人类活动影响下海河流域典型区水循环变化分析
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摘要
海河流域人口密集，水资源供需关系紧张。近年来，在人工取水、下垫面变化和农业灌溉等人类活动影响下，流域水循环发生了显著变化。人类活动对海河流域山区和平原灌区水循环的影响方式和机制有所不同，论文分别选取流域内的典型山区与平原灌区，探讨了人类活动影响下山区径流、平原区地下水位及水质的变化特征。
论文以密云水库上游流域为研究对象，分析人类活动影响下海河流域典型山区的水循环变化特征。分析表明在1956~2005年期间，流域年径流明显减少，降雨和平均气温分别呈显著下降和升高趋势，人工取水量明显增加，人类活动和气候变化是引起径流减少的主要原因。论文将研究期划分为1956~1983和1984~2005年两个时段，以两时段内年平均径流的变化来评价流域径流的减少量，并采用数据分析与水文模型相结合的综合分析方法，定量评价了人工取用水、气候变化以及下垫面变化对径流减少的贡献。结果表明，人类活动对径流减少的贡献略小于气候变化的贡献。
论文以位山引黄灌区为研究对象，探讨人类活动影响下海河流域典型平原灌区的水循环变化特征。对1974~2007年位山灌区地下水位变化的分析表明，灌区地下水位总体保持在较高水平，但一干渠末端附近的地下水位出现较明显的下降。灌区地下水位在空间分布上沿干渠上游至下游逐渐下降，灌区内地下水位高于灌区外，表明引黄灌溉是维持位山灌区现状地下水位的主要原因。在位山灌区典型田间的水循环综合观测数据基础上，结合田间水循环模型，分析了农田水分运移规律及水量平衡特征。在黄河水资源供需矛盾日益突出的背景下，位山灌区未来引黄水量可能有所减少，论文以1984~2007年的气象和引黄流量数据为基础，采用田间水循环模型分析了不同灌溉水平下，灌区地下水位及蒸散发的变化特征。
对于位山灌区，人类活动对水环境也有明显影响。灌溉导致地下水位抬升，带来土壤盐渍化风险；灌溉和施肥影响农田的氮素平衡，硝态氮淋溶可能造成地下水污染。论文在2010年5~11月期间，对灌区典型农田的土壤水与地下水进行了分层连续采样，检测了样本的盐分与氮素含量，检测数据显示：土壤水与地下水中，盐分浓度在120cm附近出现峰值，硝态氮浓度总体随埋深的增加而降低；铵态氮含量很低，表明土壤的硝化能力很强。论文采用田间盐分运移模型，探讨了灌排不平衡时的盐渍化风险；建立了对饱和－非饱和带耦合模拟的农田氮素迁移转化模型，探讨了农田氮素平衡特征，并对根层硝态氮的淋溶损失进行了评估。
Hai River Basin is suffering from serious water scarcity, and its hydrologicalprocesses changed a lot under intense human activities, including water abstract fromrivers and reservoirs, land surface change and agricultural irrigation. Human activitiesinfluence water cycle in different ways for mountainous and irrigated area, and typicalmountainous catchment and irrigated area in the Hai River Basin were investigatedrespectively, to understand the characteristics of hydrological changes under humanactivity.
Regarding the hydrological changes in mountainous region of the Hai River Basin,the upstream catchment of Miyun Reservoir was selected as the study area. Analysis ofthe observed data during1956~2005showed that runoff and rainfall in the catchmentwere decreasing, while mean temperature and direct water abstraction were increasing.The annual runoff had a stronger decreasing trend than the annual precipitation, and thereasons for its decrease came from two main aspects, which are impacts from climatechange and human activity. Using a comprehensive method of data analysis andhydrological model, the contribution of different factors to the runoff decrease wereevaluated quantitatively.
Regarding the hydrological changes in the agricultural region of the Hai RiverBasin, the Weishan Irrigation District was selected as the study area. Analysis of theclimate data during1958~2007showed that rainfall and mean temperature in thedistrict were slightly decreasing and increasing respectively. Analysis of thegroundwater level data during1974~2007showed that, the groundwater level in thedistrict was mainly stable, but the the groundwater level near the end of the1st mainchannel showed a decreasing trend. The groundwater level within the district was higherthan outside, which indicated that the water from the Yellow River was the main factorin keeping the high groundwater level. Under limitation of water resources from theYellow River, the water cycle in the Weishan Irrigation District may change in future.Basing on hydrological simulation, together with the analysis of field observation data,changes in evapotranspiration and groundwater level was predicted under differentirrigation scenarios.
Another aspect of the impacts of human activities in the Weishan Irrigation Districtis change of the water environment. Irrigation water from the Yellow River brought a large amount of salt into the field, and at the same time, irrigation as well as fertilizationhad obvious impacts on field nitrogen balance. Salt and nitrogen content at differentdepths was continuously measured from May to November2010in a typical field in theWeishan Irrigation District. The analysis based on the measured data showed that: saltcontent reached a peak value near the depth of120cm, while the nitrate contentdecreased with the increasing of soil depth. The ammonium content was quite low,indicating a very strong nitrification process in the field. Using a salt movement modelat field scale, the impact of irrigation on salt accumulation was discussed, and the riskof soil salinization under poor drainage condition was evaluated. By developing a modelfor field nitrogen transformation and movement, the nitrogen balance under theirrigation and fertilization conditions was analyzed, and the leaching amount of nitrateout of the root layer was evaluated.
论文以密云水库上游流域为研究对象，分析人类活动影响下海河流域典型山区的水循环变化特征。分析表明在1956~2005年期间，流域年径流明显减少，降雨和平均气温分别呈显著下降和升高趋势，人工取水量明显增加，人类活动和气候变化是引起径流减少的主要原因。论文将研究期划分为1956~1983和1984~2005年两个时段，以两时段内年平均径流的变化来评价流域径流的减少量，并采用数据分析与水文模型相结合的综合分析方法，定量评价了人工取用水、气候变化以及下垫面变化对径流减少的贡献。结果表明，人类活动对径流减少的贡献略小于气候变化的贡献。
论文以位山引黄灌区为研究对象，探讨人类活动影响下海河流域典型平原灌区的水循环变化特征。对1974~2007年位山灌区地下水位变化的分析表明，灌区地下水位总体保持在较高水平，但一干渠末端附近的地下水位出现较明显的下降。灌区地下水位在空间分布上沿干渠上游至下游逐渐下降，灌区内地下水位高于灌区外，表明引黄灌溉是维持位山灌区现状地下水位的主要原因。在位山灌区典型田间的水循环综合观测数据基础上，结合田间水循环模型，分析了农田水分运移规律及水量平衡特征。在黄河水资源供需矛盾日益突出的背景下，位山灌区未来引黄水量可能有所减少，论文以1984~2007年的气象和引黄流量数据为基础，采用田间水循环模型分析了不同灌溉水平下，灌区地下水位及蒸散发的变化特征。
对于位山灌区，人类活动对水环境也有明显影响。灌溉导致地下水位抬升，带来土壤盐渍化风险；灌溉和施肥影响农田的氮素平衡，硝态氮淋溶可能造成地下水污染。论文在2010年5~11月期间，对灌区典型农田的土壤水与地下水进行了分层连续采样，检测了样本的盐分与氮素含量，检测数据显示：土壤水与地下水中，盐分浓度在120cm附近出现峰值，硝态氮浓度总体随埋深的增加而降低；铵态氮含量很低，表明土壤的硝化能力很强。论文采用田间盐分运移模型，探讨了灌排不平衡时的盐渍化风险；建立了对饱和－非饱和带耦合模拟的农田氮素迁移转化模型，探讨了农田氮素平衡特征，并对根层硝态氮的淋溶损失进行了评估。
Hai River Basin is suffering from serious water scarcity, and its hydrologicalprocesses changed a lot under intense human activities, including water abstract fromrivers and reservoirs, land surface change and agricultural irrigation. Human activitiesinfluence water cycle in different ways for mountainous and irrigated area, and typicalmountainous catchment and irrigated area in the Hai River Basin were investigatedrespectively, to understand the characteristics of hydrological changes under humanactivity.
Regarding the hydrological changes in mountainous region of the Hai River Basin,the upstream catchment of Miyun Reservoir was selected as the study area. Analysis ofthe observed data during1956~2005showed that runoff and rainfall in the catchmentwere decreasing, while mean temperature and direct water abstraction were increasing.The annual runoff had a stronger decreasing trend than the annual precipitation, and thereasons for its decrease came from two main aspects, which are impacts from climatechange and human activity. Using a comprehensive method of data analysis andhydrological model, the contribution of different factors to the runoff decrease wereevaluated quantitatively.
Regarding the hydrological changes in the agricultural region of the Hai RiverBasin, the Weishan Irrigation District was selected as the study area. Analysis of theclimate data during1958~2007showed that rainfall and mean temperature in thedistrict were slightly decreasing and increasing respectively. Analysis of thegroundwater level data during1974~2007showed that, the groundwater level in thedistrict was mainly stable, but the the groundwater level near the end of the1st mainchannel showed a decreasing trend. The groundwater level within the district was higherthan outside, which indicated that the water from the Yellow River was the main factorin keeping the high groundwater level. Under limitation of water resources from theYellow River, the water cycle in the Weishan Irrigation District may change in future.Basing on hydrological simulation, together with the analysis of field observation data,changes in evapotranspiration and groundwater level was predicted under differentirrigation scenarios.
Another aspect of the impacts of human activities in the Weishan Irrigation Districtis change of the water environment. Irrigation water from the Yellow River brought a large amount of salt into the field, and at the same time, irrigation as well as fertilizationhad obvious impacts on field nitrogen balance. Salt and nitrogen content at differentdepths was continuously measured from May to November2010in a typical field in theWeishan Irrigation District. The analysis based on the measured data showed that: saltcontent reached a peak value near the depth of120cm, while the nitrate contentdecreased with the increasing of soil depth. The ammonium content was quite low,indicating a very strong nitrification process in the field. Using a salt movement modelat field scale, the impact of irrigation on salt accumulation was discussed, and the riskof soil salinization under poor drainage condition was evaluated. By developing a modelfor field nitrogen transformation and movement, the nitrogen balance under theirrigation and fertilization conditions was analyzed, and the leaching amount of nitrateout of the root layer was evaluated.
引文
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