亚适宜温光环境对黄瓜幼苗生长、氮和钾吸收与转运的影响
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摘要
日光温室和塑料大棚等蔬菜栽培设施内温光环境较差,冬春季节设施内栽培的黄瓜常处于亚适宜温光(15-18℃/10-12℃,200-300μmol m-2s-1)环境下,使得黄瓜生理代谢活动失调,从而影响黄瓜的生长发育、产量与品质的形成等,已经成为制约我国设施黄瓜高产优质的主要因素。氮和钾是植物生长发育、品质形成所必需的2种大量矿质元素。亚适宜温光处理可能通过影响氮和钾的吸收与转运使黄瓜产生一系列的生理生化变化,进而影响了黄瓜的产量与品质,但尚未见国内外有相关报道。
本研究以正常温度(25/18℃)正常光照强度(500±20μmol m-2s-1)为对照(CK),设亚适宜光照强度(200±20μmol m-2s-1)正常温度(25/18℃)(T1)、亚适宜光照强度(200±20μmol m-2s-1)亚适宜温度(18/12℃)(T2)、亚适宜光照强度(200±20μmo1m-2s-1)低温(12/8℃)(T3)、亚适宜温度(18/12℃)正常光照强度(500±20μmolm-2s-1)(A1)、亚适宜温度(18/12℃)亚适宜光照强度(200±20μmol m-2s-1)(A2)和亚适宜温度(18/12℃)弱光(90±10μmol m-2s-1)(A3)等6个处理,处理5、10d,测定黄瓜生长、光合特性、氮和钾含量、氮吸收与转运相关酶活性、ATPase活性与K+转运蛋白基因的表达等,研究亚适宜光照强度下不同温度、亚适宜温度下不同光照强度对黄瓜生长、生理特性和氮和钾吸收与转运的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1.与正常温度正常光照强度处理(CK)相比,亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理均降低了植株的株高、干鲜重、叶面积、根冠比、净光合速率、叶片和根系中氮和钾的含量,但使黄瓜叶片叶绿体色素含量和胞间二氧化碳浓度明显增加。而且,亚适宜光照强度下温度越低,或者亚适宜温度下光照强度越低,对黄瓜株高、干鲜重、叶面积增加量、净光合速率、氮和钾含量的抑制效果越明显。亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系氮和钾含量均明显降低,可能是亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜生长受抑的重要原因。
2.与正常温度正常光照强度处理(CK)相比,亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理均使黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性显著降低,但使硝酸盐明显积累,亚适宜光照强度下温度越低,或者亚适宜温度下光照强度越低,黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性下降幅度越大,而硝酸盐含量增加越多；亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理均使叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶活性升高,但降低了根系中谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜幼苗氮吸收与代谢均明显下降,是亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系氮含量明显降低的主要原因。
3.与正常温度正常光照强度处理(CK)相比,亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度正常光照强度、亚适宜温度亚适宜光照强度处理使黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系Ca2+-ATPase、Cu2+-ATPase、H+/K+-ATPase和Na+/K+-ATPase活性明显增加,且亚适宜光照强度下温度越低,黄瓜幼苗体内Ca2+-ATPase、Cu2+-ATPase、H+/K+-ATPase和Na+/K+-ATPase活性增加幅度越大,但亚适宜温度弱光(A3)处理下黄瓜根系Ca2+-ATPase、Cu2+-ATPase、H+/K+-ATPase活性小于正常温度与正常光照强度(CK)处理的ATPase活性。亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理使黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中K+转运蛋白基因K2和K12表达量明显下降,且亚适宜光照强度下温度越低,或者亚适宜温度下光照强度越低,黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中K2和K12基因表达量越低。亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中K+转运蛋白基因表达量均明显下降,是亚适宜温光条件下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中的钾含量明显降低的主要原因。
Poor temperature and photon flux density (PFD) were common in sunlight greenhouses. Cucumber cultured in the facilities in winter and early spring may encounter long-term condition of suboptimum temperature and suboptimum PFD (15-18℃/10-12℃,200-300μmol m-2s-1).The physiological mechanism of cucumber may be imbalanced. Therefore, the growth, development, yield and quality of cucumber may be inhibited. This has become the main limiting factors for the high-yield-and-good-quality vegetable culture. Two kinds of macroelements, potassium and nitrogen are necessary to the plant growth and quality formation. The absorption, transport and metabolism of potassium and nitrogen of cucumber may be affected by suboptimum condition treatments, a series of physiological and biochemical changes were aroused, and then the yield and quality of cucumber were affected. However, no reports were seen at home and abroad.
In our study, optimum temperature (25/18℃) and optimum PDF (500±20μmol m-2s-1) was set as control. Six treatments, suboptimum PDF (200±20μmol m-2s-1) and optimum temperature (25/18℃)(T1), suboptimum PDF (200±20μmol m-2s-1) and suboptimum temperature (18/12℃)(T2), suboptimum PDF (200±20μmol m-2s-1) and low temperature (12/8℃)(T3), suboptimum temperature (18/12℃) and optimum PDF (500±20μmol m-2s-1)(A1), suboptimum temperature (18/12℃) and suboptimum PDF (200±20μmol m-2s-1)(A2), suboptimum temperature (18/12℃) and low PDF (90±10μmol m-2s-1))(A3) were established to study the effect of suboptimum PDF and different temperature and suboptimum temperature and different PDF treatments on the growth, physiological characteristic and the absorption and transport of nitrogen and potassium. The growth, content of nitrogen and potassium, key enzymes'activities of nitrogen absorption and transport, ATPase activities, photosynthetic characteristics and the gene expression of K+transporters were determined after0,5and10days treatments. The main results are as follows:
1. Compared with the treatment of optimum temperature and optimum PDF (CK), the plant height, fresh and dry weight, leaf area, ratio of root to shoot, net photosynthesis rates and nitrogen and potassium content in the leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings were decreased by suboptimum PDF or suboptimum temperature treatments. The lower temperature under suboptimum PDF or the lower PDF under suboptimum temperature, the lower plant height, fresh weight and dry weight, leaf area, ratio of root to shoot, net photosynthesis rates and nitrogen and potassium content. The results indicated that the decline of nitrogen and potassium content in leaves and roots may be the main reason for the growth inhibit of cucumber seedlings cultured in suboptimum PDF and suboptimum temperature treatments.
2. Compared with the treatment of optimum temperature and optimum PDF (CK), the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase in cucumber leaves and roots cultured in suboptimum PDF and suboptimum temperature were decreased clearly. The lower temperature under suboptimum PDF or lower PDF under suboptimum temperature, the lower activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase. However, the activities of glutamine synthetase in leaves were increased and the activities of glutamine synthetase in roots were decreased. The decrease of nitrogen absorption and metabolism is the main reason for the decrease of nitrogen content in leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings cultured under suboptimum PDF or suboptimum temperature treatments.
3. Compared with the treatment of optimum temperature and optimum PDF (CK), the activities of Ca2+-ATPase, Cu2+-ATPase, H+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase in cucumber seedling's leaves and roots treated by suboptimum PDF and different temperature, suboptimum temperature and optimum PDF, suboptimum temperature and suboptimum PDF were increased, but the activities of Ca2+-ATPase, Cu2+-ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase in cucumber seedlings roots treated by suboptimum temperature and weak light. The expression of K2and K12in leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings were decreased by suboptimum PDF or suboptimum temperature treatments, and this is the main reason for the decrease of potassium content in leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings cultured under suboptimum PDF or suboptimum temperature treatments.
本研究以正常温度(25/18℃)正常光照强度(500±20μmol m-2s-1)为对照(CK),设亚适宜光照强度(200±20μmol m-2s-1)正常温度(25/18℃)(T1)、亚适宜光照强度(200±20μmol m-2s-1)亚适宜温度(18/12℃)(T2)、亚适宜光照强度(200±20μmo1m-2s-1)低温(12/8℃)(T3)、亚适宜温度(18/12℃)正常光照强度(500±20μmolm-2s-1)(A1)、亚适宜温度(18/12℃)亚适宜光照强度(200±20μmol m-2s-1)(A2)和亚适宜温度(18/12℃)弱光(90±10μmol m-2s-1)(A3)等6个处理,处理5、10d,测定黄瓜生长、光合特性、氮和钾含量、氮吸收与转运相关酶活性、ATPase活性与K+转运蛋白基因的表达等,研究亚适宜光照强度下不同温度、亚适宜温度下不同光照强度对黄瓜生长、生理特性和氮和钾吸收与转运的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1.与正常温度正常光照强度处理(CK)相比,亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理均降低了植株的株高、干鲜重、叶面积、根冠比、净光合速率、叶片和根系中氮和钾的含量,但使黄瓜叶片叶绿体色素含量和胞间二氧化碳浓度明显增加。而且,亚适宜光照强度下温度越低,或者亚适宜温度下光照强度越低,对黄瓜株高、干鲜重、叶面积增加量、净光合速率、氮和钾含量的抑制效果越明显。亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系氮和钾含量均明显降低,可能是亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜生长受抑的重要原因。
2.与正常温度正常光照强度处理(CK)相比,亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理均使黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性显著降低,但使硝酸盐明显积累,亚适宜光照强度下温度越低,或者亚适宜温度下光照强度越低,黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性下降幅度越大,而硝酸盐含量增加越多；亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理均使叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶活性升高,但降低了根系中谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜幼苗氮吸收与代谢均明显下降,是亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系氮含量明显降低的主要原因。
3.与正常温度正常光照强度处理(CK)相比,亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度正常光照强度、亚适宜温度亚适宜光照强度处理使黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系Ca2+-ATPase、Cu2+-ATPase、H+/K+-ATPase和Na+/K+-ATPase活性明显增加,且亚适宜光照强度下温度越低,黄瓜幼苗体内Ca2+-ATPase、Cu2+-ATPase、H+/K+-ATPase和Na+/K+-ATPase活性增加幅度越大,但亚适宜温度弱光(A3)处理下黄瓜根系Ca2+-ATPase、Cu2+-ATPase、H+/K+-ATPase活性小于正常温度与正常光照强度(CK)处理的ATPase活性。亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理使黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中K+转运蛋白基因K2和K12表达量明显下降,且亚适宜光照强度下温度越低,或者亚适宜温度下光照强度越低,黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中K2和K12基因表达量越低。亚适宜光照强度不同温度处理和亚适宜温度不同光照强度处理下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中K+转运蛋白基因表达量均明显下降,是亚适宜温光条件下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中的钾含量明显降低的主要原因。
Poor temperature and photon flux density (PFD) were common in sunlight greenhouses. Cucumber cultured in the facilities in winter and early spring may encounter long-term condition of suboptimum temperature and suboptimum PFD (15-18℃/10-12℃,200-300μmol m-2s-1).The physiological mechanism of cucumber may be imbalanced. Therefore, the growth, development, yield and quality of cucumber may be inhibited. This has become the main limiting factors for the high-yield-and-good-quality vegetable culture. Two kinds of macroelements, potassium and nitrogen are necessary to the plant growth and quality formation. The absorption, transport and metabolism of potassium and nitrogen of cucumber may be affected by suboptimum condition treatments, a series of physiological and biochemical changes were aroused, and then the yield and quality of cucumber were affected. However, no reports were seen at home and abroad.
In our study, optimum temperature (25/18℃) and optimum PDF (500±20μmol m-2s-1) was set as control. Six treatments, suboptimum PDF (200±20μmol m-2s-1) and optimum temperature (25/18℃)(T1), suboptimum PDF (200±20μmol m-2s-1) and suboptimum temperature (18/12℃)(T2), suboptimum PDF (200±20μmol m-2s-1) and low temperature (12/8℃)(T3), suboptimum temperature (18/12℃) and optimum PDF (500±20μmol m-2s-1)(A1), suboptimum temperature (18/12℃) and suboptimum PDF (200±20μmol m-2s-1)(A2), suboptimum temperature (18/12℃) and low PDF (90±10μmol m-2s-1))(A3) were established to study the effect of suboptimum PDF and different temperature and suboptimum temperature and different PDF treatments on the growth, physiological characteristic and the absorption and transport of nitrogen and potassium. The growth, content of nitrogen and potassium, key enzymes'activities of nitrogen absorption and transport, ATPase activities, photosynthetic characteristics and the gene expression of K+transporters were determined after0,5and10days treatments. The main results are as follows:
1. Compared with the treatment of optimum temperature and optimum PDF (CK), the plant height, fresh and dry weight, leaf area, ratio of root to shoot, net photosynthesis rates and nitrogen and potassium content in the leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings were decreased by suboptimum PDF or suboptimum temperature treatments. The lower temperature under suboptimum PDF or the lower PDF under suboptimum temperature, the lower plant height, fresh weight and dry weight, leaf area, ratio of root to shoot, net photosynthesis rates and nitrogen and potassium content. The results indicated that the decline of nitrogen and potassium content in leaves and roots may be the main reason for the growth inhibit of cucumber seedlings cultured in suboptimum PDF and suboptimum temperature treatments.
2. Compared with the treatment of optimum temperature and optimum PDF (CK), the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase in cucumber leaves and roots cultured in suboptimum PDF and suboptimum temperature were decreased clearly. The lower temperature under suboptimum PDF or lower PDF under suboptimum temperature, the lower activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase. However, the activities of glutamine synthetase in leaves were increased and the activities of glutamine synthetase in roots were decreased. The decrease of nitrogen absorption and metabolism is the main reason for the decrease of nitrogen content in leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings cultured under suboptimum PDF or suboptimum temperature treatments.
3. Compared with the treatment of optimum temperature and optimum PDF (CK), the activities of Ca2+-ATPase, Cu2+-ATPase, H+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase in cucumber seedling's leaves and roots treated by suboptimum PDF and different temperature, suboptimum temperature and optimum PDF, suboptimum temperature and suboptimum PDF were increased, but the activities of Ca2+-ATPase, Cu2+-ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase in cucumber seedlings roots treated by suboptimum temperature and weak light. The expression of K2and K12in leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings were decreased by suboptimum PDF or suboptimum temperature treatments, and this is the main reason for the decrease of potassium content in leaves and roots of cucumber seedlings cultured under suboptimum PDF or suboptimum temperature treatments.
引文
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