基于生境保护的辽河三角洲绿道布局
摘要
随着城市化和城乡一体化进程的加快，土地利用形式转换，生物生境面临片段化和破碎化，其生态学后果是个别生物种群面对局地灭绝风险，较好的景观连接有助于动物在残留的生境之间实现扩散，同时也促进了野生动物生境的综合保护。以野生动物生境保护为目标的绿道布局研究，也为城乡绿地系统规划提供了新的视野，使城乡绿地布局更具有生态学意义。针对辽河三角洲主要土地利用形式，借助3S技术辅助，进行了系统分类，明确了区域覆被状况。通过实地调研并查阅资料，根据研究目标，汇总了辽河三角洲主要陆生野生动物种类，确定以鸟类为辽河三角洲绿道布局的研究媒介，进一步分析其生境，以实现对其生境之间绿道布局的研究。结合研究区土地利用形式，以及鸟类生物生态特性的差异，将鸟类生态类群划分为6类，综合各类群的生境特征，各选择一代表种，对其生境和生境之间连接绿道进行了深入研究。
主要借助GIS的加权叠加分析模块分析了各代表种主要现状生境分布状况；以道路、油井和一些工矿企业等为干扰源，借助GIS的buffer功能分析了各代表种的生境破碎化状况，以生境连接度模型（ECI）分析了代表种现状生境连接状况；进一步结合代表种的生态习性和区域规划特征识别了代表种的潜在生境，并分析了生境之间连接区域状况；然后汇总提出了实现生境连接，构建连接绿道要面对的主要问题，以及解决问题需要采取的主要措施；最后对各代表种基于生境保护的绿道布局特征及优势进行了总结与评价。
通过上述分析过程，得到以下主要研究结果：
（1）通过遥感，及实地调研，并结合国标《土地利用现状分类》的分类体系，对区域土地利用形式进行了分类，结果表明，辽河三角洲区域内共有8种土地利用形式，为旱地、水田、林地、滩涂、水域、虾蟹田、湿地和建设用地等。与水相关的用地类型包括水田、滩涂、虾蟹田、水域和湿地等，占研究区域总面积的64.96%，是该区域的主要景观形态；林地占研究区域总面积的15.47%，低于全国森林覆盖率18.21%的平均水平，属于少林区域；建设用地主要为居民点和油田用地，占研究区总面积的13.29%，该用地类型在研究区域内分部分散，同区域内道路一起，是造成研究区域景观破碎化的主要因素。
（2）通过实地调研和资料搜集，汇总了辽河三角洲主要野生动物名录，主要包括4纲、22目、52科、183种。结合辽河三角洲主要生态类型，将丹顶鹤、黑嘴鸥、绿翅鸭、喜鹊、斑啄木鸟和树麻雀作为其代表种，将这六种生态类群的鸟类生境确定为研究对象。根据代表种主要的生境因子特征，借助ARCinfo绘制了代表种的生境图，并分析了代表种的生境分布特征。
（3）基于各代表种的生境图，将道路、油井和一些工矿区域作为阻力面，分析了代表种生境破碎化和连接度现状，结果表明，辽河三角洲鸟类的六种生态类群生境均面临着自然干扰和人类干扰带来的破碎化问题，生境连接度总体有所下降。但由于各类群对生境的需求特征不同，其生境破碎化程度也有所不同，丹顶鹤生境受到道路和油井等人为干扰较大，局部区域破碎化严重，应加强对局部生境的保护；黑嘴鸥受到自然和人为影响最大，呈现生境破碎和生境压缩现象；绿翅鸭扩散阻力主要源于区域水网结构的人为活动干扰性较大和水网生境结构的不完整；喜鹊生境连接度相对较高，说明区域现状道路绿地和滨水绿地对喜鹊的扩散起到较好作用；斑啄木鸟和树麻雀的生境呈现孤岛状，连接性较差，说明道路绿地和滨水绿地等现状绿道对其发挥连接作用一般，有待进一步完善其绿道布局。
（4）各代表种潜在生境及生境连接区域存在的主要问题是生境面积过小，生境及绿道结构不完整，生境之间人工设施造成连接阻力过大，以及生境之间连接区域不具备构建绿道条件等，基于此提出完善生境及绿道布局的五点措施：①扩大代表种生境的“功能面积”；②完善潜在生境和绿道的组成结构；③减少干扰源，降低生境连接区域阻力；④调整土地利用形式，在生境连接区域内设置生境驻足点；⑤在生境之间设置多条连接绿道，以增强生境之间的连接性。
（5）完成了辽河三角洲各代表种绿道布局形式，并介绍了绿道组成结构。然后借助反映连接度的α指数和γ指数，分析绿道布局前后变化，评价了基于生境保护的绿道布局的优势。
（6）结合辽河三角洲大尺度的绿道布局研究，在《盘锦市西安镇总体规划》中进行了基于西安镇水禽生境保护的绿道布局专项应用实践，从相对较小尺度验证了该布局方法的可实施性和优势，并分析了其在实践运用中还需要进一步探讨的问题。
With the rapid progress of the urbanization and the unified design between the city and thecountryside，the land use forms are in transformation, and the habitat is in fragmentation,which lead to some biotic populations are in extinction in part. But good connections amongthe habitats can add to the pervasion of the wildlife among the rudimental habitat, and whichis a helpful approach in integrated conservation of wildlife habitat. Based on the conservationof wildlife habitat, the new idea of the greenway layout will come into being, which willmake the green space layout in the city and the countryside more significative in ecology.Some techniques of the GIS, RS and GPS are applicated in classifying the land use foms ofthe Liaohe River Delta, by which that the land cover are identified. The main wildlife classesof the Liaohe River Delta are gathered, and the bird habitats conservation are regarded as theobject of greenway layout in the Liaohe River Delta. Six representative species are selected torsearch the characteristics of six habitats types in the Liaohe River Delta.
With the help of GIS weighted overlay analysis module, the main habitats’ distributionstatus are analyzed, and the habitats’ fragmentation status are analyzed by the GIS-bufferfunction with roads, oil wells and some industrial enterprises, and so on. The connectivity ofthe region is assessed using the Ecological Connectivity Index（ECI）. Further, combined withevery representative species’ habit and regional planning characteristics, the potential habitatsare identified, and the status among the habitats are analyzed. Also, some measures areproposed to resolve some problems about forming greenway layout connecting the habitats.At last, the feathers and advantages of the greenway layout based on habitat protection aresummarized and analyzed.
Several research achievements and contributions are summarized as the followings:
Firstly, combined with the Present Land Use Classification（GB）,the land use forms areclassificated through RS and survey on the spot. The results show that eight kinds of forms ofland use in the Liaohe River Delta include dry lands, paddy fields, woodlands, beach, waters,prawn-crab-ponds, wetlands and land for construction. Accounting for64.96%of the totalarea of the study area, water-related land use types,including paddy fields, beaches, prawn-crab-ponds, water and wetlands, are the main landscape patterns in the region. Lowerthan18.21%of the average level of the national forest coverage，the woodlands areaccounted for15.47%of the total area of the study area. And the lands for construction,composed of settlements, oil wells and some industrial fields, are accounted for13.29%ofthe total area, which are dispersed in the study area, together with the roads in the region, are the main facors of the habitats’ fragmentation in the region.
Secondly, the main wildlife list of the Liaohe River Delta, including4classes,22orders,52families and183species, is formed through surveying on the spot and data collection.Combined with eco-types of the Liaohe River Delta, Grus japonensis, Larus saundersi, Anascrecca,Pica pica, Dendrocopos major and Passer montanus are regarded as the representativespecies to research the habitats and the greenway among the habitats. The habitat maps aredrawn with the help of ARCinfo, and the characteristics of the representative species habitatsare analyzed.
Thirdly, based on every representative species habitat maps, the habitat fragmentation andconnection status are analyzed with the roads, wells, and some mining regions as theresistance surface. The results show that the six ecological classes of the region are facingwith the fragmentation brought about by the natural disturbance and human interference, andthe overall decline of habitat connectivity. The degree of habitat fragmentation is differentwith the different of the habitats demand characteristics of various types of group. The habitatof Grus japonensis is impacted large, which is facing the fragmentation by the naturaldisturbance and man-made interference. The habitats of Larus saundersi are shrinking. Thegreen space play an impotant role in the diffusion of the Anas crecca, so which should bepaid more attention. Relatively high connection degree to Pica pica in the region, show thatroad green space and waterfront green space play a better role in the diffusion of Pica pica.The habitats of Dendrocopos major and Passer montanus take on the island, which show thatthe actual green space is poor on the connection of the island habitat of the two representativespecies.
Fourthly, the main problems of the potential habitats and the region among the habitats arefaced that smaller habitat, incomplete habitat and greenway structure, too large resistanceamong habitats, and no conditions to form greenway, etc. Based on which, five measures areproposed that the expansion of representative species habitats "functional area"; the perfectstructure of the potential habitat and the greenway; the reducing resistance among the habitats;to adjust land use form, set habitat stop point in the connection area of habitat; and theincreasing numbers of the greenway among the habitat to enhance the connectivity amonghabitats.
Fifthly, the greenway layout of the Liaohe River Delta is formed, and the greenwaycomposition are analyzed. And then, with the change of the alpha index and the gamma indexof connectivity, the advantages of the greenway layout basing on the habitat protection are showed.
Sixthly，based on the study of the greenway layout in Liaohe River Delta, the pratice wasdone about the greenway layout basing on waterfowls habitats in, which makes sure that the layout plan is feasible in the smaller scale, too. And someproblems are brought in the pratice.
主要借助GIS的加权叠加分析模块分析了各代表种主要现状生境分布状况；以道路、油井和一些工矿企业等为干扰源，借助GIS的buffer功能分析了各代表种的生境破碎化状况，以生境连接度模型（ECI）分析了代表种现状生境连接状况；进一步结合代表种的生态习性和区域规划特征识别了代表种的潜在生境，并分析了生境之间连接区域状况；然后汇总提出了实现生境连接，构建连接绿道要面对的主要问题，以及解决问题需要采取的主要措施；最后对各代表种基于生境保护的绿道布局特征及优势进行了总结与评价。
通过上述分析过程，得到以下主要研究结果：
（1）通过遥感，及实地调研，并结合国标《土地利用现状分类》的分类体系，对区域土地利用形式进行了分类，结果表明，辽河三角洲区域内共有8种土地利用形式，为旱地、水田、林地、滩涂、水域、虾蟹田、湿地和建设用地等。与水相关的用地类型包括水田、滩涂、虾蟹田、水域和湿地等，占研究区域总面积的64.96%，是该区域的主要景观形态；林地占研究区域总面积的15.47%，低于全国森林覆盖率18.21%的平均水平，属于少林区域；建设用地主要为居民点和油田用地，占研究区总面积的13.29%，该用地类型在研究区域内分部分散，同区域内道路一起，是造成研究区域景观破碎化的主要因素。
（2）通过实地调研和资料搜集，汇总了辽河三角洲主要野生动物名录，主要包括4纲、22目、52科、183种。结合辽河三角洲主要生态类型，将丹顶鹤、黑嘴鸥、绿翅鸭、喜鹊、斑啄木鸟和树麻雀作为其代表种，将这六种生态类群的鸟类生境确定为研究对象。根据代表种主要的生境因子特征，借助ARCinfo绘制了代表种的生境图，并分析了代表种的生境分布特征。
（3）基于各代表种的生境图，将道路、油井和一些工矿区域作为阻力面，分析了代表种生境破碎化和连接度现状，结果表明，辽河三角洲鸟类的六种生态类群生境均面临着自然干扰和人类干扰带来的破碎化问题，生境连接度总体有所下降。但由于各类群对生境的需求特征不同，其生境破碎化程度也有所不同，丹顶鹤生境受到道路和油井等人为干扰较大，局部区域破碎化严重，应加强对局部生境的保护；黑嘴鸥受到自然和人为影响最大，呈现生境破碎和生境压缩现象；绿翅鸭扩散阻力主要源于区域水网结构的人为活动干扰性较大和水网生境结构的不完整；喜鹊生境连接度相对较高，说明区域现状道路绿地和滨水绿地对喜鹊的扩散起到较好作用；斑啄木鸟和树麻雀的生境呈现孤岛状，连接性较差，说明道路绿地和滨水绿地等现状绿道对其发挥连接作用一般，有待进一步完善其绿道布局。
（4）各代表种潜在生境及生境连接区域存在的主要问题是生境面积过小，生境及绿道结构不完整，生境之间人工设施造成连接阻力过大，以及生境之间连接区域不具备构建绿道条件等，基于此提出完善生境及绿道布局的五点措施：①扩大代表种生境的“功能面积”；②完善潜在生境和绿道的组成结构；③减少干扰源，降低生境连接区域阻力；④调整土地利用形式，在生境连接区域内设置生境驻足点；⑤在生境之间设置多条连接绿道，以增强生境之间的连接性。
（5）完成了辽河三角洲各代表种绿道布局形式，并介绍了绿道组成结构。然后借助反映连接度的α指数和γ指数，分析绿道布局前后变化，评价了基于生境保护的绿道布局的优势。
（6）结合辽河三角洲大尺度的绿道布局研究，在《盘锦市西安镇总体规划》中进行了基于西安镇水禽生境保护的绿道布局专项应用实践，从相对较小尺度验证了该布局方法的可实施性和优势，并分析了其在实践运用中还需要进一步探讨的问题。
With the rapid progress of the urbanization and the unified design between the city and thecountryside，the land use forms are in transformation, and the habitat is in fragmentation,which lead to some biotic populations are in extinction in part. But good connections amongthe habitats can add to the pervasion of the wildlife among the rudimental habitat, and whichis a helpful approach in integrated conservation of wildlife habitat. Based on the conservationof wildlife habitat, the new idea of the greenway layout will come into being, which willmake the green space layout in the city and the countryside more significative in ecology.Some techniques of the GIS, RS and GPS are applicated in classifying the land use foms ofthe Liaohe River Delta, by which that the land cover are identified. The main wildlife classesof the Liaohe River Delta are gathered, and the bird habitats conservation are regarded as theobject of greenway layout in the Liaohe River Delta. Six representative species are selected torsearch the characteristics of six habitats types in the Liaohe River Delta.
With the help of GIS weighted overlay analysis module, the main habitats’ distributionstatus are analyzed, and the habitats’ fragmentation status are analyzed by the GIS-bufferfunction with roads, oil wells and some industrial enterprises, and so on. The connectivity ofthe region is assessed using the Ecological Connectivity Index（ECI）. Further, combined withevery representative species’ habit and regional planning characteristics, the potential habitatsare identified, and the status among the habitats are analyzed. Also, some measures areproposed to resolve some problems about forming greenway layout connecting the habitats.At last, the feathers and advantages of the greenway layout based on habitat protection aresummarized and analyzed.
Several research achievements and contributions are summarized as the followings:
Firstly, combined with the Present Land Use Classification（GB）,the land use forms areclassificated through RS and survey on the spot. The results show that eight kinds of forms ofland use in the Liaohe River Delta include dry lands, paddy fields, woodlands, beach, waters,prawn-crab-ponds, wetlands and land for construction. Accounting for64.96%of the totalarea of the study area, water-related land use types,including paddy fields, beaches, prawn-crab-ponds, water and wetlands, are the main landscape patterns in the region. Lowerthan18.21%of the average level of the national forest coverage，the woodlands areaccounted for15.47%of the total area of the study area. And the lands for construction,composed of settlements, oil wells and some industrial fields, are accounted for13.29%ofthe total area, which are dispersed in the study area, together with the roads in the region, are the main facors of the habitats’ fragmentation in the region.
Secondly, the main wildlife list of the Liaohe River Delta, including4classes,22orders,52families and183species, is formed through surveying on the spot and data collection.Combined with eco-types of the Liaohe River Delta, Grus japonensis, Larus saundersi, Anascrecca,Pica pica, Dendrocopos major and Passer montanus are regarded as the representativespecies to research the habitats and the greenway among the habitats. The habitat maps aredrawn with the help of ARCinfo, and the characteristics of the representative species habitatsare analyzed.
Thirdly, based on every representative species habitat maps, the habitat fragmentation andconnection status are analyzed with the roads, wells, and some mining regions as theresistance surface. The results show that the six ecological classes of the region are facingwith the fragmentation brought about by the natural disturbance and human interference, andthe overall decline of habitat connectivity. The degree of habitat fragmentation is differentwith the different of the habitats demand characteristics of various types of group. The habitatof Grus japonensis is impacted large, which is facing the fragmentation by the naturaldisturbance and man-made interference. The habitats of Larus saundersi are shrinking. Thegreen space play an impotant role in the diffusion of the Anas crecca, so which should bepaid more attention. Relatively high connection degree to Pica pica in the region, show thatroad green space and waterfront green space play a better role in the diffusion of Pica pica.The habitats of Dendrocopos major and Passer montanus take on the island, which show thatthe actual green space is poor on the connection of the island habitat of the two representativespecies.
Fourthly, the main problems of the potential habitats and the region among the habitats arefaced that smaller habitat, incomplete habitat and greenway structure, too large resistanceamong habitats, and no conditions to form greenway, etc. Based on which, five measures areproposed that the expansion of representative species habitats "functional area"; the perfectstructure of the potential habitat and the greenway; the reducing resistance among the habitats;to adjust land use form, set habitat stop point in the connection area of habitat; and theincreasing numbers of the greenway among the habitat to enhance the connectivity amonghabitats.
Fifthly, the greenway layout of the Liaohe River Delta is formed, and the greenwaycomposition are analyzed. And then, with the change of the alpha index and the gamma indexof connectivity, the advantages of the greenway layout basing on the habitat protection are showed.
Sixthly，based on the study of the greenway layout in Liaohe River Delta, the pratice wasdone about the greenway layout basing on waterfowls habitats in
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