高潜水位矿区煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应
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摘要
煤炭开采中耗能、耗电等的常规碳足迹容易测定，但是煤炭开采对植被、土壤与岩石等碳库扰动的碳效应却研究极少，目前没有可靠的评估方法。本论文以高潜水位矿区——徐州九里矿区为研究区，综合运用采矿学、开采沉陷学、生态学、生物地球化学、土壤学、农学等多学科知识，运用GIS技术和实验相结合的方法，采用模拟、比较、验证等分析手段，研究了煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应及其评估方法：
首先，通过分析碳库、陆地生态碳库以及碳效应的概念和内涵，定义了煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应，认为煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应就是在煤炭开采扰动下，采区及其周边沉陷区内植被碳库和土壤碳库在开采沉陷前后的增碳（碳汇）和失碳（碳源）影响及其大小。在此基础上，以生物地球化学理论为基础，结合开采沉陷学、土壤学、生态学和农学等相关理论对煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应进行了定性分析。
其次，选取研究区典型沉陷盆地，以沉陷盆地采样、实验室化验分析后所获得的实验数据为基础，结合开采沉陷模型、通用土壤流失方程（USLE）等相关模型，研究了地表沉陷期间盆地内沉陷坡面土壤有机碳的侵蚀流失变化、植被NPP变化以及煤炭开采扰动前后沉陷盆地土壤和植被碳库的贮量变化。研究表明地表移动期间，沉陷区上坡位土壤有机碳侵蚀流失剧烈，且流失量在活跃期大于衰退期；盆地坡面植被NPP几乎为0t/km2,因为沉陷盆地彻底弃耕变为裸地；煤炭开采扰动前后沉陷盆地所在区域的土壤和植被碳库贮量变化明显。
再次，利用沉陷坡面的土壤理化性质和植被NPP的实测数据，分析了煤炭开采影响下沉陷坡面土壤理化性质和植被NPP随沉陷深度的变化特征。进一步地，对煤炭开采沉陷区土壤有机碳和植被NPP的影响因素进行了统计学分析并发现，煤炭开采沉陷区土壤有机碳含量和土壤容重、饱和导水率、粘土含量之间的相关性明显，植被NPP和土壤容重、饱和导水率显著相关；沉陷区地形坡度和土壤有机碳含量显著负相关，和植被NPP相关不显著；沉陷区积水是沉陷区土壤有机碳和植被NPP的显著性影响因素。
最后，构建了煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应评价模型，包括碳效应评价模型的整体架构以及模型的假设条件、输入变量、采样点位布设要求、沉陷区土壤和植被碳库贮量估算、碳效应测算等，并对模型进行了分析与评价。在此基础上，以徐州九里矿区沉陷区为例，测算了煤炭开采对沉陷区土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应，发现煤炭开采对区域土壤碳库扰动属于失碳（碳源）效应；煤炭开采对区域植被碳库扰动属于失碳（碳源）效应。
Routine carbon footprint in coal mining such as energy and power consumptioncould be easily evaluated, but carbon effects on the soil carbon, vegetation carbonand ithosphere carbon pools by mining disturbance are far away from accurate andreliable assessment by now. In the dissertation, taking Jiuli Mining Area (a higherground-water mining area) as a study case, sciences of coal mining, miningsubsidence, ecology, biogeochemistry, agrology and agronomy, integrated methodssuch as GIS and experiments, and analysis approaches of simulation, comparisonand verification are applied to evaluate the carbon effects on the soil carbon pool andvegetation carbon pool disturbed by coal mining.
Firstly, after analyzing the conception and connotation of the carbon pool andthe terrestrial ecology carbon pool, the definition of the carbon effects on the soilcarbon pool and vegetation carbon pool disturbed by coal mining is given. Carboneffects on the soil and vegetation carbon pool means the carbon increase effect(carbon sink) or carbon loss (carbon source) effect in soil carbon and vegetationcarbon pools before and after mining in subsidence area. And then, based on thebiogeochemistry, the mining subsidence, ecology, ecology agronomy, and otherrelated academic knowledges are applied to qualitatively analyze the carbon effecton the soil carbon pool and vegetation carbon pool.
Secondly, a typical mining subsidence basin is selected within the research areato sample data about vegetation and soil properties. Combined with the MiningSbsidence Model and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), the changes of the NPPand soil organic carbon loss during ground depression-stabilization by mining in thesubsidence slope, and the changes of soil carbon pool storage and vegetation carbonpool storage of the subsidence slope befor or after the mining are evaluated andanalyzed, which indicated that during ground depression-stabilization by coalmining, there is a huge soil organic carbon loss and the loss in active subsidencephase is greater than that in inactive subsidence phase. in upper slope of thesubsidence area, and NPP is near0t/km2in the slope of the basin because thesubsidence basin is no longer cultivated, and a significant changes of the carbon poolstorage and vegetation carbon pool storage happens befor and after mining.
Thirdly, based on test data of physicochemical soil properties and NPP which is acquired through the outside sampling in the subsidece slope, the changecharacteristics of the physicochemical soil properties and NPP with the sinking depthin the slope are studied. Ulteriorly, influencing factors of soil organic carbon contentand NPP in mining subsidence area are analyzed statistically, which indicated thatsoil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, clay content is significantlyrelated to soil organic carbon content, and soil bulk density, saturated hydraulicconductivity is significantly correlated to NPP in the subsidence area; subsidenceterrain slope is significantly negatively correlated to soil organic carbon content,butno significant correlation with NPP; sinking logged water in the subsidence area is asignificant factor of the soil organic carbon content and NPP.
Lastly, an evaluation model of the carbon effects on the soil and vegetationcarbon pools by coal mining is established. The model includs the overall frameworkand the specific composition: assumptions, input variables, the sampling points laid,carbon storage estimation of soil and vegetation carbon pool in the subsidence area,determination of the carbon effect, etc. Then, carbon effects on the soil andvegetation carbon pools by coal mining in subsidence area of Jiuli Mining Area arecalculated, and the results indicate that carbon effect on the soil carbon pool iscarbon loss (carbon source), and carbon effect on the vegetation carbon pool is alsocarbon loss(carbon source).
首先，通过分析碳库、陆地生态碳库以及碳效应的概念和内涵，定义了煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应，认为煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应就是在煤炭开采扰动下，采区及其周边沉陷区内植被碳库和土壤碳库在开采沉陷前后的增碳（碳汇）和失碳（碳源）影响及其大小。在此基础上，以生物地球化学理论为基础，结合开采沉陷学、土壤学、生态学和农学等相关理论对煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应进行了定性分析。
其次，选取研究区典型沉陷盆地，以沉陷盆地采样、实验室化验分析后所获得的实验数据为基础，结合开采沉陷模型、通用土壤流失方程（USLE）等相关模型，研究了地表沉陷期间盆地内沉陷坡面土壤有机碳的侵蚀流失变化、植被NPP变化以及煤炭开采扰动前后沉陷盆地土壤和植被碳库的贮量变化。研究表明地表移动期间，沉陷区上坡位土壤有机碳侵蚀流失剧烈，且流失量在活跃期大于衰退期；盆地坡面植被NPP几乎为0t/km2,因为沉陷盆地彻底弃耕变为裸地；煤炭开采扰动前后沉陷盆地所在区域的土壤和植被碳库贮量变化明显。
再次，利用沉陷坡面的土壤理化性质和植被NPP的实测数据，分析了煤炭开采影响下沉陷坡面土壤理化性质和植被NPP随沉陷深度的变化特征。进一步地，对煤炭开采沉陷区土壤有机碳和植被NPP的影响因素进行了统计学分析并发现，煤炭开采沉陷区土壤有机碳含量和土壤容重、饱和导水率、粘土含量之间的相关性明显，植被NPP和土壤容重、饱和导水率显著相关；沉陷区地形坡度和土壤有机碳含量显著负相关，和植被NPP相关不显著；沉陷区积水是沉陷区土壤有机碳和植被NPP的显著性影响因素。
最后，构建了煤炭开采对土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应评价模型，包括碳效应评价模型的整体架构以及模型的假设条件、输入变量、采样点位布设要求、沉陷区土壤和植被碳库贮量估算、碳效应测算等，并对模型进行了分析与评价。在此基础上，以徐州九里矿区沉陷区为例，测算了煤炭开采对沉陷区土壤和植被碳库扰动的碳效应，发现煤炭开采对区域土壤碳库扰动属于失碳（碳源）效应；煤炭开采对区域植被碳库扰动属于失碳（碳源）效应。
Routine carbon footprint in coal mining such as energy and power consumptioncould be easily evaluated, but carbon effects on the soil carbon, vegetation carbonand ithosphere carbon pools by mining disturbance are far away from accurate andreliable assessment by now. In the dissertation, taking Jiuli Mining Area (a higherground-water mining area) as a study case, sciences of coal mining, miningsubsidence, ecology, biogeochemistry, agrology and agronomy, integrated methodssuch as GIS and experiments, and analysis approaches of simulation, comparisonand verification are applied to evaluate the carbon effects on the soil carbon pool andvegetation carbon pool disturbed by coal mining.
Firstly, after analyzing the conception and connotation of the carbon pool andthe terrestrial ecology carbon pool, the definition of the carbon effects on the soilcarbon pool and vegetation carbon pool disturbed by coal mining is given. Carboneffects on the soil and vegetation carbon pool means the carbon increase effect(carbon sink) or carbon loss (carbon source) effect in soil carbon and vegetationcarbon pools before and after mining in subsidence area. And then, based on thebiogeochemistry, the mining subsidence, ecology, ecology agronomy, and otherrelated academic knowledges are applied to qualitatively analyze the carbon effecton the soil carbon pool and vegetation carbon pool.
Secondly, a typical mining subsidence basin is selected within the research areato sample data about vegetation and soil properties. Combined with the MiningSbsidence Model and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), the changes of the NPPand soil organic carbon loss during ground depression-stabilization by mining in thesubsidence slope, and the changes of soil carbon pool storage and vegetation carbonpool storage of the subsidence slope befor or after the mining are evaluated andanalyzed, which indicated that during ground depression-stabilization by coalmining, there is a huge soil organic carbon loss and the loss in active subsidencephase is greater than that in inactive subsidence phase. in upper slope of thesubsidence area, and NPP is near0t/km2in the slope of the basin because thesubsidence basin is no longer cultivated, and a significant changes of the carbon poolstorage and vegetation carbon pool storage happens befor and after mining.
Thirdly, based on test data of physicochemical soil properties and NPP which is acquired through the outside sampling in the subsidece slope, the changecharacteristics of the physicochemical soil properties and NPP with the sinking depthin the slope are studied. Ulteriorly, influencing factors of soil organic carbon contentand NPP in mining subsidence area are analyzed statistically, which indicated thatsoil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, clay content is significantlyrelated to soil organic carbon content, and soil bulk density, saturated hydraulicconductivity is significantly correlated to NPP in the subsidence area; subsidenceterrain slope is significantly negatively correlated to soil organic carbon content,butno significant correlation with NPP; sinking logged water in the subsidence area is asignificant factor of the soil organic carbon content and NPP.
Lastly, an evaluation model of the carbon effects on the soil and vegetationcarbon pools by coal mining is established. The model includs the overall frameworkand the specific composition: assumptions, input variables, the sampling points laid,carbon storage estimation of soil and vegetation carbon pool in the subsidence area,determination of the carbon effect, etc. Then, carbon effects on the soil andvegetation carbon pools by coal mining in subsidence area of Jiuli Mining Area arecalculated, and the results indicate that carbon effect on the soil carbon pool iscarbon loss (carbon source), and carbon effect on the vegetation carbon pool is alsocarbon loss(carbon source).
引文
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