武汉城郊菜地生态系统硝酸盐淋失机制及其调控研究
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摘要
本文在综述国内外相关研究的基础上,通过大型原状土柱模拟试验和田间小区试验,以武汉城郊典型菜地生态系统为研究对象,定量研究了施用氮肥对菜地土壤氮素损失的影响,深入探索了氮素在土壤中的转化过程和淋失机制,揭示了大量施用氮肥对蔬菜、土壤、地下水及大气等造成的影响,提出了有效降低城郊菜地生态系统硝态氮污染的技术和途径,为维持城郊菜地土壤的可持续生产能力、提高经济效益、确保食品和环境安全等提供了科学依据和理论指导。主要研究结果如下：
1.利用大型原状土柱模拟系统研究了菜地生态系统中氮肥用量对蔬菜、土壤和地下水硝酸盐污染的影响。结果表明,氮素的淋失损失量和地下水中NO3--N的浓度与氮肥用量呈显著正相关,过量施用氮肥导致地下水中NO3--N含量超过安全饮用标准。施用氮肥显著增加了土壤淋失液中NO3-离子及土壤全氮、碱解氮和硝态氮的含量。随氮肥用量的增加土壤有机质含量呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,土壤的pH值则呈显著降低趋势,说明过量施用氮肥显著地影响了土壤质量和氮的淋失量。
2.对武汉城郊菜地的定位监测数据说明,土壤剖面及土壤溶液NO3--N积累量的高低与氮肥用量、作物生长情况以及水分输入量有直接关系,NO3--N在土壤剖面的迁移量和迁移速度取决于土壤的物理性质和水分输入量。菜地生态系统中,地下水中的NO3--N含量变化与本区域的作物种植习惯和土壤质地相关。因土壤质地不同,土壤NO3--N在正常范围内且能够满足蔬菜安全生产时,地下水可能已受到严重的NO3--N污染。因此,必须严格控制氮肥的施用量来保护土壤和地下水体免受农业活动造成的氮素污染。
3.原状土柱模拟系统和15N同位素示踪的研究表明,随着氮肥用量的增加,蔬菜体内的NO3-含量逐渐增加,土壤淋失液中NO3--N的淋失损失量和平均浓度显著地增加。土壤淋失液NO3--N的淋失损失量(Y1)和平均浓度(Y2)与N肥施用量(X)的相关关系分别为：Y1=0.2882X+33.66(R2=0.9940)和Y2=0.0114X+1.24(R2=0.9928)。说明氮肥的大量施用造成了肥料资源过度浪费,显著降低了蔬菜品质和导致土壤及地下水受到NO3--N污染。
在城郊菜地生态系统中,蔬菜种类不同,其根系长度和生长周期长短的不同,导致氮素在土壤中的淋失速率和淋失量产生显著的差异。叶菜类蔬菜能够提高氮肥利用效率,但是叶菜类蔬菜不能利用较深土层氮素,容易造成下层土壤及地下水受到N03--N污染。茄果类蔬菜和根茎类蔬菜能够利用较深土层氮素,但其生长前期需肥量较少,容易导致NO3--N大量淋失。在菜地生态系统中,不同蔬菜轮作种植模式间氮素损失量和氮素利用效率呈显著负相关。说明蔬菜种类和种植模式能够影响养分的吸收和利用,进而影响其氮肥的利用效率。
4.随着氮肥施用水平的增加,土壤中脲酶活性逐渐增加,蛋白酶和硝酸还原酶的活性则呈现先增加后降低的趋势。说明适宜的氮肥施用量有利于改善与氮转化过程相关的土壤酶的活性,有利于蔬菜作物对氮素的吸收利用,同时降低氮素的损失量。土壤中各种菌的数量规律是：细菌>放线菌>真菌,随着氮肥用量的增加,细菌数量和放线菌数量有先增大又急剧降低的趋势,真菌的数量则逐渐降低。从细菌数量与真菌数量比值可以看出,适宜的氮肥施用有利于提高土壤的质量,过量施肥则会造成土壤质量下降。通过BIOLOG碳素利用法对土壤微生物的研究表明,在氮肥用量不同时,土壤微生物的代谢活性整体上基本相似,微生物多样性指数变化不大。但是,从对土壤样品测定结果的主成分分析表明,土壤微生物在氮肥用量不同时利用碳源的方式和种类存在差异,其中低氮水平和高氮水平各分为一类,氮肥用量适中的土壤分为一类,说明施用氮肥显著地影响了土壤微生物的多样性。
5.在长期不同氮肥施用水平条件下,土壤的narG、nirK、nirS、nosZ等反硝化功能基因群落被分成3—4个有差异的部分,说明氮肥的施用改变了土壤微生物的群落组成。指数分析结果表明,适量施用氮肥有利于增加narG、nirS和nosZ型的多样性,但过量施用氮肥则会降低narG、nirK、nirS和nosZ型反硝化细菌的多样性。施用氮肥使反硝化基因narG, nirK, nirS, qnorB和nosZ的拷贝数逐渐增加,显著地改变了土壤反硝化作用功能基因的数量。施用氮肥使菜地土壤中的16S rDNA的数量也呈现出增长的趋势,但是不同氮素水平处理之间的差异没有反硝化功能基因的基因拷贝数间的差异显著。同时,菜地土壤中的不同反硝化基因拷贝数差异显著,其数量顺序(narG>(nirK+nirS)> qnorB>nosZ)与反硝化过程一致。氮肥既能影响反硝化功能基因种群,也能影响整个微生物群体的变化,但是与整个微生物群体相比,反硝化功能基因种群对氮肥施用水平的不同响应更敏感。
6.原状土柱模拟试验和田间小区试验的研究表明,在菜地生态系统中施用硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对蔬菜的产量和品质、土壤及地下水硝酸盐污染均有显著的影响。DCD能显著地增加蔬菜的产量(6.2%—43.96%),其增产效应与蔬菜的生长期长短成正比,与温度的高低呈反比。同时,DCD可以显著降低蔬菜体内的硝酸盐含量(5.3%—39.7%),降低程度则因蔬菜种类和生长季节及环境条件不同而异。施用DCD后,蔬菜干物质的氮素含量显著地提高,蔬菜从土壤中携出的氮量显著地增加(12.9%—61.23%),从而有效地提高了蔬菜的氮肥利用效率。
施用DCD后,土壤剖面中的NH4+-N含量显著地提高,NO3--N含量显著地降低,氮素淋失量、淋失液中NO3--N的浓度以及N20的排放量显著地降低。硝化抑制剂DCD既可以提高肥料的利用效率,又能降低由氮素过量施用引起的土壤质量下降以及地下水体和大气污染,不但具有显著的经济意义,还具有一定的环境效益。
7.通过原状土柱模拟试验和田间小区试验,研究了城郊菜地生态系统中不同蔬菜轮作种植模式中蔬菜生物产量、经济效益以及氮素的利用和损失情况。结果表明,在不同蔬菜轮作种植模式之间,蔬菜的生物产量和经济效益、土壤剖面中的NO3-含量、土壤溶液中的N03--N素含量以及氮素淋失量之间差异显著。蔬菜种类的不同,导致其对氮素的吸收和利用有一定的差异,叶菜类蔬菜能够大量地吸收利用表层土壤中氮素,肥料利用效率较高；茄果类等根系较长的蔬菜则能利用更深层土壤剖面中的氮素。根据生态位理论,在实际生产中,可以根据作物根系长短和种类的不同,通过合理搭配蔬菜的种植来增加作物的生物量和菜农经济效益,降低土壤硝酸盐的淋失量,提高氮肥利用率,减少或避免施用氮肥引起土壤和地下水环境受到的NO3--N污染。
8.基施和喷施微量元素硼锌钼肥对提高城郊菜地生态系统中的蔬菜产量和品质、氮素含量和氮肥利用率,降低土壤溶液和土壤剖面中的NO3--N含量具有显著的影响。结果表明,基施和喷施微量元素硼锌钼肥,分别使蔬菜的产量提高了15.9%—42.4%和4.4%—16.5%,使蔬菜体内的NO3--含量降低了21.6%—31.2%和10.7%—44.3%,使蔬菜干物质的氮素含量提高了9.6%—-19.3%和0.4%——25.9%,蔬菜携出的氮素量提高了27.1%—83.7%和4.6%—9.6%,显著提高了蔬菜的产量和品质及氮肥利用率。而且,基施和喷施微量元素硼锌钼肥后土壤溶液中的NO3--N含量显著降低,喷施微量元素硼锌钼肥后土壤剖面中的NO3--N含量显著降低。本研究表明,微量元素不但显著提高了生产生态系统中的经济效益,还能对维持土壤质量及降低氮肥对环境产生的的污染起到一定的作用,具有良好的环境效益。
Vegetable production systems are one of the intensive agricultural production systems with high rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and irrigation, and thus have a high potential for nitrate (NO3-) leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The high rates of N fertilizer applied may also affect soil microbial community structure and functions impacting on the long-term sustainability of the production systems.
In this thesis, lysimeter and field trials were conducted to study the effects of N fertilizer use on soil properties, groundwater quality and vegetable quality in vegetable production systems in Wuhan suburbs, Central China. The amount of N leaching losses affected by N fertilizer application was quantified, and the N transformation processes in the soil was also studied. Based on these results, effective methods to reduce nitrate leaching, while at the same time, increasing farmers' income were proposed for sustainable vegetable production.
The main research results of this thesis are as follows:
1. Lysimeters were used to study the effects of different N fertilizer application rates on nitrate content in vegetables, in soil and in leachate. Results showed that, both N leaching losses and NO-3--N content in leachate were significantly correlated with N fertilizer application rate. High rates of N fertilizer application increased the NO3--N concentration in the leachate, exceeding the drinking water standard. With the increase of N fertilizer application rates, NO3--N concentration in leachate, and total N content, available N and NO3--N in soil increased significantly. Soil organic matter content was increased at first, then, reduced by the N fertilizer over-application. Soil pH values were significantly reduced. It is clear that excessive amounts of N fertilizer application have many harmful impacts on the soil and groundwater.
2. In a long-term monitoring trial, NO3--N accumulation in the soil profile and in the soil solution had a direct relationship with N fertilizer application rate. The amount and rate of NO3--N leaching in soil profile were significantly influenced by the physical properties of soil and irrigation amount. With increasing N application rates, NO3-content in vegetables and leachate, amount of N leaching losses increased significantly. There were positive correlations between N fertilizer application rate (X) and NO3--N leaching losses (Y1), and average NO3--N concentration in leachate (Y2)(Y1=0.2882X+33.66(R2=0.9940) and Y2=0.0114X+1.24(R2=0.9928)). Thus, large amounts of N fertilizer application not only result in wasting of the fertilizer resources but also adversely affect the quality of vegetables and ground water.
3. There was a significant difference in the amount of NO3--N leached and the rate between different soil profiles with different crop varieties, root systems, and growth periods of vegetables. Leaf vegetable planted could improve nitrogen utilization efficiency, but it could not absorb the N in the deeper soil profile. Solanaceous and root vegetable could absorb N which was leached to the deeper soil profile, but they also led to large amounts of NO3--N leaching losses, because little N was required at the early growth periods. In the vegetable ecosystem, the amounts of N losses and N utilization efficiency had a significant negative correlation in different vegetable rotation modes. The results indicate that the varieties of vegetables could affect the N utilization efficiency.
4. Along with the increase of N fertilization application, soil urease activity increased gradually; protease and nitrate reductase activities were increased at first, then decreased with the amount of N application. The results showed that appropriate nitrogen application rates could improve the enzyme activity, which were related with the transformation of N in soil, and was beneficial for increasing vegetable yield and N content. Bacteria numbers were more than those of actinomyces and ray fungi. Along with the increase of nitrogen application rates, bacteria and actinomyces numbers increased first, and then decreased sharply, and fungi numbers were reduced gradually. According to the bacteria and fungi numbers, the appropriate nitrogen application would improve the qualities of soil. However, excessive fertilizer would lead to the lower soil qualities. At the same time, the results using the BIOLOG to study the soil microbial communities showed that soil metabolic activity was the same in different nitrogen fertilization conditions, and the microbial diversity index had a little change. However, there were differences of carbon utilization and soil microorganism types between different nitrogen application rates. It means that soil microorganism diversities were significantly influenced by nitrogen application.
5. In the long-term study of nitrogen fertilizer use, the soil denitrifying community functional genes, such as narG, nirK, nirS, nosZ, were divided into3or4parts. N fertilizer application could change the soil microbial community composition. The index analysis showed that, the adequate application amounts of N fertilizer would increase the diversity of the gene narG, nirS and nosZ, but excessive amounts of N fertilizer would reduce the diversity of narG, nirK, nirS and nosZ. The copy numbers of functional genes narG, nirK, nirS, qnorB and nosZ were increased gradually with the increase of N fertilizer application, and the numbers of soil denitrification functional genes changed significantly by the N fertilizer application. The number of16S rDNA increased with the application amounts of N fertilizer, but its difference was not significant than the copy numbers of soil denitrification functional genes in different N rates. The sequence of the copy numbers of soil denitrification functional genes was:narG>(nirK+nirS)> qnorB> nosZ. Results showed that the N fertilizer application could affect denitrification functional genes and the microbial community structure, and denitrifying functional genes are more sensitive to N fertilization rates.
6. The nitrification inhibitor DCD significantly influenced yields, qualities of vegetable and NO3--N concentrations in soil and ground water. The application of DCD significantly increased the vegetable yields by6.2-43.96%compared with control, and there was a positive correlation between the increased production and growth and a negative correlation between increased production and temperature. DCD application significantly decreased the NO3--N concentrations in vegetables by5.3-39.7%. DCD also increased N content in vegetables, the N offtake was increased by12.9%-61.23%, and N use efficiency was increased significantly.
NH4+-N concentrations in soil profile were increased significantly, and NO3--N concentrations were decreased by the application of DCD. N leaching losses, NO3--N concentrations in the leachate and N2O emissions were significantly decreased by the application of DCD. It means that the application of DCD not only increased the fertilizer utilization efficiency, but also improved the quality of soil and ground water.
7. Basal application of trace element fertiliazers (B, Zn and Mo) would increase the yields, qualities and N content of vegetable and N utilization efficiency, and it would decrease NO3--N concentrations in soil solutions and soil profiles. The results showed that, the vegetable yields were increased by15.9%-42.4%and4.4%-16.5%, NO3-concentrations in vegetable were decreased by21.6%-31.2%and10.7%-44.3%, N content in vegetables was increased by9.6%-19.3%and0.4%-25.9%, N offtake was increased by27.1%-83.7%and4.6%-9.6%, by the basal application of the trace element fertilizers, respectively. At the same time, the NO3--N content in soil profile and soil solution were decreased by the application of trace element fertiliazers B, Zn and Mo. Thus, trace elements not only increased the economic effectiveness in vegetable production system, but also improved the quality of soil and the environment.
1.利用大型原状土柱模拟系统研究了菜地生态系统中氮肥用量对蔬菜、土壤和地下水硝酸盐污染的影响。结果表明,氮素的淋失损失量和地下水中NO3--N的浓度与氮肥用量呈显著正相关,过量施用氮肥导致地下水中NO3--N含量超过安全饮用标准。施用氮肥显著增加了土壤淋失液中NO3-离子及土壤全氮、碱解氮和硝态氮的含量。随氮肥用量的增加土壤有机质含量呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,土壤的pH值则呈显著降低趋势,说明过量施用氮肥显著地影响了土壤质量和氮的淋失量。
2.对武汉城郊菜地的定位监测数据说明,土壤剖面及土壤溶液NO3--N积累量的高低与氮肥用量、作物生长情况以及水分输入量有直接关系,NO3--N在土壤剖面的迁移量和迁移速度取决于土壤的物理性质和水分输入量。菜地生态系统中,地下水中的NO3--N含量变化与本区域的作物种植习惯和土壤质地相关。因土壤质地不同,土壤NO3--N在正常范围内且能够满足蔬菜安全生产时,地下水可能已受到严重的NO3--N污染。因此,必须严格控制氮肥的施用量来保护土壤和地下水体免受农业活动造成的氮素污染。
3.原状土柱模拟系统和15N同位素示踪的研究表明,随着氮肥用量的增加,蔬菜体内的NO3-含量逐渐增加,土壤淋失液中NO3--N的淋失损失量和平均浓度显著地增加。土壤淋失液NO3--N的淋失损失量(Y1)和平均浓度(Y2)与N肥施用量(X)的相关关系分别为：Y1=0.2882X+33.66(R2=0.9940)和Y2=0.0114X+1.24(R2=0.9928)。说明氮肥的大量施用造成了肥料资源过度浪费,显著降低了蔬菜品质和导致土壤及地下水受到NO3--N污染。
在城郊菜地生态系统中,蔬菜种类不同,其根系长度和生长周期长短的不同,导致氮素在土壤中的淋失速率和淋失量产生显著的差异。叶菜类蔬菜能够提高氮肥利用效率,但是叶菜类蔬菜不能利用较深土层氮素,容易造成下层土壤及地下水受到N03--N污染。茄果类蔬菜和根茎类蔬菜能够利用较深土层氮素,但其生长前期需肥量较少,容易导致NO3--N大量淋失。在菜地生态系统中,不同蔬菜轮作种植模式间氮素损失量和氮素利用效率呈显著负相关。说明蔬菜种类和种植模式能够影响养分的吸收和利用,进而影响其氮肥的利用效率。
4.随着氮肥施用水平的增加,土壤中脲酶活性逐渐增加,蛋白酶和硝酸还原酶的活性则呈现先增加后降低的趋势。说明适宜的氮肥施用量有利于改善与氮转化过程相关的土壤酶的活性,有利于蔬菜作物对氮素的吸收利用,同时降低氮素的损失量。土壤中各种菌的数量规律是：细菌>放线菌>真菌,随着氮肥用量的增加,细菌数量和放线菌数量有先增大又急剧降低的趋势,真菌的数量则逐渐降低。从细菌数量与真菌数量比值可以看出,适宜的氮肥施用有利于提高土壤的质量,过量施肥则会造成土壤质量下降。通过BIOLOG碳素利用法对土壤微生物的研究表明,在氮肥用量不同时,土壤微生物的代谢活性整体上基本相似,微生物多样性指数变化不大。但是,从对土壤样品测定结果的主成分分析表明,土壤微生物在氮肥用量不同时利用碳源的方式和种类存在差异,其中低氮水平和高氮水平各分为一类,氮肥用量适中的土壤分为一类,说明施用氮肥显著地影响了土壤微生物的多样性。
5.在长期不同氮肥施用水平条件下,土壤的narG、nirK、nirS、nosZ等反硝化功能基因群落被分成3—4个有差异的部分,说明氮肥的施用改变了土壤微生物的群落组成。指数分析结果表明,适量施用氮肥有利于增加narG、nirS和nosZ型的多样性,但过量施用氮肥则会降低narG、nirK、nirS和nosZ型反硝化细菌的多样性。施用氮肥使反硝化基因narG, nirK, nirS, qnorB和nosZ的拷贝数逐渐增加,显著地改变了土壤反硝化作用功能基因的数量。施用氮肥使菜地土壤中的16S rDNA的数量也呈现出增长的趋势,但是不同氮素水平处理之间的差异没有反硝化功能基因的基因拷贝数间的差异显著。同时,菜地土壤中的不同反硝化基因拷贝数差异显著,其数量顺序(narG>(nirK+nirS)> qnorB>nosZ)与反硝化过程一致。氮肥既能影响反硝化功能基因种群,也能影响整个微生物群体的变化,但是与整个微生物群体相比,反硝化功能基因种群对氮肥施用水平的不同响应更敏感。
6.原状土柱模拟试验和田间小区试验的研究表明,在菜地生态系统中施用硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对蔬菜的产量和品质、土壤及地下水硝酸盐污染均有显著的影响。DCD能显著地增加蔬菜的产量(6.2%—43.96%),其增产效应与蔬菜的生长期长短成正比,与温度的高低呈反比。同时,DCD可以显著降低蔬菜体内的硝酸盐含量(5.3%—39.7%),降低程度则因蔬菜种类和生长季节及环境条件不同而异。施用DCD后,蔬菜干物质的氮素含量显著地提高,蔬菜从土壤中携出的氮量显著地增加(12.9%—61.23%),从而有效地提高了蔬菜的氮肥利用效率。
施用DCD后,土壤剖面中的NH4+-N含量显著地提高,NO3--N含量显著地降低,氮素淋失量、淋失液中NO3--N的浓度以及N20的排放量显著地降低。硝化抑制剂DCD既可以提高肥料的利用效率,又能降低由氮素过量施用引起的土壤质量下降以及地下水体和大气污染,不但具有显著的经济意义,还具有一定的环境效益。
7.通过原状土柱模拟试验和田间小区试验,研究了城郊菜地生态系统中不同蔬菜轮作种植模式中蔬菜生物产量、经济效益以及氮素的利用和损失情况。结果表明,在不同蔬菜轮作种植模式之间,蔬菜的生物产量和经济效益、土壤剖面中的NO3-含量、土壤溶液中的N03--N素含量以及氮素淋失量之间差异显著。蔬菜种类的不同,导致其对氮素的吸收和利用有一定的差异,叶菜类蔬菜能够大量地吸收利用表层土壤中氮素,肥料利用效率较高；茄果类等根系较长的蔬菜则能利用更深层土壤剖面中的氮素。根据生态位理论,在实际生产中,可以根据作物根系长短和种类的不同,通过合理搭配蔬菜的种植来增加作物的生物量和菜农经济效益,降低土壤硝酸盐的淋失量,提高氮肥利用率,减少或避免施用氮肥引起土壤和地下水环境受到的NO3--N污染。
8.基施和喷施微量元素硼锌钼肥对提高城郊菜地生态系统中的蔬菜产量和品质、氮素含量和氮肥利用率,降低土壤溶液和土壤剖面中的NO3--N含量具有显著的影响。结果表明,基施和喷施微量元素硼锌钼肥,分别使蔬菜的产量提高了15.9%—42.4%和4.4%—16.5%,使蔬菜体内的NO3--含量降低了21.6%—31.2%和10.7%—44.3%,使蔬菜干物质的氮素含量提高了9.6%—-19.3%和0.4%——25.9%,蔬菜携出的氮素量提高了27.1%—83.7%和4.6%—9.6%,显著提高了蔬菜的产量和品质及氮肥利用率。而且,基施和喷施微量元素硼锌钼肥后土壤溶液中的NO3--N含量显著降低,喷施微量元素硼锌钼肥后土壤剖面中的NO3--N含量显著降低。本研究表明,微量元素不但显著提高了生产生态系统中的经济效益,还能对维持土壤质量及降低氮肥对环境产生的的污染起到一定的作用,具有良好的环境效益。
Vegetable production systems are one of the intensive agricultural production systems with high rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and irrigation, and thus have a high potential for nitrate (NO3-) leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The high rates of N fertilizer applied may also affect soil microbial community structure and functions impacting on the long-term sustainability of the production systems.
In this thesis, lysimeter and field trials were conducted to study the effects of N fertilizer use on soil properties, groundwater quality and vegetable quality in vegetable production systems in Wuhan suburbs, Central China. The amount of N leaching losses affected by N fertilizer application was quantified, and the N transformation processes in the soil was also studied. Based on these results, effective methods to reduce nitrate leaching, while at the same time, increasing farmers' income were proposed for sustainable vegetable production.
The main research results of this thesis are as follows:
1. Lysimeters were used to study the effects of different N fertilizer application rates on nitrate content in vegetables, in soil and in leachate. Results showed that, both N leaching losses and NO-3--N content in leachate were significantly correlated with N fertilizer application rate. High rates of N fertilizer application increased the NO3--N concentration in the leachate, exceeding the drinking water standard. With the increase of N fertilizer application rates, NO3--N concentration in leachate, and total N content, available N and NO3--N in soil increased significantly. Soil organic matter content was increased at first, then, reduced by the N fertilizer over-application. Soil pH values were significantly reduced. It is clear that excessive amounts of N fertilizer application have many harmful impacts on the soil and groundwater.
2. In a long-term monitoring trial, NO3--N accumulation in the soil profile and in the soil solution had a direct relationship with N fertilizer application rate. The amount and rate of NO3--N leaching in soil profile were significantly influenced by the physical properties of soil and irrigation amount. With increasing N application rates, NO3-content in vegetables and leachate, amount of N leaching losses increased significantly. There were positive correlations between N fertilizer application rate (X) and NO3--N leaching losses (Y1), and average NO3--N concentration in leachate (Y2)(Y1=0.2882X+33.66(R2=0.9940) and Y2=0.0114X+1.24(R2=0.9928)). Thus, large amounts of N fertilizer application not only result in wasting of the fertilizer resources but also adversely affect the quality of vegetables and ground water.
3. There was a significant difference in the amount of NO3--N leached and the rate between different soil profiles with different crop varieties, root systems, and growth periods of vegetables. Leaf vegetable planted could improve nitrogen utilization efficiency, but it could not absorb the N in the deeper soil profile. Solanaceous and root vegetable could absorb N which was leached to the deeper soil profile, but they also led to large amounts of NO3--N leaching losses, because little N was required at the early growth periods. In the vegetable ecosystem, the amounts of N losses and N utilization efficiency had a significant negative correlation in different vegetable rotation modes. The results indicate that the varieties of vegetables could affect the N utilization efficiency.
4. Along with the increase of N fertilization application, soil urease activity increased gradually; protease and nitrate reductase activities were increased at first, then decreased with the amount of N application. The results showed that appropriate nitrogen application rates could improve the enzyme activity, which were related with the transformation of N in soil, and was beneficial for increasing vegetable yield and N content. Bacteria numbers were more than those of actinomyces and ray fungi. Along with the increase of nitrogen application rates, bacteria and actinomyces numbers increased first, and then decreased sharply, and fungi numbers were reduced gradually. According to the bacteria and fungi numbers, the appropriate nitrogen application would improve the qualities of soil. However, excessive fertilizer would lead to the lower soil qualities. At the same time, the results using the BIOLOG to study the soil microbial communities showed that soil metabolic activity was the same in different nitrogen fertilization conditions, and the microbial diversity index had a little change. However, there were differences of carbon utilization and soil microorganism types between different nitrogen application rates. It means that soil microorganism diversities were significantly influenced by nitrogen application.
5. In the long-term study of nitrogen fertilizer use, the soil denitrifying community functional genes, such as narG, nirK, nirS, nosZ, were divided into3or4parts. N fertilizer application could change the soil microbial community composition. The index analysis showed that, the adequate application amounts of N fertilizer would increase the diversity of the gene narG, nirS and nosZ, but excessive amounts of N fertilizer would reduce the diversity of narG, nirK, nirS and nosZ. The copy numbers of functional genes narG, nirK, nirS, qnorB and nosZ were increased gradually with the increase of N fertilizer application, and the numbers of soil denitrification functional genes changed significantly by the N fertilizer application. The number of16S rDNA increased with the application amounts of N fertilizer, but its difference was not significant than the copy numbers of soil denitrification functional genes in different N rates. The sequence of the copy numbers of soil denitrification functional genes was:narG>(nirK+nirS)> qnorB> nosZ. Results showed that the N fertilizer application could affect denitrification functional genes and the microbial community structure, and denitrifying functional genes are more sensitive to N fertilization rates.
6. The nitrification inhibitor DCD significantly influenced yields, qualities of vegetable and NO3--N concentrations in soil and ground water. The application of DCD significantly increased the vegetable yields by6.2-43.96%compared with control, and there was a positive correlation between the increased production and growth and a negative correlation between increased production and temperature. DCD application significantly decreased the NO3--N concentrations in vegetables by5.3-39.7%. DCD also increased N content in vegetables, the N offtake was increased by12.9%-61.23%, and N use efficiency was increased significantly.
NH4+-N concentrations in soil profile were increased significantly, and NO3--N concentrations were decreased by the application of DCD. N leaching losses, NO3--N concentrations in the leachate and N2O emissions were significantly decreased by the application of DCD. It means that the application of DCD not only increased the fertilizer utilization efficiency, but also improved the quality of soil and ground water.
7. Basal application of trace element fertiliazers (B, Zn and Mo) would increase the yields, qualities and N content of vegetable and N utilization efficiency, and it would decrease NO3--N concentrations in soil solutions and soil profiles. The results showed that, the vegetable yields were increased by15.9%-42.4%and4.4%-16.5%, NO3-concentrations in vegetable were decreased by21.6%-31.2%and10.7%-44.3%, N content in vegetables was increased by9.6%-19.3%and0.4%-25.9%, N offtake was increased by27.1%-83.7%and4.6%-9.6%, by the basal application of the trace element fertilizers, respectively. At the same time, the NO3--N content in soil profile and soil solution were decreased by the application of trace element fertiliazers B, Zn and Mo. Thus, trace elements not only increased the economic effectiveness in vegetable production system, but also improved the quality of soil and the environment.
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