免耕播种机关键部件及其参数化设计方法研究
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摘要
我国东北地区春天风大，春旱和风蚀严重，玉米种植以垄作为主，根茬粗大，地表平整度较差，对免耕播种机工作性能提出了较高的要求。目前玉米垄作保护性耕作技术研究薄弱，适合玉米垄作的免耕播种机较少，对其关键部件的研究还有待于加强。以免耕播种机的关键部件为对象，对其进行理论分析、性能试验及参数化设计方法研究，对改善免耕播种机性能、提高关键部件设计质量和效率、缩短产品开发周期、研制质量较高且工作可靠的免耕播种机具有重要的现实意义。
本文在综合分析国内外保护性耕作技术及免耕播种机发展现状的基础上，对圆盘破茬刀工作过程进行了分析，对三种圆盘破茬刀的田间工作性能进行了试验，对工作部件运动稳定性进行了研究，探讨了破茬部件参数化设计及自动装配的关键技术并开发了相应的系统，利用虚拟样机技术对播种机仿形机构进行了参数优化。主要结论如下：
（1）通过受力分析，得出了地表覆盖秸秆被破茬刀切断而不沿地面被推走的条件，确定了实施免耕播种的圆盘破茬刀最小直径。分析了破茬刀工作过程中刀刃工作弧长和滑切角的变化，破茬刀滑移对刀刃上任一点滑切角和速度变化的影响，建立了破茬刀工作时的受力模型，为圆盘破茬刀的设计和应用提供了理论依据。
（2）对影响免耕播种机工作部件侧向位移和侧移速度的因素进行了分析，结果表明：机组作业速度和工作部件与拖拉机驱动轮轴线距离增加，都会使工作部件侧向位移和侧移速度增大，使得机具掉垄的趋势增加。
（3）建立了四杆仿形机构安装拉力弹簧的免耕播种机受力模型及开沟深度稳定性数学模型，得出主要因素对开沟深度稳定性的影响，对免耕播种机的设计具有指导意义。
（4）对平面圆盘刀、波纹圆盘刀、涡轮圆盘刀进行了田间试验，研究了配重、机组前进速度对三种破茬刀破茬深度、开沟宽度的影响；对牵引阻力进行了三因素三水平正交试验，得出了牵引阻力随配重和机组前进速度的变化规律及各因素对牵引阻力影响的主次顺序。
（5）将VC集成开发环境与Pro/Toolkit提供的底层函数相结合，开发了免耕破茬部件参数化设计系统，研究了开发环境设置、菜单开发技术、MFC对话框设计方法、Pro/Toolkit应用程序对外部数据库的访问等关键技术。将实例推理技术应用到参数化设计系统中，研究了实例表达、相似度计算及属性权重确定方法，验证过程表明该方法可以实现设计经验和结果的重用，提高了破茬部件的设计效率。
（6）提出了基于坐标系约束的虚拟自动装配思想，分析了约束坐标系的建立方法及自动装配实现的步骤，编写了实现自动装配的程序。针对破茬部件参数化设计过程中螺栓、螺母等标准件通常需要多次重复装配的情况，提出了一种虚拟批量自动装配方法，分别对装配体约束坐标系位于同一元件和多个相同元件的情况进行了研究。开发的自动装配工作平台，能够在Pro/E环境下通过界面操作完成零件的自动装配，减少重复性装配工作，提高设计效率，为破茬部件的设计提供了便捷的工具。
（7）采用ADAMS软件建立了免耕播种机仿形机构的虚拟样机，对运动情况进行了仿真，研究了弹簧刚度、弹簧预拉力、播种机单体质量对仿形轮压力的影响。在给定的工作条件下，以最大仿形轮压力最小为目标函数，对仿形机构参数进行了优化分析。所建立的虚拟样机为仿形机构的设计和参数优化提供了一种有效的方法。
The wind is strong; the drought and wind erosion is serious in spring in northeast China where maizeridge culture is the primary planting mode. The more excellent performance of no-tillage seeder is requiredbecause of the thick stubble and rough field surface. The present research on maize ridge conservationtillage technology is still weak; the no-tillage seeder suited for maize ridge is few; the study on key partsshould be enhanced. The theoretical analysis, experiments and parameterization design of the keycomponents have significance on improving the machine performance and design efficiency, shorteningdevelopment cycle and developing no-tillage seeder with high quality and reliability.
Based on the analysis on conservation tillage technology and no-till seeders in China and abroad, theworking process of coulter was studied, the performance experiments of three disc coulters were carried out,the movement stability of working parts was analyzed. The critical technologies of parameterization designand automatic assembling of stubble-cutting components were researched and the corresponding systemwas developed, the parameters of seeder profiling mechanism was optimized by use of virtual prototypetechnology. The main conclusions are as following:
(1)The condition that maize stalk on ground was cut off and not pushed forward was derived by forceanalysis and the minimum diameter of disc coulter used in no-tillage was determined. The change ofworking arc length and sliding cutting angle of coulter edge in the stubble cutting process was analyzed; theinfluence of coulter slipping on the sliding cutting angle and velocity of random point on edge was studied;the force models of coulter were built. This can provide theoretical foundations for designing and applyingdisc coulter.
(2)The factors affecting the lateral displacement and velocity of working parts of no-tillage seederwere investigated. The results show that the increase of the unit velocity and the distance from workingparts to the axis of tractor driving wheel will increase them which make the machine tend to move offridge.
(3)The force model and furrow depth stability model of no-tillage seeder equipped with four-barprofiling mechanism with tension spring were established. The influence of main factors on furrow depthstability was put forward which can be reference for the design of the machine.
(4)The field experiments of smooth coulter, wave coulter and turbo coulter were conducted and theinfluence of additional weight and unit working velocity on cutting depth and furrow width was studied.The three-factor three-level orthogonal test of draft resistance was carried out which concluded the changeregularity of draft resistance to additional weight and unit working velocity and the order of all affectingfactors.
(5)The parameterization design system of no-tillage stubble-cutting components was developed by thecombination of VC integrated development circumstance and underlying functions provided by Pro/Toolkit.The configuration of developing circumstance, menu and MFC dialog design, and the access of Pro/Toolkitapplication program to external database were studied. The case-based reasoning was applied in theparameterization design system; case representations, calculation of resemblance level and determination method for weight of characteristics properties were studied. The verification process shows that themethod can realize the reuse of design experience and results and improve design efficiency ofstubble-cutting parts.
(6)The idea of virtual automatic assembling based on constraint coordinate system was put forward,the method of building constraint coordinate system and the steps of realizing automatic assembling wereanalyzed, and the program was completed. A method of virtual batch automatic assembling was proposedaccording to the situation that many stand parts such as bolts, nuts, and so on need to be assembledrepeatedly. The assembly constraint coordinate systems on a part and on many same parts were studiedseparately. The developed platform can finish automatic assembling of parts by interface operation, reducerepeated assembling work, improve design efficiency, and provide convenient means for the design ofstubble-cutting parts.
(7)The virtual prototype of profiling mechanism was established with ADAMS software and themovement simulation was carried out. The influence of spring stiffness, preload and mass of seeder unit onprofiling wheel pressure was investigated. The parameters of profiling mechanism were optimized in thegiven working conditions with the objective function of minimizing the maximum profiling wheel pressure.The virtual prototype presents an effective method for the design and parameter optimization of profilingmechanism.
本文在综合分析国内外保护性耕作技术及免耕播种机发展现状的基础上，对圆盘破茬刀工作过程进行了分析，对三种圆盘破茬刀的田间工作性能进行了试验，对工作部件运动稳定性进行了研究，探讨了破茬部件参数化设计及自动装配的关键技术并开发了相应的系统，利用虚拟样机技术对播种机仿形机构进行了参数优化。主要结论如下：
（1）通过受力分析，得出了地表覆盖秸秆被破茬刀切断而不沿地面被推走的条件，确定了实施免耕播种的圆盘破茬刀最小直径。分析了破茬刀工作过程中刀刃工作弧长和滑切角的变化，破茬刀滑移对刀刃上任一点滑切角和速度变化的影响，建立了破茬刀工作时的受力模型，为圆盘破茬刀的设计和应用提供了理论依据。
（2）对影响免耕播种机工作部件侧向位移和侧移速度的因素进行了分析，结果表明：机组作业速度和工作部件与拖拉机驱动轮轴线距离增加，都会使工作部件侧向位移和侧移速度增大，使得机具掉垄的趋势增加。
（3）建立了四杆仿形机构安装拉力弹簧的免耕播种机受力模型及开沟深度稳定性数学模型，得出主要因素对开沟深度稳定性的影响，对免耕播种机的设计具有指导意义。
（4）对平面圆盘刀、波纹圆盘刀、涡轮圆盘刀进行了田间试验，研究了配重、机组前进速度对三种破茬刀破茬深度、开沟宽度的影响；对牵引阻力进行了三因素三水平正交试验，得出了牵引阻力随配重和机组前进速度的变化规律及各因素对牵引阻力影响的主次顺序。
（5）将VC集成开发环境与Pro/Toolkit提供的底层函数相结合，开发了免耕破茬部件参数化设计系统，研究了开发环境设置、菜单开发技术、MFC对话框设计方法、Pro/Toolkit应用程序对外部数据库的访问等关键技术。将实例推理技术应用到参数化设计系统中，研究了实例表达、相似度计算及属性权重确定方法，验证过程表明该方法可以实现设计经验和结果的重用，提高了破茬部件的设计效率。
（6）提出了基于坐标系约束的虚拟自动装配思想，分析了约束坐标系的建立方法及自动装配实现的步骤，编写了实现自动装配的程序。针对破茬部件参数化设计过程中螺栓、螺母等标准件通常需要多次重复装配的情况，提出了一种虚拟批量自动装配方法，分别对装配体约束坐标系位于同一元件和多个相同元件的情况进行了研究。开发的自动装配工作平台，能够在Pro/E环境下通过界面操作完成零件的自动装配，减少重复性装配工作，提高设计效率，为破茬部件的设计提供了便捷的工具。
（7）采用ADAMS软件建立了免耕播种机仿形机构的虚拟样机，对运动情况进行了仿真，研究了弹簧刚度、弹簧预拉力、播种机单体质量对仿形轮压力的影响。在给定的工作条件下，以最大仿形轮压力最小为目标函数，对仿形机构参数进行了优化分析。所建立的虚拟样机为仿形机构的设计和参数优化提供了一种有效的方法。
The wind is strong; the drought and wind erosion is serious in spring in northeast China where maizeridge culture is the primary planting mode. The more excellent performance of no-tillage seeder is requiredbecause of the thick stubble and rough field surface. The present research on maize ridge conservationtillage technology is still weak; the no-tillage seeder suited for maize ridge is few; the study on key partsshould be enhanced. The theoretical analysis, experiments and parameterization design of the keycomponents have significance on improving the machine performance and design efficiency, shorteningdevelopment cycle and developing no-tillage seeder with high quality and reliability.
Based on the analysis on conservation tillage technology and no-till seeders in China and abroad, theworking process of coulter was studied, the performance experiments of three disc coulters were carried out,the movement stability of working parts was analyzed. The critical technologies of parameterization designand automatic assembling of stubble-cutting components were researched and the corresponding systemwas developed, the parameters of seeder profiling mechanism was optimized by use of virtual prototypetechnology. The main conclusions are as following:
(1)The condition that maize stalk on ground was cut off and not pushed forward was derived by forceanalysis and the minimum diameter of disc coulter used in no-tillage was determined. The change ofworking arc length and sliding cutting angle of coulter edge in the stubble cutting process was analyzed; theinfluence of coulter slipping on the sliding cutting angle and velocity of random point on edge was studied;the force models of coulter were built. This can provide theoretical foundations for designing and applyingdisc coulter.
(2)The factors affecting the lateral displacement and velocity of working parts of no-tillage seederwere investigated. The results show that the increase of the unit velocity and the distance from workingparts to the axis of tractor driving wheel will increase them which make the machine tend to move offridge.
(3)The force model and furrow depth stability model of no-tillage seeder equipped with four-barprofiling mechanism with tension spring were established. The influence of main factors on furrow depthstability was put forward which can be reference for the design of the machine.
(4)The field experiments of smooth coulter, wave coulter and turbo coulter were conducted and theinfluence of additional weight and unit working velocity on cutting depth and furrow width was studied.The three-factor three-level orthogonal test of draft resistance was carried out which concluded the changeregularity of draft resistance to additional weight and unit working velocity and the order of all affectingfactors.
(5)The parameterization design system of no-tillage stubble-cutting components was developed by thecombination of VC integrated development circumstance and underlying functions provided by Pro/Toolkit.The configuration of developing circumstance, menu and MFC dialog design, and the access of Pro/Toolkitapplication program to external database were studied. The case-based reasoning was applied in theparameterization design system; case representations, calculation of resemblance level and determination method for weight of characteristics properties were studied. The verification process shows that themethod can realize the reuse of design experience and results and improve design efficiency ofstubble-cutting parts.
(6)The idea of virtual automatic assembling based on constraint coordinate system was put forward,the method of building constraint coordinate system and the steps of realizing automatic assembling wereanalyzed, and the program was completed. A method of virtual batch automatic assembling was proposedaccording to the situation that many stand parts such as bolts, nuts, and so on need to be assembledrepeatedly. The assembly constraint coordinate systems on a part and on many same parts were studiedseparately. The developed platform can finish automatic assembling of parts by interface operation, reducerepeated assembling work, improve design efficiency, and provide convenient means for the design ofstubble-cutting parts.
(7)The virtual prototype of profiling mechanism was established with ADAMS software and themovement simulation was carried out. The influence of spring stiffness, preload and mass of seeder unit onprofiling wheel pressure was investigated. The parameters of profiling mechanism were optimized in thegiven working conditions with the objective function of minimizing the maximum profiling wheel pressure.The virtual prototype presents an effective method for the design and parameter optimization of profilingmechanism.
引文
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