna Gundle-Krieg. Should Obama look to Sweden's successful school voucher program? [EB/OL]. http://www.examiner.com/x-1393-Education-Improvement-Examiner y2009m3d20-Should-Obama-look-to-Swedens-successful-school-voucher-program,2009-03-20.
④Per Unckel.瑞典教育多元化的启示[N].中国经营报,2008-05-12. (A15)
⑤参瑞典国家教育署2006年出版的《Schools like Any Other? Swedish Independent Schools as Part of the System 1991-2004》 (English Summary of "RAPPORT 271")第7-8页。
⑥ Claudia Hepburn & John Merrifield. School Choice in Sweden:Lessons for Canada [R]. Studies in Education Policy, Published by the Fraser Institute, Canada, Nov.2006.6.
① Helen Raham (2003). Lessons for Canada from Sweden's schools [J]. Canada:Inroads, Vol.13. 57.
② Swedish National Agency for Education. School Choice and Its Effects in Sweden [R]. Offprint of REPORT 230, Printed by Lenanders Grafiska AB, Kalmar 2003.11-12.
③该校网站新闻《Students, parents, teachers:pleased with Kunskapsskolan》, http://www.kunskapssko lan.co.uk/press/news/studentsparentsteacherspleasedwithkunskapsskolan.5.13ed45fa118bfee4673800 04172.html,2008-06-02.
④焦阳.瑞典自由学校：“自由”边界渐清晰.[N].中国教育报,2011-12-21,(3).
⑤ Donald Hirsch School Choice and the Search for an Educational Market [J].International Review of Education,1995, (3-4).251.
⑥ Bjorn Soderqvist. School Leaders' View on Market Forces and Decentralisation:Case Studies in a Swedish Municipality and an English County [R]. Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm, Sweden,2007.106-107.
①Bjorn Soderqvist. School Leaders' View on Market Forces and Decentralisation:Case Studies in a Swedish Municipality and an English County [R]. Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm, Sweden,2007.60.
Ali Hajighasemi. The Transformation of the Swedish Welfare System:Fact or Fiction? [M]. Stockholm:Sodertorns Hogskola,2004.247.
④ Swedish National Agency for Education. Costs:National level-Sweden's Official Statistics on pre-school activities, school-age child care, schools and adult education, Part 3,2008 [R] Published by Skolverket, Stockholm,2008.37.
①一位参与了瑞典教育券制度设计的学者明确指出：“要想让独立学校大行其道(flourish),就必须允许他们盈利."(Anders Hultin《Profit is the key.to success in'Swedish schools'》,http://www.spectator.co. uk/essays/all/5381686/profit-is-the-key-to-success-in-swedish-schools.thtml,2009-10-03.)
②Stuart M.Butler.Learning from Sweden's school voucher success[EB/OL].http://www.heritage.org /Press/Commentary/ed091109a.cfm,2009-09-11.
③正如有的受访民众所分析的那样：“如果你的学校‘公司’开得好,你可以盈利,但如果办得差劲,你便休想招到学生。你必须做好工作才能赚钱,这对私营学校来讲更为重要。”(新闻《Big Change for Welfarist Sweden:School Choice》,http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25865257/,2008-07-27。)
④Swedish National Agency for Education.Schools like Any Other?Swedish Independent Schools as Part of the System 1991-2004(English Summary of"RAPPORT 271")[R].Published in 2006.21, 45,25.
⑤Skolverket.Betyg i grundskolan lasar 1991/92:Uppgifter pa riksniva mellan 1990/91 och 1993/94 finns under lasar 1993/94.[EB/OL].http://www.skolverket.se/content/1/c4/78/66/922.xls,2006-11-30.
⑥在2008-2009学年度,全国就读独立学校的义务教育与高中教育学生分别都差一点点才到10%和20%,可斯德哥尔摩下辖Osteraker、Tabv、Solna的高中生就读独立学校的比例分别高达60%、51%、50%,斯德哥尔摩下辖Upplands Vasby、Taby与乌普萨拉下辖Alvkarleby的义务教育学生就读独立学校的比例分别高达40%、34%、30%(http://www.friskola.se/Om_friskolor Friskolorna_i_siffror_DXNI-25907_.aspx,2009-09-07)。
①据瑞典国家教育署2008年出版的“Report 316”号统计报告第98页,及瑞典国家统计局2008年12月出版《Statistisk arsbok for Sverige 2009》第75页数据,百分比系经计算得出。
②Nick Cowen. Swedish Lessons:How Schools With More Freedom Can Deliver Better Education [M]. Typeset by Civitas, Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, Wiltshire,2008.8.
Agneta Ranerup. Internet-Based Guidance in Quasi-Markets for Education in Sweden [J]. Internat. Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance,2004, (4).44.
②Anders Bjorklund, Per-Anders Edin, & etc.. The Market Comes to Education in Sweden:An Evaluation of Sweden's Surprising School Reforms [M]. New York:Russell Sage Foundation,2005.119,118.
③Anders Bohlmark& Mikael Lindahl. The Impact of School Choice on Pupil Achievement, Segregation and Costs:Swedish Evidence [R]. No.2786 Discussion Papers of the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany,2007.42.
Swedish National Agency for Education. Schools like Any Other? Swedish Independent Schools as Part of the System 1991-2004 (English Summary of "RAPPORT 271") [R]. Published in 2006.16.
①联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会.学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天[M].华东师范大学比较教育研究所译,北京：教育科学出版社,1996.2,223.
②方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.161.
③[日]冲原豊编著.世界的学校[M].欧用生、陈树铭合译,台北：台湾水牛出版社,1993.99.
④凯梅著.在童话王国总长大：成长在瑞典[M].天津：新蕾出版社,2005.108-109.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.31,23.
②顾耀铭、王和平著.当今瑞典教育概览[M].郑州：河南教育出版社,1994.P127
③ Research Voor Beleid. Country Report on the Action Plan on Adult Learning:Sweden(March 2011) [EB /OL]. http://adultlearning-budapest2011.teamwork.fr/docs/Country-report_SE_final.pdf,2012-1-12.4.
④Ministry of Education and Research. Education is a key to empowerment [EB/OL]. http://www.swed en.gov.se/sb/d/3781/a/172078 (Published 01 July 2011),2011-09-17.
③杨叙著.北欧社区[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2004.189.
⑥ International Project on Technical and Vocational Education. The Role of Technical and Vocational Education in the Swedish Education System [R]. UNESCO,1999.9.
⑦Government Offices of Sweden & Ministry of Education and Research. National Report on the Development and State of the Art of Adult Learning and Education (ALE)-Sweden [R]. Prerared for the 6th International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA VI),2008-03-26.4.
⑧ Eleni Prokou. A Comparative Approach to Lifelong Learning Policies in Europe:the cases of the UK, Sweden and Greece [J]. European Journal of Education,2008 (1).130.
①参王宇《北欧国家报业变革与发展》(《中国报业》2009年第2期第69页)及陈季冰《海外视窗：对瑞典报业的观察与思索》(网页http://media.news.hexun.com/1317_767227C.shtml,2011-11-9)。
②顾耀铭.话说瑞典公共图书馆[N]人民日报,1989-12-14(7).
③Swedish Arts Council.Public Libraries 2008[EB/OL].http://www.kulturradet.se/en/In-English/St atisticsl/Public-Libraries-2008,2010-11-5.有篇中国人描写瑞典观感的文章写到：“这个社区图书馆把成年人、学生和幼儿的需要都满足了。我看到一个家庭妇女模样的中年妇女提着从超市买的一大框东西进来,放在大厅门口后就进阅览厅了。不久,她夹着十几本书出来,在管理员那里签字登记时,管理员递给她一个结实的塑料口袋,把书都装进去,然后这位家庭主妇提上她的框子,带着新借到的书回家了。’(http://house.focus.cn/msgview/724/1/216551130.html)
④[日]冲原豊编著.世界的学校[M].欧用生、陈树铭合译,台北：大水牛出版社,1993.99.
⑤OECD.Thematic Review on Adult Learning-Country Note:Sweden[EB/OL].http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/23/2/2697896.pdf,2007-6-17.11.
⑥Thomas Andren, Bjorn Gustafsson. Income Effects from Labor Market Training Programs in Sweden During the 80's and 90's[Z].Bonn:Institute for the Study of Labor(IZA)Discussion Paper No.603. 2002-10.3.
①陈照雄著.瑞典教育制度：培育维护人权、公平与正义之健全国民[M].台北：心理出版社,2009.190.
②Sadiq Kwesi BOATENG.Significant Country Differences in Adult Learning[R].EUROSTAT Statistics in Focus,2009,(44).1-2.(网页文件地址:http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-S F-09-044/EN/KS-SF-09-044-EN.PDF)
①OECD.Education at a Glance 2011-OECD indicators[EB/OL].http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2011-en, 2012-04-17.373.
②顾耀铭、王和平著.当今瑞典教育概览[M].郑州：河南教育出版社,1994.P126.
①[英]Colin J. Titmus培格曼国际终身教育百科全书[M].教育与科普研究所编译,北京：职工教育出版社,1990.200.
②Hallgjerd Brattset. What Are the Characteristics of the Study Circle? a Summary [Z]. Published 1984 by Norwegian Institute of Adult Education in Trondheim.9.
③转引自郭嘉陵《瑞典学习圈研究》(河南大学2008年硕士学位论文)第1314页。
①李淑丽.瑞典学习圈研究[J].河北大学成人教育学院学报,2009(2).52.
②高淑婷,[瑞典]Tore Persson瑞典的“学习圈”[J].中国远程教育(资讯版),1995,(2).52-55.
③黄斌华.瑞典专家来沪交流一种新颖的成人教育形式——“学习圈”[EB/OL].http://www.sssa.org.cn/ allinfo／info_content.cfm?infoid=6068,2008-11-03.
④Gitte Jutvik, Peter Wiborn,Ludmila Glushkova&Inese Liepina.Manual for Participants of Study Circles[EB/OL]. http://www.balticuniv.uu.se/index.php/downloads/doc_view/180-manual-for-parti cipants-of-study-circles-english,2012-01-07.5,7.
⑤瑞典]Oscar 0lsson.瑞典学习圈—现代社会中的“古老”学习方式EB/OL].http://www.folkbildning.n et/.tore.persson/china-2,2008-10-15.
①据瑞典国家统汁局(SCB)所出版的统计年鉴(《Statistisk arsbok for Sverige 1995》p386.《Statistisk arsbok for Sverige 2002》p534.《Stati sti sk arsbok for Sverige 2008》p622.《Statistisk arsbok for Sverige 2012》p478)和瑞典成人教育委员会(Folkbildningsradet)2011年5月出版的《Facts on folkbildning in Sweden-A brief overview》(http://www.folkbildning.se/Documents/E-Fakta-om_folkbildningen/ Facts%20on%20folkbild ning_2011_web.pdf,2011-09-15下载)第14页。
②OECD Economic Surveys-Sweden[R].Volume 2005/9-August 2005.[EB/OL].http://homepage.ntu.edu. tw/.1bh/ref/OECD/46.pdf,2011-10-25.94.
①Employee's Right to Educational Leave Act(SFS 1974:981；Including amendments up to and including SFS 1994:1687)(英文版,http://naring.regeringen.se/inenglish/pdf/sfs1974_981.pdf)。参阅‘'http://w ww.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/SWEDEN/ANCHOR-STUDIELEDIGHET-SE.htm"网页上的简介《Study Leave》。
②据瑞典最大工会组织L0网站上对'The Study Leave Act'’的简介(http://www.e/home/lo/home.nsf/uni dView/11813AEA848EEE93C1256E5100459ADO,浏览下载时网页显示其最后更新日期为2011-04-12)
③参见‘'http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C140"网页上的该公约全文及‘[http://www.ilo.or g/ilol ex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C140'网页上所列已批准加入该公约的国家名单.。
④Richard Brisbois,Nicole Pollack,Ron Saunders.Lessons from Other Countries Regarding Incentives for Employer-Sponsored Training[R]Canadian Policy Research Networks Research Report,March 2009.17.
⑤CEDEFOP.Forms of Educational Leave in Europe[EB/OL].http://www.ictu.ie/press/2005/07/28/forms-of-educational-leave-in-europe/,2007-12-21同时参阅《世界职业技术教育》2003年第5期熊苹《瑞典终身职业教育与培训体系及其财政政策》一文。
⑥Annual Leave Act(1977:480,Amendments up to and including 2009:1439)[EB/OL].http:// www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/10/49/86/27725d11.pdf,2011-11-17.
① Staff Training Statistics,2010:Less Than Half of All Employed Persons in Staff Training [EB/OL]. http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____303327. aspx, Press release from Statistics Sweden, 2010-11-12.
②[瑞典]英格·帕森.瑞典的终身学习和员工培训[J].余祖光译,中国职业技术教育,2005(21).44.
③ Commissioner Investigates New System of Individual Skill Development [EB/OL]. http://www.euro found.europa.eu/eiro/2000/01/inbrief/se0001118n.htm,2008-10-11.
①据称这项制度全面启动之时,可以覆盖全国430万名劳动个体,而2002年底瑞典全国的从业人口总数是442万(瑞典国家统计局所出版瑞典统计年鉴《STATISTISK ARSBOK for Sverige 2004》p371).不过就实际可能开设账户的人数,预计是第一年能有六十五万人,十年之内能够达到两百万人(据加拿大哥伦比亚大学Hans G.Schuetze在2005年所做研究报告《Financing Lifelong Learning:Potential of and Problems with Individual Learning Accounts in Three Countries》第20页).
②刘奉越.瑞典个人学习帐户制度研究[J].继续教育,2008(9).62-63.参调查专委会2000年11月所提交《Individual Learning Accounts, IKS - a Stimulus for Lifelong Learning starting in year 2002》.
③Hans G.Schuetze.Financing Lifelong Learning:Potential of and Problems with Individual Learning Accounts in Three Countries[EB/OL].http://ncspe.org/publications_files/OP107.pdf,2011-9-8.16.
①谌启标.瑞典职业教育与培训的新进展[J].中国职业技术教育,2004(27).36.
②参见瑞典教育与研究部为2008年在日内瓦召开的第48届国际教育大会所提交的教育发展国别报告英文版《The Development of Education:National report of Sweden》第13页.
③参加拿大Hans G.Schuetze研究报告《Financing Lifelong Learning:Potential of and Problems with Individual Learning Accounts in Three Countries》第20页与瑞典Goteborg大学Thomas Ericson的《Trends in the Pattern of Lifelong Learning in Sweden:towards a Decentralized Economy》一文第14-16页的分析(下载自http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/2735/1/gunwpe0188.pdf,20112-9).
"Cedefop(European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training)Panorama series 163. Individual Learning Accounts [R].Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,2009.11-12.
⑤雷达.瑞典：国小公民科学素质高[N].人民日报,2006-11-28(7)
①(美)保尔·朗格朗.终身教育引论[M].周南照、陈树清译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1985.35.
②王桂主编.当代外国教育——教育改革的浪潮与趋势[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1995.182.
①Swedishi Ministry of Education & Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004, Nr. U2003/4288/IS) [EB/OL].http://ww.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.2,5.
②四五十年代所谓的“统一学校”有四层含义：一是完全统-(totally unified)的基础教育学校体系,二是在初中阶段以前实行统一教育,将古典性的学习(classical studies)推迟到高中阶段；三是先进行六年的共同教育(common schooling),然后才进行分流；四是在完成八至九年的义务教育之后再进入分化的“义务教育后”学校(post-compulsory schools)。——Leon Bouche 《Tradition and Change in Swedish Education》第24页。
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.63,70,71.
②Swedishi Ministry of Education＆Science.The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004,Nr.U2003/4288/IS)[EB/OL].http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.7.
③Ministry of Education and Research.The new Education Act-for knowledge, choice and security [EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12996/a/142348(Published 22 March 2010),2010-5-3.
④“市”在瑞典是省下面一级的政权组织,是绝大多数公共服务职能的承担者。
①Skolverket.Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data(rapport nr 363)[EB/OL]. http://www.skolverket.se/2.3894/publicerat/2.5006?_xurl_=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.skolverket.se%3A808 O%2Fwtpub%2Fws%2Fskolbok%2Fwpubext%2Ftrycksak%2FBlob%2Fpdf2692.pdf%3Fk%3D2692,2012-3-2.48-51.
②Swedi shi Mini stry of Education＆Science.The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004,Nr.U2003/4288/IS)[EB/OL].http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.5.
③Ministry of Education and Research.Curricula with New Syllabuses and Knowledge Requirements and a New Grading Scale(Fact Sheet U08.021,dec.2008)[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/ c6/11/77/01/1011cd7a.pdf,2009-1-19.1.
④瑞典认为同一学段不同类型学校执行不同课程方案与教学大纲是推行等值化教育的藩篱。瑞典议会在1993年12月通过决议：将基础教育阶段各级各类学校的课程方案整合、统一成两套,一套适用于义务教育阶段,另一套适用于除此之外的非义务教育。1994年2月17日,国家教育署在同一天发布了这两套课程方案。
⑤梁光严编著.列国志：瑞典[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007.258.
①Skolverket.Education for All-the Swedish Education System.[Z]Printed by Lenanders Tryckeri AB,Kalmar,Sept.2000.16.
②Skollag(SFS nr.2010:800)[EB/OL].http://62.95.69.3/SFSdoc/10/100800.PDF,2011-8-17.
③Education Act(SFS 1985:1100,Amendments included:to and including SFS 2000:445)[EB/OL]. http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/15/38/1532b277.pdf,2007-3-18.
④Descriptive Data on Pre-school Activities,School-age Childcare,Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006.Report no.283 of Swedish National Agency for Education.57.
⑤瑞典在世纪之交也曾进行过这方面的调查研究与讨论,并一度认为父母亲选择将孩子留在家里实施包括义务教育在内的学校教育是父母“天然的权利”(natural right),此前的法律不但未明确禁止如此,而且从法意上讲,还能找到近似可以(或至少不是不可以)实施居家教育的法律条文(参瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学国际教育研究所Cynthia M.Villalba所撰《Creating Policy from Discursive Exchanges on Compulsory Education and Schooling in Sweden》一文,载《Evaluation and Research in Education》杂志2003年第2期).
⑥教育部对回信的公文编号是“U2011/6269/S”(2011年12月28日下载自http://esra-media.tripod.com/ 2011_Reply_Swedish_DoE.pdf).
⑦智障学校的学制是十年,按照十年来安排义务教育阶段的教学内容。
⑧据瑞典国家教育署在《Skolverkets lagesbed6mning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data》(rapport nr 363)第58页、62页中所列统计数据,1999-2000至2009-2010期间的十个学年度,这一比例都是近九成(最高的年份是89.9%,最低的年份为88.2%),但实际上每年初中毕业后升入高中阶段学校就读的比例都在98%左右(最高的年份是98.8%,最低的年份为97.5%；而且.每年都有一部分同学自己没有申请继续就读高中,这一比例在此十年间最高年份为3.2%,最低年份为1.1%),因为瑞典的高中阶段教育针对米达到义务教育毕业水准的申请者开设有单独的专业(program),或在录取就学后提供专门的补救帮扶措施。
①参《新华每日电讯》2006年5月17日第3版所载新华社报导《瑞典：即便全优高中生也不急于上大学》。
②庞超.瑞典高中职业教育改革新动向[J].中国职业技术教育,2009(10).67.
③Swedishi Ministry of Education and Research. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden(Prepared for the 48th session of the International Conference on Education, Oct.2004) [EB/OL].http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/sweden_NR08.pdf,2010-6-15.11.
④Ministry of Education and Research.Background of the New Upper Secondary School[EB/OL].http: www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12055/a/129149,published 30 June 2009,last updated 06 September 2011.
⑤Gymnasieutredningen.Framtidsv gen-en reformerad gymnasieskola(SOU 2008:27)[EB/OL].http:/ www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10005/a/101587,2008-331.57,51.
⑥Press release of Ministry of Education and Research. Bjorklund:A Renaissance for Vocational Education Programmes[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10086/a/101998,2008-4-2.
⑦Government Offices of Sweden.Sweden's National Reform Programme 2011[EB/OL].http://www.sweden. gov.se/sb/d/5867/a/167504,2011-6-9.31.
①Chapter 15,Section 2,paragraphs 1 and 2,Education Act (2010:800)转引自瑞典国家教育署2012年初印发的《Upper Secondary School 2011》(2012-39下载自http://www.senrp.se/sb/d/193)第8页。
②刘华锦,庞超.瑞典高中新一轮课程改革理念探析[J].教育导刊,2010(6).58.
① Mini stry of Education and Research. Upper Secondary School [EB/OL]. http://www.sweden.gov.se/ sb/d/10485,published 10 January 2008, last updated 07 September 2011. Ministry of Education and Research. Questions and answers [EB/OL]. http://www.sweden.gov.se/ sb/d/12056, published 30 June 2009, last updated 07 September 2011.
②Ministry of Education and Research.The Swedish Educational System[Z].Printed in May 2004.17.
③Gymnasieutredningen.Framtidsv gen-en reformerad gymnasieskola(SOU 2008:27)[EB/OL].http: www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10005/a/101587,2008-3-31.58.
④[日]中岛博.瑞典回归教育体制的确立[J].司荫贞译,外国教育动态,1981(3).24.
⑤参蔡培村、武文瑛《瑞典回流教育之经验与启示》(载台湾《教育资料集刊》2008年第12期；205、208页)。
⑥方彤,陈珊.瑞典大学的“门槛”低吗[N].中国教育报,2007-10-08(8)
① Skolverket.Beskrivande data om skolverksamheten 1997(Rapport nr 135)[R].Publi shed in 1997.32.
② Swedi sh National Agency for Education. Descriptive Data on Pre-school Aactivities, School-age Childcare,Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006(Report no.283)[R].Published in 2006.72.
③当然这也有其弊端,以致瑞典的高中生和大学生能在规定的最低修业年限(学制年限)内毕业的比例明显低于世界其他各国,中途休学、过一两年再返回去学习的情况比较突出。新华社2001年4月就曾根据《瑞典日报》的报导发过一篇通讯稿《瑞典高中生辍学现象严重》(下载自http://education.163.com/edit/010411 /010411_64353.html,网页时间为2011年4月11日),称瑞典高中生辍学比例九十年代中期为20%,2000年增至27%(不过另据http://www.b.shuttle.de/wifo/duoqual/s-se.htm的数据称,瑞典1997年高中一、高二的学生辍学率,国家专业都在4%左右,其中职教专业稍高一点,而个人计划专业的辍学率确实高达35%)。在2008年3月高中教育改革调研委员会发布的高中改革调研报告也抨击高中学校的学生不能按期毕业的情况太突出,“吞吐量”(throughput)(?)很不理想(见调研报告瑞典文版英文摘要)。
④(美)保尔·朗格朗.终身教育引论[M].周南照、陈树清译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1985.16.
① Swedishi Ministry of Education and Culture Affairs. National Report:Sweden [R]. Prepared for the 38th session of the UNESCO-International Conference on Education,1981.46.
② Swedishi Ministry of Education and Research. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (Prepared for the 48th session of the International Conference on Education, Oct.2004) [EB/OL]. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/sweden_NR08.pdf,2010-6-15.25.
③ Mats Ekholm, Sverker Hard. Lifelong Learning and Lifewide Learning [R]. Printed by Swedish National Agency for Education,2000.7.
④此外中央政府还办有两所成人教育学校,一些省份也开办了省立成人教育学校,均提供中学层次教学服务。
⑤ Fact Sheets on Sweden. Adult Education in Sweden [R]. Publishen by the Swedish Institute, Feb. 1985.3.
⑥ Swedishi Ministry of Education and Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (Prepared for the 46th session of the International Conference on Education,2001).7,4.为此《学校教育法》第一章第11条明确规定：“国家成人教育系统与面向儿童语年轻人的国家学校教育系统共同构成国家学校教育系统(national school system)”。
① Swedish National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Non-compulsory School System (Lpf 94, Amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:24, Printed by AB Danagards grafi ska, Odeshog,2006)8,9.
②提出要扩大规模,成人教育学校每年要新增十万学员,民众高中每年要新增学员一万名。参台湾《社教双月刊》2001年12月号所载《以降低失业率为目标的教育行动：瑞典成人教育五年行动计划》(作者许雅惠)。
Fact Sheet. The Adult Education Initiative-A unique programme for adult education [R]. Published by the Swedish Ministry of Education and Science, Jan.1999.1-2.
④Research Voor Beleid. Country Report on the Action Plan on Adult Learning:Sweden(March 2011) [EB/ OL]. http://adultlearning-budapest2011. teamwork. fr/docs/Country-report_SE_final. pdf,2012-1-12.5.
⑤ Swedish Ministry of Education and Research. Municipal adult education [EB/OL]. http://www.sweden. gov.se/sb/d/6997/a/67936 (last updated 06 May 2011),2011-7-13.
EAEA. Country Report on Adult Education in Sweden[R].Published by European Association for the Education of Adults, Helsinki,2011.5.
①现行《学校教育法》第1113章。参瑞典教育部2004年9月为欧洲职业教育发展中心(CEDEFOP)提交的《Structures of Education, Vocational Training and Adult Education Systems in Europe-Sweden》(2009-12-27下载自http://www.senrp.se/content/1/c4/53/04/SWEDEN_EN.pdf)第26-27页。
①据瑞典国家教育署《Skolverkets 1agesbed6mning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data》第131页原图改绘。
②这是近年来未办成人基础教育学校(机构)市政区数目最多的一年(2000年时仅八个,2008年首破二十)。
③本段及下表数据均据瑞典国家教育署2011年发布的第363号报告《Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data》(瑞典文版)第50、69、75、82、107、112-144页及其英文摘要版《Facts and figures 2011:Pre-school activities,school-age childcare,schools and adult education in Sweden》(2012-3-2下载自页面http://www.senrp.se/sb/d/193)第50-68页。
①Swedish National Agency for education.Upper Secondary School 2011(Published in 2012):EB/OL]. http://www.senrp.se/sb/d/193,2012-3-9.36.
②刘华锦,庞超.瑞典高中新一轮课程改革理念探析[J].教育导刊,2010(6).69.
③Sweden Tops Child Care Table[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/News_____20591.aspx, 2008-12-15.另据联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)2007年2月14日发表的对21个发达国家儿童状况的评估报告,根据物质福利、健康与安全、教育品质、伙伴和家庭关系、行为与危险、自我感觉六大标准,瑞典在这份榜单上排名第二,仅次于荷兰(下载于http://world.people.com.cn/GB/1029/42356/5402127.html,2007-2-15).
①Barbara Martin Korpi. The Po1itics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergellce and growth of the Swedi sh pre sch00l [R].Published by The Mimostry of Education and Research,2007.25-26.
②据瑞典国家统计局所出版的《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1971)第40页,《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1975)第272页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1981)第42页,《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1984)第317页,《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1992)第32、299页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1997)第38、316页数据计算得出。
③这一比例在1995年仅80%：80%与95%这两个数据分别见Barbara Martin Korpi《The Politics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions L]nderlying the emergence and growth of the Swedi sh pre-school》 第57页和方彤《瑞典基础教育》第37页)。
①转引自Barbara Martin Korpi 《The Politics of Pre- school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school》 第61-62页。
②但这并不是义务教育：各市政区当局有义务提供这样的教学服务,而且免费,但适龄儿童父母可以选择参加或者不参加。瑞典当时虽然仍规定7岁开始接受义务教育,但修订后的《学校教育法》已允许儿童可以提前到6岁入学。总之学前班面向的是开始接受义务教育之前一年的5-7岁儿童。
③其官方所给的英文译名叫"Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-school Class and the Leisure-time Centre"。
Hillevi Lenz Taguchi, Ingmarie Munkammar. Consolidating Governmental Early Childhooh Education and Care Services under the Ministry of Education and Science:A Swedish Case Study [R]. Early Childhood and Family Policy Series No.6-2003, Published by UNESCO, April 2003.17-20.
⑤ OECD. Starting Strong Ⅲ:A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care[R] published by OECD,2012. from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264123564-en,2012-1-13.53.
①[瑞典]格特鲁德·舒尔彼尔曼.瑞典幼儿学校的演变[J].邢克超译,外国教育动态,1980(2).32.
② Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Published by The Ministry of Education and Research,2007.9.
③ National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Pre-school (Lpfo98, Amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:22) [Z]. Printed by AB Danagards grafi ska, Odeshog,2006.4,9.
④李继宏,刘俊华.瑞典学前教育的目标、内容及方式：从终身学习的视角分析[J].幼儿教育·教育科学版,2007(z1).78.
⑤ National Agency for Education. Pre-school in Transition:A National Evaluation of the Swedish Pre-school (A summary of Report 2004-239) [R]. Printed by Elanders Gotab,2004.36,40,39.
①National Agency for Education. Ten Years after the Pre-school Reform:A national evaluation of the Swedish pre-school (A summary of Report 2008-318) [R]. Printed by AB Typoform,2008.18-19,8.
参台湾教育部《电子报》第346期(http://epaper.edu.tw/windows.aspx?windows_sn=2838,2009-2-19)所发表驻瑞典代表处文化组文化参事刘德胜译介《瑞典学前学校十年改革报告》。
Ministry of education and Reseach Fact Sheet. Status and Pedagogical Task of Preschool to be Strengthened (Published in June 2011) [EB/OL]. http://wwwoxydiane.net/IMG/pdf/Svezia_asilo.pdf, 2011-10-9.1,4.
③庞超.关照学生课后教育：瑞典学童看护制度与启示[J].比较教育研究,2009(12).77.
① National Agency for Education. Your Child's Leisure Time is Important-Information about leisure-time centres[EB/OL]. http://www.senrp.se/sb/d/193,2011-9-13.7-8.
② National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-school Class and the Leisure-time Centre (Lpo 94, Amended up to and including SKOLFS 2006:23) [Z]. Printed by AB Danagards grafi ska, Odeshog,2006.7,15.
③ Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R]. Published by The Ministry of Education and Research,2007.66,68.
④ National Agency for Education. Five Year with the Maximum Fee (English summary of Report 294) [R].Stockhol,2007.12.
①这样一来,相似的家庭无论生活在哪一市政区,都只需缴纳同样的学费,而且收费标准比改革前也便宜了很多。据瑞典乌普萨拉大学劳动力市场政策评估研究所(IFAU)2008年发布的第29号Working Paper 《Cheaper Childcare, More Children》 (作者Eva Mork, Anna Sjogren, Helena Svaleryd)第8-9页测算,在1999年,有两位成年人、两个学前教育学龄儿童的中等收入家庭,一般每月得支付儿童看护费2660瑞典克朗,而且还要看他们居住在哪个市政区,这决定着儿童看护的月缴费幅度在1560-3940瑞典克朗之间。在2002年实行限额收费后,同样的情况两个孩子所需看护费总共为1900瑞典克朗(收费区间在1040-1900瑞典克朗之间)。
② Barbara Martin Korpi. The Politics of Pre-school:intentions and decisions underlying the emergence and growth of the Swedish pre-school [R].Published by The Ministry of Education and Research,2007.70,75.
③根据瑞典国家统计局发布《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1981)第42页和《Statistical Yearbookof Sweden》(2012)第83页数据,瑞典全国1980年、2010年年末6岁及以下人口分别为694475、774024人。
①根据瑞典国家统计局所发布《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1981)第314页数据算得。当时是7岁开始接受义务教育,因此一般而言,“12岁及以下学童”大致就是五年级及其以下的义务教育学校学生。
②根据瑞典国家统计局所发布《Yearbook of Educational Stati stics 2012》第53、63页数据算得。现在是6岁开始接受义务教育,因此一般而言,“12岁及以下学童”主要就是六年级及其以下的义务教育学校学生,另外因为学前班的学生也纳入“学童看护”覆盖范围,因此应将其包括进去。。
③据瑞典国家统计局所出版《Stati stical Yearbook of Sweden》(1984)第317页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1988)第306页、《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1992)第299页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1997)第316页、《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(2004)第511页.《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(2009)第495页、《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(2012)第437-438页数据。为便于参照当年的适龄儿童大致人数,列出了各学年度义务教育学校一年级学生人数(如果列各年龄段人数,表格将太复杂)。所列义务教育学校一年级学生人数来自瑞典国家教育署所发布的《Beskrivande data om skolverksamheten 1997》第12页《Descriptive Data on Child Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》第28页,以及瑞典国家统计局所发布《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1981)第314页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1982-1983)第312页《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1984)第354页《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2012》第63页,其中1983-1984学年度至1993-1994学年度数据系据瑞典国家统计局《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden》(1985)第353页《Stati stical Yearbook of Sweden》(1992)第340页所列当年小学1-3年级学生总人数除以3所得约数。
④2008-2009学年度以前叫“family day care",2009-2010学学年度以后叫"Pedagogical care".
①刘华俊,李继宏.学习化社会背景下的瑞典教育改革——以学前教育和高等教育为蓝本[J].比较教育研究,2008(1).44.
② UNICEF. The Child Care Transition-A league table of early childhood education and care in economically advanced countries [R]. Innocenti Report Card 2008-8, published by UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence,2008.2.
③ UNESCO Institute for Statistics. GLOBAL EDUCATION DIGEST 2011-Comparing Education Statistics Across the World [EB/OL]. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/global_education_digest_20 11_en.pdf,2011-10-31.96-99.
④ Helene Lumholdt, Monica Klasen McGrath. The Swedish Pre-school Class-One of a kind [R]. published by the Swedish National Agency for School Improvement,2006.5.
①(美)保尔·朗格朗.终身教育引论[M].周南照、陈树清译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1985.16.
②世界全民教育大会.世界全民教育宣言[EB/OL].http://www.ctc-health.org.cn/file/20081008007.pdf,2008-10-11.3.
③Dual Qualification in Sweden Vocational Programmes [EB/OL].http://www.b.shuttle.de/wifo/duoq ual/s-se.htm(First set up 23/08/1998,Latest update:25/04/2000),2008-7-27.
④汪霞主编.国外中小学课程演进[M].济南：山东教育出版社,2000.582.
⑤(美)保尔·朗格朗.终身教育引论[M].周南照、陈树清译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1985.6.
①Swedish National Agency for Education. The Foundation for Lifelong Learning (Report No.2000-182 of the Agency) [R]. Printed by Katarina Tryck, Stockholm 2000.9.
②MatsEkholm, Sverker Hard. Lifelong Learning and Lifewide Learning [R]. Printed by Swedish National Agency for Education,2000.10,9,30-31.
③Swedish National Agency for Education. The Foundation for Lifelong Learning (Report No.2000-182 of the Agency) [R]. Printed by Katarina Tryck, Stockholm 2000.101.
① Ministry of Education and Research. The New Education Act for knowledge, choice and security (Published 22 March 2010)[EB/OL].http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12996/a/142348,2010-5-19.
②Swedish National Agency for Education.Curriculum for the Compulsory School,Preschool Class and the Leisure-time Centre 2011(Lgr 11):Z:Printed by Ordforradet AB,Stockholm,2011.9,11-12.
①Swedi sh National Agency for Education.Curriculum for the Compulsory School,Preschool Class and the Leisure-time Centre 2011(Lgr 11)[Z]Printed by Ordforradet AB,Stockholm,2011.12.
②Swedi sh National Agency for Education. Curriculum for the Compulsory School, Preschool Class and the Leisure time Centre 2011(Lgr 11)[Z]Printed by Ordf6rradet AB,Stockholm,2011.15-16.
③在字体与页面设置一样的情况下,同样的英文版,已厚达242页,而2000年与2008年修订之后的版本分别仅92页、95页。
④Swedishi Ministry of Education&Science.The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004,Nr.U2003/4288/IS)[EB/OL].http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.10.
①马延伟.瑞典客人来我所访问[EB/OL].http://219.234.174.136/gjjl/jlxx/gjjl_20070925094538.html, 2007-11-13.
② Mats Ekholm, Sverker Hard. Lifelong Learning and Lifewide Learning [R]. Printed by Swedish National Agency for Education,2000.11.
②方肜著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.73-74.另参瑞典教育部2004年向第47届世界教育大会提交的《The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden》 (August 2004, Nr. U2003/4288/IS)第10页。
①English summary of Ann-Chri stine Vallberg Roth&Annika Mansson's Individuella utvecklingsplaner som uttryck for reglerad barndom-Likriktning med variation[EB/OL].http://www.ped.gu.se/pedfo/ pdf-filer/engsuml3-2.pdf,2011-8-30.123.
②据瑞典《Pedagogisk Forskning i Sverige》杂志2008年第2期《Individuella utvecklingsplaner som uttryck for reglerad barndom -Likriktning med variation》(p82)一文所载数据,在学前教育领域要求执行个人发展计划的市政区比例,此前五年间从10%提高到了48%。另参瑞典国家教育署2008年发表的《Ten Years after the Pre school Reform-A national evaluation of the Swedish pre school》第11页。
③参《OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education-SWEDEN》(2011年2月出版,2011-12-17下载于http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/38/42/47169533.pdf)第8-9页。 ①Nanny Hart smar.Educational Policies that Address Social Inequality-Country Report:Sweden[R] Published by EU Education and Culture Socrates, Nov.2008.10.
②参见其专门网站"http://iupp.se/"。
③瑞典自主学习学校：让孩子做自己[N].台湾《立报》,20003-17(4).
④刘华锦,庞超.瑞典高中新一轮课程改革理念探析[J].教育导刊,2010(6).57.
①参汪霞主编《国外中小学课程演进》(山东教育出版社2000年版)第666-667页。
② Skolverket. Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data (rapport nr 363) [EB/OL]. http://www.skolverket.se/2.3894/publicerat/2.5006?_xurl_=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.skolverket.se%3A808 0%2Fwtpub%2Fws%2Fskolbok%2Fwpubext%2Ftrycksak%2FBlob%2Fpdf2692. pdf%3Fk%3D2692,2012-3-2.85.
③根据瑞典国家教育署2011年11月发布瑞典文版《Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data:Forskoleverksamhet, skolbarnsomsorg, skola och vuxenutbildning》第85页原图改绘
①[瑞典]托斯坦·胡森.论教育质量[J].施良方译,华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),1987(3).5.
②方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.161.95.
③Kristian Ramstedt. National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System [R]. Translated into English by Ander Auer,published by Swedish National Agency for Education,2005.7,9.另参斯德哥尔摩大学教育研究所Astrid Pettersson2004年所发《The National Tests and National Asses-sment in Sweden》(2010-5-21下载于http://www.prim.su.se/artiklar/pdf/Sw_test_ICME.pdf)第2页。
①Kristian Ramstedt.National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System[R].Translated into Engli sh by Ander Auer,published by Swedish National Agency for Education,2005.14-18.
②褚慧玲,周磊.瑞典中小学的学业评价与考试探析[J] 教育测量与评价(理论版),2010(8).56,57.
③比如义务教育阶段所得的MVG、VG和G等级,就分别对应20、15和10分。
④2012年1月27日瑞典的一家新闻网站就刊登了一则案例《Principal Stopped Kids from Getting Marks that Were'Too Low'》(http://www.thelocal.se/38754/20120127/),并提出了,“如若教师给学生成绩评定分数太低校长是否有权干预”的疑问。
⑤马延伟.瑞典客人来我所访问[EB/OL].http://219.234.174.136/gjjl/jlxx/gjjl_20070925094538.html,2007-11-13.
①Fact Sheet (No. U08.021). Curricula with New Syllabuses and Knowledge Requirements and a New Grading Scale [Z] Published by Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, Dec.2008.参2008年11月21日下载自http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/09/78/62/a72a0612.pdf的包括义务教育与高中教育的新旧两套等级评定分数折合对比图。另参2008年11月21日下载自http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10282的“学业评级新体系问答”(FAQ)。
②Kristian Ramstedt. National Assessment and Grading in the Swedish School System [R]. Translated into English by Ander Auer, published by Swedish National Agency for Education,2005.19.
① Swedish National Agency for Education. Descriptive Data on Pre-school Activities, School-age Childcare, Schools and Adult Education in Sweden 2006 (Report no.283).55.
② Skolverket. Skolverkets lagesbedomning 2011Del 1-Beskrivande data (rapport nr 363).59.
③ National Agency for Education. Skolverket-a presentation [R]. Printed by db grafiska, Orebro, 2002.2.
④ Skolutveckling. National School Development-for Enhanced Knowledge and Better Results (Report No.16/2006) [R].Printed by Elanders Gotab AB, Valingby,2007.11.
①Skolinspektionen.Our activities[EB/OL].http://www.skolinspektionen.se/en/About-Skolinspek tionen/The-activities-of-the-School-Inspectorate/,2011-12-14.
②钱一呈主编.外国教育督导与评价制度研究[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社,2006.293-298,311-312.
③2003年后三季度用于教育检查的预算为5.42亿克朗,全年预计要7.7亿克朗,比2002年教育质量检查的预算增加了50%。2004年的专项预算预计比2002年增加70%。到2005年,增办加到了2002年的两倍。
④中国教育部网站.赴瑞典、西班牙、意大利教育督导考察报告EB/OL].http://202.205.177.9/edoas/web sitel8/95/info18195.htm,2007-5-23.
⑤Swedish Schools Inspectorate.The Inspectorate of Educational Inspection of Sweden[EB/OL].http: //www.skolinspektionen.se/PageFiles/1854/SwedishSchoolsInspectorate2009.pdf,2009-9-3.1.
⑥驻瑞典台北代表团文化组.瑞典学校督导局评鉴：学习力及特殊学生协助需加强[N].台湾“教育部”电子报,第396期(2010-2-4)
①驻瑞典台北代表团文化组.瑞典学校督导局改进全国学测建议[N].台湾“教育部”电子报,第462期(2011526).
②见台湾“教育部”电子报第286期(2007-1213)、第440期(2010-12-16)。
①[瑞典]约翰·诺尔贝格(Johan Norberg)著.为全球化申辩[M].姚中秋,陈海威译,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008.241.
②李丽红编.多元文化主义[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2011.“选编说明”第1页.
③联合国开发计划署.2004年人类发展报告——当今多样化世界中的文化自由[M].本书翻译组译,北京：中国财政经济出版社,2004.2.
④另外两个是加拿大与澳大利亚。
①Dennis Sven Nordin. A Swedish Dilemma-A Liberal European Nation's Struggle with Racism and Xenophobia,1990-2000 [M]. New York:University Press of America,2005.17.
②Harald Runblom. Swedish Multicultural ism in a Comparative European Perspective [J]. Sociological Forum, Vol.9. No.4,1994.628.
③[英国]尼尔·肯特(Neil kent)著.瑞典史[M].吴英译,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,2010.224.
④Harald Runblom. Swedish Multiculturalism in a Comparative European Perspective [J].Sociological Forum, Vol.9. No.4,1994.628-629.
⑤Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.148.
⑥Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.149.
①[瑞典]斯·哈登纽斯.二十世纪的瑞典政治[M].戴汉笠,许力译,北京：求实出版社,1990.48,62.
②Dennis Sven Nordin. A Swedish Dilemma - A Liberal European Nation's Struggle with Racism and Xenophobia,1990-2000 [M]. New York:University Press of America,2005.23.
③Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.149-151.
④Walter Korpi. The Working Class in Welfare Capitalism:Work, Unions and Politics in Sweden [M]. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1981.58.
①Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.158-160.
②Bastian Vollmer. Immigration Policy in Sweden [EB/OL]. http://www.emzberlin.de/projekte_e/pj32_lpdf/MigPol/MigPol_ Sweden.pdf,2007-7-18.
③[瑞典]斯·哈登纽斯.二十世纪的瑞典政治[M].戴汉笠,许力译,北京：求实出版社,1990.19.
④Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations 2007. Sweden [EB/OL].http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Swe den.aspx,2008-12-15.
⑤Dennis Sven Nordin. A Swedish Dilemma-A Liberal European Nation's Struggle with Racism and Xenophobia,1990-2000 [M]. New York:University Press of America,2005.26.
⑥SCB. Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 1986.42.
①SCB. Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2012.94.
②根据瑞典国家统计局网站2012-2-20发布的最新统计数据(http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart_26047.aspx)绘制。
③Susan Opper. Multiculturalism in Sweden:A Case of Assimilation and Integration [J]. Comparative Education,1983, Vol.19, No.2 (Special Number 7:Education and Diversity of Cultures).202.
④根据瑞典国家统计局所发布《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2012》第100页数据计算得出。
①据瑞典Pieter Bevelander等编著《Resettled and Included? The Employment Integration of Resettled Refugees in Sweden》p49数据：2007年瑞典近十万移入民中以家庭团聚为由者达2.9万人,比例高达29.15%；而据瑞典一体化与性别平等部(Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality)2009年12月发布的Fact Sheet 《Swedish Integration Policy》第4页数据：2008年在瑞典获得居住许可或居住注册权的90021人中,以家庭团聚为由者达33687人,比例更是高达37.42%。
②根据瑞典国家统计局网站2012-2-20发布的最新统计数据(http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____26047.aspx)绘制。
②Susan Opper. Multiculturalism in Sweden:A Case of Assimilation and Integration [J]. Comparative Education,1983, Vol.19, No.2 (Special Number 7:Education and Diversity of Cultures).196.
①SCB. Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2012.101.
②Fact Sheet. Swedish Integration Policy [R]. Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality,2009.
Pieter Bevelander, Mirjam Hagstrom & sofa Ronnqvist. Resettled and Included? The Employment Integration of Resettled Refugees in Sweden [M]. Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmo 2009.51.
④Susan Opper. Multiculturalism in Sweden:A Case of Assimilation and Integration [J]. Comparative Education,1983, Vol.19, No.2 (Special Number 7:Education and Diversity of Cultures).202.
⑤路德教又称“信义宗”,是基督教新教的一个重要派别,在欧洲语言中原为“路德宗”(Lutheran church),翻译成中文的时候,考虑到马丁·路德不愿以自己的名字为派别命名的意愿,改译“信义宗”。
①General Information about Sweden[EB/OL].http://www.randburg.com/sw/general/general_6html. 2008-8-16.
②Harald Runblom.Swedish Multiculturalismin a Comparative European Perspective[EB/OL].http://www. springerlink.com/index/h412426375270k73.pdf,2009-3-7.629.
③杨洪贵.瑞典多元文化政策初探[J].欧洲研究,2006(5) 112.
①滕星.多元文化教育——全球多元文化社会的政策与实践[M].北京：民族出版社,2010.285.
②Tomas Hamma. Immigration Research in Sweden [J]. InterrzationalVol.14, No.1, Spring 1980.98.
Harald Runblom. Swedish Multiculturalismin a Comparative European Perspective [EB/OL]. http://www. springerlink.com/index/h412426375270k73.pdf,2009-3-7.631.
①Tomes Hammer, European immigration policy; A Comparative Study, p.36.
②Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.158.
③Susan Opper. Multiculturalism in Sweden:A Case of Assimilation and Integration [J]. Comparative Education,1983, Vol.19, No.2 (Special Number 7:Education and Diversity of Cultures).205-206.
④滕星.多元文化教育——全球多元文化社会的政策与实践[M].北京：民族出版社,2010.285.
①Dennis Sven Nordin. A Swedish Dilemma-A Liberal European Nation's Struggle with Racism and Xenophobia,1990-2000 [M]. New York:University Press of America,2005.32,33,36.
②Eytan Meyers. The Political Economy of International Immigration Policy[J]. A Comparative and Quantitative Study, The University of Chicago,1995.163,23.
③Lars Jedrlund, Victor Kayfetz. In Transition:From Immigration Policy to Integration Policy in Sweden (published in Scandinavian Review) [EB/OL]. http;//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5037524 923,2009-12-7.
④Harald Runblom, "Swedish Multiculturalism in a Comparative European Perspective" p.634.
⑤Stephen Castles, "Book Reviews,'Paradoxes of Multiculturalism; Essays on Swedish Society'", International Migration Review, Vol.27, No.2, Summer 1993, p.439.
①Christine Inglis,Multicultwalism:New Policy Responses to Diversity, Paris.Unesco,1996:44.
②杨洪贵.瑞典社会对外来移民的整合[EB/OL]. http://www.hnshx.com/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=770 5,2011-12-23.
.Lars Jedrlund,Victor Kayfetz.In Transition:From Immigration Policy to Integration Policy in Sweden (published in Scandinavian Review) [EB/OL].http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5037524 923,2009-12-7.
④参瑞典工业、雇用与交通部(Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications)2002年6月发布的Fact Sheet《Swedi sh Integration Policy for the 21st Century》正文第1页。
① Lars Jedrlund, Victor Kayfetz. In Transition:From Immigration Policy to Integration Policy in Sweden (published in Scandinavian Review) [EB/OL]. http;//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5037524 923,2009-12-7.
②李丽红编.多元文化主义[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2011.38.
①Harald Runblom, "Swedish Multiculturalism in a Comparative European Perspective" p.623-624.
②滕星.多元文化教育——全球多元文化社会的政策与实践[M].北京：民族出版社,2010.285-286.
①方彤著.瑞典基础教育[M].广州：广东教育出版社,2004.82.
②Stephen J. Ball & Staffan Larsson. The Struggle for Democratic Education:Equality and Participation in Sweden [M]. London:The Palmer Press,1989.67.
①Fact Sheet. National Minorities and Minority Languages[R]. Publi shed by Swedish Ministry of Justice,2003.1另参"http://www.euromanet.eu/facts/se/index.html"页面内容。
②[美国]Deborah B. Robinso著.北欧的萨米人[M].张艺贝译,北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005.4.
③塔西佗著.阿古利可拉传日尔曼尼亚志[M].马雍译,北京：商务印书馆,1985.146.
①Arthur Spencer. The Lapps [M].New York:Crane, Russak & Company Inc.,1978.47.
②程秋棠.透视北欧萨米人的发展历史与生存根基[J],民族论坛,2008(5).37.
③赵锦元.鲜为人知的原始民族与文化[M].北京：中央民族大学出版社,1999.96-97.
④郝时远,张世和,纳日碧力戈.瑞典萨米人及其驯鹿业考察报告[J].世界民族,1996(4).
① Arthur Spencer. The Lapps [M].New York:Crane, Russak & Company Inc.,1978.25.
② Yokkmokk. The Saam:People of the SunandWind [M]. Sweden:Ajtte, Swedish Mountain and Saami Museum,1993.80.
③蒂莫西·塞弗林著.消亡中的原始人[M].周水涛译,北京：东方出版社,1989.3638.
①赵锦元.世界风俗大观[M].上海：上海文艺出版社,1989.228.
②瑞典对外文化学会.北欧土著萨阿米人[J].杨永范译,民族译从,1982(1).72-74.
③程秋棠.透视北欧萨米人的发展历史与生存根基：J].民族论坛,2008(5).39.
④蒂莫西·塞弗林著.消亡中的原始人[M].周水涛译,北京：东方出版社,1989.266.
①程秋棠.透视北欧萨米人的发展历史与生存根基[J].民族论坛,2008(5).39.
②Neil Kent. A Concise History of Sweden [M]. Cambridge University Press,2008.84.
③TomasHammar. European Immigration Policy:A Comparative Study [M]. Cambridge University Press, 1985.21-22.
④FrancisM. Hult, Planning for Multilingualism and Minority Language Right in Sweden [J]. Language Policy, vo.13, No.2, May 2004.189.
① Toom G. Svensson, Ethnicity and Mobilization in Sami Politics [M]. Stockholm:Libertryck,1976. 101.
②参见Rev. Gust. Park, "Efforts to Create Lapp Organisations in Sweden"in The Lapps Today.'in Einland Norway and Sweden, Rowland G. P. Hill ed., pp.90-92;《北欧土著萨阿米人》,杨永范译自瑞典对外文化学会1989年12月3日对外发行的文件(载《民族译从》,1982年第1期)。
③郝时远、张世和、纳日碧力戈.瑞典萨米人及其驯鹿业考察报告[J].世界民族,1996(4).67.
④[美国Deborah B. Robinso著.北欧的萨米人[M].张艺贝译,北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005.21.
①郝时远、张世和、纳日碧力戈.瑞典萨米人及其驯鹿业考察报告[J].世界民族,1996(4).67.
②廖敏文.《欧洲保护少数民族框架公约》评述[J].《民族研究》,2004(5).10-17.
③ Fact Sheet. Minority Rights are Strenghtened [R]. Published by Swedish Ministry for Integration and Gender Equality,2009.
①程秋堂.北欧萨阿米人及其历史变迁[D].华东师范大学硕士论文,2009.69.
①参瑞典《学校教育法》(Education Act, SFS No:1985:1100, amendments included:to and including SFS2000：445)第八章。据瑞典国家教育署2011年发布的363号报告第49页数据,2010-2011学年度,全国萨米学校总共只有学生141人,事实上2000年以来学生最多的一年是2000-2001学年度,达163人,最少的年份是2009-2010学年度,只有131人。
②Mikael Svonni. Sami-The Sami Language in Education in Sweden [R]. Mercator-Education,2001.7-16.
①Paul 0'Mahony.Teacher Warned for Raci st Remarks[EB/OL].http://www.thelocal.se/6774/20070323/ 2007-5-20.
①滕星.多元文化教育——全球多元文化社会的政策与实践[M].北京：民族出版社,2010.273-274.
②滕星.多元文化教育——全球多元文化社会的政策与实践[M].北京：民族出版社,2010.276.
③据瑞典国家统计局《Statistical Yearbook of Sweden-(2012)p100-101、《Staristical Yearbook of Sweden》 (2002)p87.《Statstical Yearbook of Sweden》(1992)p59数据绘制.
①张国平.瑞典、芬兰、丹麦三国学前教育目标比较研究[J].课程教材教学研究(幼教研究),2011(1).31.
①杨林.二十世纪九十年代以来瑞典基础教育课程改革的理念与创新[D].西南大学,2011.31.
②Dennis Sven Nordin. A Swedi sh Dilemma -A Liberal European Nation's Struggle with Racism and Xenophobia,1990-2000 [M]. New York:University Press of America,2005.32-33.
③Miho Taguma,Moonhee Kim etc.OECD Reviews of Migrant Education SWEDEN[R].OECD,March 2010.17.
④Immigrant Children Shortchanged by Swedi sh Schools[EB/OL]. http://www.thelocal.se/33968/ 20110524/,2011-5-25.
②中国驻瑞典大使馆教育处.瑞典中小学校差距呈扩大态势[J] 基础教育参考,2007(8).26.
①驻瑞典使馆教育处.瑞典政府的语言政策分析.世界教育信息,2002(10).31.
①据瑞典国家教育署《Beskrivande data 2009-Forskoleverksamhet,skolbarnsomsorg,skola och vuxenutbildning》(Skolverkets rapport nr 335,2009-11)第44数据整理。
①张莉.瑞典移民的语言教育[J].中国民族教育,2011(10).43.
①张莉.瑞典移民的语言教育[J].中国民族教育,2011(10).44.
①Mikael Svonni. The Sami language in education in Sweden [R] Mercator-Education:European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education,2011.7.
②资料来源：瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics2002》第67、77页,及瑞典国家统计局(Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2012》第63、72页。另参见瑞典国家教育署《Beskrivande data 2009-Forskoleverksamhet, skolbarnsomsorg, skola och vuxenutbildning》 (Skolverkets rapport nr 335,2009-11)第42-43页。
①Leah Hyslop.Sweden is Top Country at Integrating Immigrants[EB/OL].http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ expat/expatnews/8359653/Sweden-is-top-country-at-integrating-immigrants.html,2011-3-5.
②刘德胜.瑞典许多学校存在种族歧视的恫吓案件[EB/OL].http://epaper.edu.tw/windows.aspx?windows_sn=2929,2009-03-03.
③(?)
①Ides Nicaise, Gosta Esping-Andersen, etc. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country note: SWEDEN [R].OECD,2005.14.
①即学生“个人发展计划”(该报告中的表述为individual developmental plan)。
②以及包含该词根的equalisation、equalising、equality、equal以及equity等单词。
③之所以没有提及再早前的几份报告,是因为手头10份报告中只有这5份有电子版：在电子版中通过查找功能统计其出现次数才不致遗漏。
Swedishi Ministry of Education & Science. The Development of Education-National Report of Sweden (August 2004, Nr. U2003/4288/IS) [EB/OL]. http://www. ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE/natrap/Sw eden.pdf,2007-6-9.7-9.
①即《Act Prohibiting Discrimination and Other Degrading Treatment of Children and School Students》 (SFS 2006:67),2006年2月颁布,4月1日生效。
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③2011年版高中课纲尚未得到,但国家教育署《Upper Secondary School 2011》中多次出现“等值”一词。
④Ides Nicaise, Gosta Esping-Andersen, etc. Equity in Education Thematic Review-Country note: SWEDEN [R]. OECD,2005.14.
①因为一般而言都是随着时间推移教育的条件越来越好、水平越来越高,下一代人总是比上一代人的受教育条件更好。
②根据瑞典国家教育署《Descriptive Data on Child Care and Schools in Sweden in 2000》第82、84页与瑞典国家统计局《Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2012》第203、404页数据可知：2010-2011学年度全国290个市政区中有260个提供了SFI教育服务,参加学习的外来移民人数创历史新高,达96136人,财政投入达18.55亿瑞典克朗,分别是1998-1999学年度的2.77倍和3.07倍。
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①比如针对学前教育整合到教育系统五年、十年之际的发展情况,儿童看护与学前教育费用限额制度实施情况,学童课外闲暇中心发展状况,以及青少年学生的闲暇时间是如何度过的等等,国家教育署都进行了专项的调研评估,并发布了翔实的评估报告。
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⑤原载2007年10月8口《武汉晨报》,2010年11月3日下载于黑龙江教育信息网http://www.hlje.net/e/ action/ShowInfo.php?classid=222&id=34274).
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①我国从2006年开始在农村全面实施免费义务教育 这是
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