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青岛市碳承载率研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展,二氧化碳等温室气体排放导致的全球气候变化问题受到国际社会的广泛关注。以欧盟为首的发达国家积极推动以减少二氧化碳排放为目的的碳交易市场的成立和运作,并展开了对碳资产定价权的争夺,在国际贸易等领域为其他国家尤其是发展中国家设置“绿色壁垒”,这使得碳排放问题已由单纯的环境问题,演变为涉及环境、社会和经济的复杂问题。
     本文在吸收国内外有关研究成果的基础上,将承载力研究方法应用在碳排放研究中,界定了青岛市碳承载率的内涵。在此基础上,构建了青岛市碳承载率评价指标体系和模型,并应用碳承载率模型对青岛市碳承载率进行分析。之后,对青岛市碳承载率和其协调发展状况的相关性进行了分析和评价。
     主要结论有:
     (1)认为青岛市碳承载率是在一定时期内,青岛市城市复合生态系统在维持自身结构与功能相对稳定情况下基于人类的可持续发展对二氧化碳排放的承载率,即二氧化碳排放的压力与支持力之比。在碳承载率研究中应以人为核心,以人类生产生活活动为起点,以人类可持续发展为终点。碳排放不是越少越好,一味追求二氧化碳的低排放甚至零排放是既不现实也不必要的,只要在人类发展过程中对二氧化碳排放的压力与支持力的比值维持在一定范围内,即维持碳承载平衡就不会对人类的可持续发展造成不利影响。
     (2)构建了包含目标层、分目标层、准则层、指标层和分指标层五个层次、涉及资源、环境、经济、社会四个子系统的青岛市碳承载率评价指标体系及碳支持力指数和碳压力指数。采用层次分析法和熵权法为指标赋权,利用碳压力和碳支持力指数之比构建了青岛市碳承载率模型,并按其取值范围将青岛市碳承载水平划分为严重空载、轻度空载、适载、轻度超载和严重超载五个级别,每一级都给出了相应的预警标识,严重空载和严重超载时说明协调发展水平很低,轻度空载和轻度超载时说明协调发展水平较低,适载时说明协调发展水平高。
     (3)2000年-2005年青岛市碳压力呈下降趋势,2006年有所上升,2007年又下降,2008-2009年上升较快。2003年之前,社会压力最大,2003年和2004年社会压力依然最大,资源压力凸显,仅次于社会压力,2005年环境压力超过社会压力排在第一位,2006年和2007年社会压力排在第一位,2008年环境压力排在第一位。2009年最突出的变化是经济压力超过了社会和资源压力,成为仅次于环境压力的因素,资源压力依然排在最后。2005年之后经济增长因素变得越来越重要。2000年至2004年能源消耗因素排在各因素的第一位,之后污染物排放则一直处于首位。
     (4)2000年-2005年青岛市碳支持力缓慢上升,2006年略有下降,2007年小幅上升,之后上升较快。资源支持力始终居于首位,总体看来资源环境支持力高于社会经济支持力,且各类碳支持力2000年到2009年基本呈缓慢上升趋势。2000年蓝色资源居于碳支持力各因素首位,2001年经济结构因素排在第一位,2002年、2003和2005年至2007年水污染控制因素居于首位,2004年财政金融支持因素在第一位,2008年和2009年经济发展水平因素在第一位,经济发展水平因子快速上升。近年来青岛市二氧化碳排放支持力的上升主要得益于水污染控制和经济发展,2006年后经济快速发展的作用比较突出,但科教水平与财政金融支持力度应该进一步增强。
     (5)青岛市总碳承载率2001年略有上升,之后快速下降,2005年最低,2006年有所升高,2007年下降后基本不变。2000-2001年处于严重超载状态,2002年和2003年处在轻度超载状态,2004年和2006年处于适载状态,2005年和2007-2009年处于轻度空载状态。整体看来2004年以来碳承载状态趋好。社会经济碳承载率与总碳承载率变动趋势基本一致,说明社会经济因素与青岛市总体承载状况的相关性较强。资源环境碳承载率与总碳承载率变动趋势同步性较差。
     (6)利用资源、环境、经济和社会四个子系统的指标建立了协调度和协调发展度指数,用其衡量了青岛市各子系统发展协调程度和协调发展水平,发现2001-2009年各方面发展的协调度逐步提升,2005-2009年总协调度都在1.9左右,整体协调发展水平不高,基本处于中度失调衰退状态。
     (7)青岛市碳承载率研究以实现其资源、环境、经济和社会子系统协调、可持续发展为目标,碳承载平衡应是协调发展基础上的平衡。青岛市2000-2009年碳承载状况中存在的主要问题是超载,根据碳承载率的界定及其水平划分,随着城市协调发展水平的上升,应该会拉近与碳承载平衡目标的距离,碳承载率取值应该呈下降趋势,因此,理论上来看,碳承载率与总协调发展指数间应存在反向变动的关系。将同期青岛市协调发展度指标与其碳承载率作相关性分析,发现二者呈负相关,即反向变动关系,证明了青岛市碳承载率评估方法具有一定合理性。
     (8)鉴于青岛城市可持续发展的目标,青岛应从调整产业结构、转变经济发展方式、建立低碳发展的长效机制、保护资源环境、大力开发新能源和调整能源消费结构、发展低碳旅游业和进一步完善区域性碳承载率理论体系等方面努力减少碳压力,增加碳支持力,维持碳平衡。
With the development of economy,the problem of climate change which ismainly caused by greenhouse gas emission such as carbon dioxide emission hasattracted extensive attention in the international. In order to reduce carbon emission,the developed countries especially the European Union promote the contribution andthe operation of the carbon credits market. Those cuntries also compete in theinternational carbon assets pricing, and set up Green Barrier in international trade,especially in trade with the developing countries. So carbon dioxide emission hasnot only been environmental problem, but also been a social and economic issue.
     Based on the summary of the domestic and foreign relevant research, this paperintroduced the research methods of carrying capacity in the study of carbon dioxideemission. Firstly, the concept of carbon dioxide emission carrying capacity ratio inQingdao was defined. Secondly, the index system and evaluation model of carbondioxide emission carrying capacity ratio in Qingdao were constructed and applied.Finally, we analyzed the correlation between carbon dioxide emission carryingcapacity ratio and coordinated development level. The main conclusions are:
     (1)In the view of human’s sustainable development, Qingdao’s carbondioxide emission carrying capacity ratio is the carrying capacity ratio of carbondioxide emission in the city complex ecosystem of Qingdao in a certain period in thecondition of keeping the stability of its struction and function, namely the ratio ofcarbon dioxide emissions pressure and carrying capacity of the city. It regards thepeople as the core of the city ecosystem, believes that the purpose of the study is tofind the factors that influence the carbon dioxide emission and the state of carbondioxide emission carrying capacity in Qingdao. Emitting carbon dioxide as little aspossible is not the best choice. The devotion to zero carbon dioxide emissions isneither practical nor necessary. Keeping the balance between pressure and upward force of carbon dioxide emission will not cause adverse effect on the sustainabledevelopment of the human.
     (2) The evaluation index system of carbon dioxide emission carrying capacityratio and pressure and carrying capacity index of carbon dioxide emission wereconstructed. The evaluation index system is consisted of five layers and foursubsystems. The five layers are destination, points target, rule, index and points indexlayer. The four subsystems are resource, environment, economy and society system.Analytic hierarchy process method and entropy weight method were used in theweighting of indexes. Carbon dioxide emission carrying capacity ratio in Qingdao iscarbon dioxide emissions pressure divided by carbon dioxide emissions carryingcapacity. The carbon dioxide emissions carrying capacity ratio can be divided intofive ranks: serious no-load, mild no-load, appropriate load, mild overload and seriousoverload. Each level was given certain warning flags. Serious no-load and overloadindicate the lowest coordinated development level, while mild no-load and mildoverload demonstrate lower coordinated development level, and appropriate loadcorrespond to high coordinated development level.
     (3) The carbon dioxide emission pressure dropt from2000to2005in Qingdao,increased in2006, fell in2007and rose fairly rapidly in2008-2009. In2000-2004,2006and2007, the biggest pressure came from the society factors. In2005,2008and2009, the biggest pressure came from the environment factors. In2009, economyfactors, surpassing society and resource factors, became the secondary pressure.Theeconomy development effected the carbon dioxide emission pressure more and moreafter2005. Energy consumption was the major factor in2000-2004, while pollutantemission was the first factor after2004.
     (4) Qingdao’s carbon dioxide emission carrying capacity increased in2000-2005, declined slightly in2006, increased modestly in2007and rose rapidly in2008-2009. In the process, resource factor was the major factor and the role ofresource and environment factors were greater than the role of economic and socialdevelopment factors. From2000to2009the carrying capacities increased gradually.The blue resource factor, economy structure factor, water pollution control factor, financial support factor, economy development level factor were the key factors in2000,2001,2002,2005and2007,2004and2008-2009. Recnt years, the rise ofcarbon dioxide emission carrying capacity was mainly affected by the water pollutioncontrol and economy development. After2006, the effect of rapid economydevelopment was very significant, but the role of science and education level andfinancial support factors should be improved.
     (5) The overall carbon dioxide emission carrying capacity ratio of Qingdao roseslightly in2001and fell rapidly after2002.Its minimum occured in2005. The carbondioxide emission ratio increased in2006and it was basically unchanged after the briefdip in2007. Qingdao’s carbon dioxide emission loading conditions from2000to2001was in serious overload state. It was in mild overload state in2002and2003, in mildno-load state in2005and2007-2009. And it was in appropriate load state in otheryears. First and last, carbon dioxide emission loading were in good trend after2004.The correlation of social and economic factors and overall loading status is strongerthan the correlation of resources and environment factors and overall loading status.
     (6)The coordination degree index and coordinated development index wereestablished by the indexes of resource, environment, economy and society subsystems.The analysis of the indexes showed that the overall coordination development levelpromoted step by step from2001to2009. The overall coordination degree was about1.9from2005to2009. The overall coordination development level was not high andit was basically in a moderate disorder recession state.
     (7)The study on carbon dioxide emission carrying capacity ratio aims at thecoordinated and sustainable development of resource, environment, economy andsociety subsystems. The balance of carbon dioxide emission pressure and carryingcapacity should be based on the coordinated development. The main problem existingin Qingdao was overload from2000to2009. According to the definition andcategories of the carbon dioxide emission carrying capacity ratio, its value shoulddecline with the improvement of coordinated development level. The result ofcorrelation analysis between Qingdao’s carbon dioxide emission carrying capacityratio and the coordinated development index in the same period indicated that they were negative correlation. So the carbon dioxide emission carrying capacity ratiomethod in this paper is rationality to some extent.
     (8)In view of the goals of sustainable development, Qingdao should adjust theindustrial structure, transform the mode of economic development, establish thelong-term mechanism of low carbon development, protect resources and environment,develop new energy and adjust the energy consume structure, develop low carbontourism and further improve the regional carbon dioxide emission carrying capacitytheory system and so on.
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