面向斯里兰卡中小企业环境管理的实证研究
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摘要
相对于作为研究焦点的大型企业，学术界对中小企业环境问题的研究较少甚至没有关注。但以下被广泛引用的数据足以说明中小企业环境问题研究的重要性：在一个行业中，由中小企业带来的工业污染比例高达70％（Hillary，1995）。而由于亚太地区的快速发展，该问题的问题则更为严重，发展中的经济体更应增强环境管理意识，加强中小企业和环境之间关系的研究。由于中小企业的管理风格、组织结构和业主或管理人员的特点与大型企业存在明显差异，为大型企业量身定做的环保解决方案设计并不适用于中小企业。因此，中小企业需要探寻适合自身的方案以应对环境问题。在上述研究背景下，本文旨在调查研究环境管理水平普遍较低的中小企业的环境管理实施（EMPs）及其影响因素。因此，本文的研究目在于挖掘中小企业环境管理低下的原因，并为中小企业决策者更好地实施环境管理提供一套理论框架以供参考。由于这个问题在发展中国家的研究仍是空白，本文选取斯里兰卡的西部省份开展实证研究
根据国内外相关文献的研究成果，以下观点被广泛认同：在中小型企业的环境管理实施中，组织的资源、法律调控、监管机制、供应商参与、业主或管理人员的态度和对环境问题的认识、公众环保意识和环境信息被认为是关键的甚至是决定性的影响因素。这些因素可划分为五大类：资源、利益相关者、信息、环境立法和业主或经理人对环境问题及环境保护的态度和意识。本文基于文献中对它们关系的讨论，构建了环境管理概念框架，并提出基于以上五类因素的11种假设。
为达成研究目标，本文同时对一手数据和二手数据都进行了深入研究，并得出最终结论。实证研究主要来自于通过问卷调查和访谈获取到的一手数据，研究选取了部分调查对象进行访谈以作为对问卷调查待果的补充，问题主要涉及相关产业的环境保护法规、执法过程、现行环境监管系统的优点和不足等方面。选择斯里兰卡的食品饮料业（F＆B）作为调查对象，主要是考虑到食品饮料行业内的中小企业为斯里兰卡创造了大部分的就业机会和工业附加值。因而本研究从员工数量在5-99人的中小企中选取了400个调查对象，首先选取斯里兰卡西部省份已分类登记注册的中小食品饮料企业作总体样本，接着按一定比例随机选取相应数量的企业作为立意样本。最后采用描述性统计、相关分析和多因素分析等数理统计方法得到研究结果。调查研究发现，环境立法和环境管理实践之间有正相关关系，但根据多因素分析的结果，虽然有严厉的环境立法可以防止环境问题，而实际执法操作性较差使得这种正相关关系并不显著。利益相关者对组织环境管理实践有正向影响，但只有监管机构和供应商对企业环境问题有显著影响。环境信息和组织资源正向并显著地影响中小企业的环境管理实践，然而人力资源及财务资源对中小企业的环境管理实践有决定性影响。态度和意识与环境管理实践之间存在并不显著的正相关关系，由于环境管理实施可行性低，积极的环保观念和意识不会转化成保护环境的行为。总体看来，资源、利益相关者和环境信息被确定为中小型企业的环境管理计划的关键因素，而人力资源、财务资源、时间紧迫、缺乏市场激励机制、政府和其他组织的支持不够是阻碍中小企业更好地开展环境管理实践的主要障碍
本研究的结论认为，政策制定者需向中小企业提供决策支持以提升他们的知识技能水平，并向他们提供财政支持以实现技术设备的更新并提高生产力。此外，增强中小型企业内部联系及与其他组织（包括地方政府）的关系也是极其重要的。同时，还应加强公众参与对环境保护的作用，他们将能够显著提升中小企业履行环保责任的意识，在有效促进经济发展的同时兼顾环境改善。
The SMEs and the environmental issues are comparatively under research or ignored by the academia,instead focusing its attention on the large firms. It is widely quoted that, as a sector SMEs couldcontribute up to70%of industrial pollution (Hillary,1995).The influence is more serious in the Asia–Pacific region because of the rapid economic growth of the region today. Therefore, it is need to directconceptual emphasis upon investigations on the relationship between SMEs and the environmentespecially for developing economies. The environmental solutions designed for larger organizationscannot be applied for SMEs since they differ from larger organizations in their management style,organizational structure and the characteristic of owners/managers. Therefore SMEs need their ownunique answers to understand of difficulties they face with environmental issues. Within this contextthis study focused to investigate the low level of environmental management practices (EMPs) ofSMEs and the factors which influence on EMPs. Therefore, the main objective of this study is toidentify the causes for low level EMPs of SMEs and to propose a framework to the policy makers toencourage SMEs towards better EMPs. The Western Province of Sri Lanka was selected for theempirical study since there are deficit of studies on this issue in developing countries.
In order to obtain a better understanding of the issue, an extensive literature survey was conducted ontheories as well as on previous studies. As a result of reviewed literature of the concept, thestakeholder theory and institutional theory was identified as fundamental theories to the research issue.According to the stakeholder theory and institutional theory, environmental issues have become realand urgent challenge for organizations. Because those theories explains that organizations success orfailures depends on the facts whether the organizations satisfies the expectations of its stakeholders.This study more emphasized on stakeholder theory which argues that the responsibility ofmanagers/owners in the stakeholder management context is not limited to shareholders, but variousstakeholders.
Based on the research findings of the previous studies, organization’s resources, legal regulation andregulators, supplier involvement, owners/managers attitudes and awareness on environmental issues,public green ethics, and environmental information were identified as key influencing factors(determinants) of EMPs in SMEs. These factors were categorized in to five major areas; resources,stakeholders, information, environmental legislation and owners/managers attitudes/awareness onenvironmental issues and environmental protection. Based on the nature of relationships as explainedin the literature survey, the conceptual framework was developed for the study. Then altogethereleven hypotheses were developed for this study in focusing on the relationships among variables. With the purpose of achieving study objectives, both primary and secondary data were employed toobtain study findings. The empirical study basically depends on primary data. Primary data wascollected through questionnaires and interviews. In addition to the questionnaire some interviewswere conducted with selected respondents to verify the environmental protection laws in relation toindustries, legal enforcement process and the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmentalregulatory system with relating environmental management in industries. The Food and Beverage(F&D) industry was selected for the empirical study since F&B industry dominate the SMEs sector inSri Lanka both in employment generation and in industrial value addition.400respondents wereselected for the survey from the organizations with5–99employees. First registered SMEs in theWestern province under F&B category were selected for the sample and then organizations wererandomly selected, proportionately to the number of organizations in each district. Descriptivestatistics, correlation analysis and multivariate analysis were utilized to obtain the research findings.The study found that there is a positive relationship between environmental legislation and EMPs.However, the relationship is not significant according to the statistical findings. Because even thoughthe environmental legislation is strong enough to prevent environmental issues, the enforcementprocess is weak. The stakeholders positively impact on organization’s EMPs. But only suppliers andregulators were identified as strong influencers on organizations relating to environmental issues.Environmental information is positively and significantly impacts on EMPs of SMEs andorganizations’ resources also a significant determinant of EMPs of SMEs, however human andfinancial resources were identified as key factors determining EMPs in SMEs. Even though there is apositive relationship between attitudes/awareness and EMPs, the relationship is statistically notsignificant. Their positive environmental attitudes and awareness was not translated in toenvironmental behavior, since their EMPs is low. Overall, resources, stakeholders and environmentalinformation were identified as key determinants of EMPs of SMEs. Human resources, financialresources, lack of time, lack of market incentives and insufficient support from the government andother organizations were identified as major barriers to implement better EMPs in SMEs.
The study proposes to the policy makers to support SMEs to improve their knowledge and skills andprovide financial support to update existing technology and access to new technology. Further, it isimportant to strength the relationship within SMEs as well the other supporting organizationsincluding local authorities. Further, it is important to strengthen the public participation inenvironmental protection, which will be able to influence SMEs to act environmentally responsible inimproving both economy and the environment.
根据国内外相关文献的研究成果，以下观点被广泛认同：在中小型企业的环境管理实施中，组织的资源、法律调控、监管机制、供应商参与、业主或管理人员的态度和对环境问题的认识、公众环保意识和环境信息被认为是关键的甚至是决定性的影响因素。这些因素可划分为五大类：资源、利益相关者、信息、环境立法和业主或经理人对环境问题及环境保护的态度和意识。本文基于文献中对它们关系的讨论，构建了环境管理概念框架，并提出基于以上五类因素的11种假设。
为达成研究目标，本文同时对一手数据和二手数据都进行了深入研究，并得出最终结论。实证研究主要来自于通过问卷调查和访谈获取到的一手数据，研究选取了部分调查对象进行访谈以作为对问卷调查待果的补充，问题主要涉及相关产业的环境保护法规、执法过程、现行环境监管系统的优点和不足等方面。选择斯里兰卡的食品饮料业（F＆B）作为调查对象，主要是考虑到食品饮料行业内的中小企业为斯里兰卡创造了大部分的就业机会和工业附加值。因而本研究从员工数量在5-99人的中小企中选取了400个调查对象，首先选取斯里兰卡西部省份已分类登记注册的中小食品饮料企业作总体样本，接着按一定比例随机选取相应数量的企业作为立意样本。最后采用描述性统计、相关分析和多因素分析等数理统计方法得到研究结果。调查研究发现，环境立法和环境管理实践之间有正相关关系，但根据多因素分析的结果，虽然有严厉的环境立法可以防止环境问题，而实际执法操作性较差使得这种正相关关系并不显著。利益相关者对组织环境管理实践有正向影响，但只有监管机构和供应商对企业环境问题有显著影响。环境信息和组织资源正向并显著地影响中小企业的环境管理实践，然而人力资源及财务资源对中小企业的环境管理实践有决定性影响。态度和意识与环境管理实践之间存在并不显著的正相关关系，由于环境管理实施可行性低，积极的环保观念和意识不会转化成保护环境的行为。总体看来，资源、利益相关者和环境信息被确定为中小型企业的环境管理计划的关键因素，而人力资源、财务资源、时间紧迫、缺乏市场激励机制、政府和其他组织的支持不够是阻碍中小企业更好地开展环境管理实践的主要障碍
本研究的结论认为，政策制定者需向中小企业提供决策支持以提升他们的知识技能水平，并向他们提供财政支持以实现技术设备的更新并提高生产力。此外，增强中小型企业内部联系及与其他组织（包括地方政府）的关系也是极其重要的。同时，还应加强公众参与对环境保护的作用，他们将能够显著提升中小企业履行环保责任的意识，在有效促进经济发展的同时兼顾环境改善。
The SMEs and the environmental issues are comparatively under research or ignored by the academia,instead focusing its attention on the large firms. It is widely quoted that, as a sector SMEs couldcontribute up to70%of industrial pollution (Hillary,1995).The influence is more serious in the Asia–Pacific region because of the rapid economic growth of the region today. Therefore, it is need to directconceptual emphasis upon investigations on the relationship between SMEs and the environmentespecially for developing economies. The environmental solutions designed for larger organizationscannot be applied for SMEs since they differ from larger organizations in their management style,organizational structure and the characteristic of owners/managers. Therefore SMEs need their ownunique answers to understand of difficulties they face with environmental issues. Within this contextthis study focused to investigate the low level of environmental management practices (EMPs) ofSMEs and the factors which influence on EMPs. Therefore, the main objective of this study is toidentify the causes for low level EMPs of SMEs and to propose a framework to the policy makers toencourage SMEs towards better EMPs. The Western Province of Sri Lanka was selected for theempirical study since there are deficit of studies on this issue in developing countries.
In order to obtain a better understanding of the issue, an extensive literature survey was conducted ontheories as well as on previous studies. As a result of reviewed literature of the concept, thestakeholder theory and institutional theory was identified as fundamental theories to the research issue.According to the stakeholder theory and institutional theory, environmental issues have become realand urgent challenge for organizations. Because those theories explains that organizations success orfailures depends on the facts whether the organizations satisfies the expectations of its stakeholders.This study more emphasized on stakeholder theory which argues that the responsibility ofmanagers/owners in the stakeholder management context is not limited to shareholders, but variousstakeholders.
Based on the research findings of the previous studies, organization’s resources, legal regulation andregulators, supplier involvement, owners/managers attitudes and awareness on environmental issues,public green ethics, and environmental information were identified as key influencing factors(determinants) of EMPs in SMEs. These factors were categorized in to five major areas; resources,stakeholders, information, environmental legislation and owners/managers attitudes/awareness onenvironmental issues and environmental protection. Based on the nature of relationships as explainedin the literature survey, the conceptual framework was developed for the study. Then altogethereleven hypotheses were developed for this study in focusing on the relationships among variables. With the purpose of achieving study objectives, both primary and secondary data were employed toobtain study findings. The empirical study basically depends on primary data. Primary data wascollected through questionnaires and interviews. In addition to the questionnaire some interviewswere conducted with selected respondents to verify the environmental protection laws in relation toindustries, legal enforcement process and the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmentalregulatory system with relating environmental management in industries. The Food and Beverage(F&D) industry was selected for the empirical study since F&B industry dominate the SMEs sector inSri Lanka both in employment generation and in industrial value addition.400respondents wereselected for the survey from the organizations with5–99employees. First registered SMEs in theWestern province under F&B category were selected for the sample and then organizations wererandomly selected, proportionately to the number of organizations in each district. Descriptivestatistics, correlation analysis and multivariate analysis were utilized to obtain the research findings.The study found that there is a positive relationship between environmental legislation and EMPs.However, the relationship is not significant according to the statistical findings. Because even thoughthe environmental legislation is strong enough to prevent environmental issues, the enforcementprocess is weak. The stakeholders positively impact on organization’s EMPs. But only suppliers andregulators were identified as strong influencers on organizations relating to environmental issues.Environmental information is positively and significantly impacts on EMPs of SMEs andorganizations’ resources also a significant determinant of EMPs of SMEs, however human andfinancial resources were identified as key factors determining EMPs in SMEs. Even though there is apositive relationship between attitudes/awareness and EMPs, the relationship is statistically notsignificant. Their positive environmental attitudes and awareness was not translated in toenvironmental behavior, since their EMPs is low. Overall, resources, stakeholders and environmentalinformation were identified as key determinants of EMPs of SMEs. Human resources, financialresources, lack of time, lack of market incentives and insufficient support from the government andother organizations were identified as major barriers to implement better EMPs in SMEs.
The study proposes to the policy makers to support SMEs to improve their knowledge and skills andprovide financial support to update existing technology and access to new technology. Further, it isimportant to strength the relationship within SMEs as well the other supporting organizationsincluding local authorities. Further, it is important to strengthen the public participation inenvironmental protection, which will be able to influence SMEs to act environmentally responsible inimproving both economy and the environment.
引文
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