中国近海锋面时空特征研究及现场观测分析
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摘要
海洋锋是典型的海洋中尺度现象之一，是影响海洋流场结构、海洋热量交换与物质输运和海气相互作用的重要因素，也是海洋生物化学过程中不可忽视的控制要素。海洋锋面在空间上呈狭长带状结构，锋面水文要素均具有较高的水平梯度，锋面也是海洋能量从大尺度向较小尺度的传递过程中表现最强烈的地方。海洋锋可与其他海洋中尺度现象相关联，锋面和中尺度涡旋之间联系密切，涡旋具有成锋作用，而锋面的不稳定性也可产生涡旋；锋面在垂直方向的表现即为跃层，而跃层是产生海洋内波的基础。
在本研究中，我们基于各类卫星资料和数据处理方法并结合理论分析，关注中国近海及黑潮流域范围内海洋锋的时空变化规律和动力机制特征等相关研究；探讨中尺度现象在生态学方面的响应；分析海洋调查信息，用实测数据证实和修正得到的结果。本研究主要结论如下：
1.东海黑潮与陆架水相互作用形成的海温锋具有显著的季节性特征，而同期水色锋的季节性变化并不明显，这说明使用水色数据来刻画海洋锋的结果更贴近于实际情况；对台湾东北海域夏季明显存在的强海温锋现象，我们认为是与黑潮次表层水涌升密切相关。
2.投放于吕宋海峡中部的Argo经常会漂移至南海内，对进入南海Argo浮标记录的轨迹信息和温-盐剖面数据进行分析，发现在南海北部陆坡附近的上层海洋中存在着高盐的黑潮水特征，且同期的海温遥感数据也在台湾岛西南海域捕捉到暖丝的现象。对吕宋海峡西南海域进行长时间序列的ADCP潜标观测，流速剖面数据显示200m层上方海流流向以西或西北为主，而在200m层以下则是东向流占优，这种现象说明该海域内黑潮锋面入侵的形态不容忽视。
3.在吕宋岛以西海域，中尺度涡旋和强海温锋的共同作用使得局地海温更接近于适宜海洋浮游植物生长和繁殖的区间范围，并在局部冷海域内形成高浓度叶绿素自组织核心，吕宋冷涡像是一个营养泵以维持叶绿素的形成，构成了关于叶绿素的耗散结构系统；Rossby波是与泵连接的传送带，辅助叶绿素的扩散，形成了吕宋岛以西冬季独特的叶绿素浓度分布。
The oceanic front is one of the typical ocean mesoscale phenomena, and it is an importantfactor to affect the flow field structures, heat exchanges, mass transports and ocean-atmosphereinteractions, and is also the control element for biogeochemical processes which should not beignored. Most oceanic fronts own the narrow banded spatial structures and character as a highlevel of gradient with different hydrological factors. Meanwhile, front is the place with intenseperformance for the ocean energy transfer from large scales to smaller ones. It is closelyassociated with other mesoscale phenomena in the ocean. The mesoscale eddies act on thefrontogenesis, accordingly, the frontal instability could also produce frontal eddies. The strongvertical gradient such as thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline should be considered as thefronts in vertical direction, and it is the basis of the generation of internal waves.
Using data analysis and theoretical methods for various types of satellite-derived data andother data resources, the studies in the following sections are mainly focused on thespatio-temporal variability of the oceanic front and its dynamic mechanism, and explore theresponse of the mesoscale phenomena in marine ecology. We also use in situ CTD data andmoored ADCP observations to confirm or modify the results.
The thermal front, formed between the Kuroshio and continental shelf water in the EastChina Sea, has a significant seasonal signal, whereas the corresponding ocean color front existswithout remarkable spatio-temporal changes. This result suggests that ocean color data seemmore suitable to depict the oceanic front because it is not affected by the solar radiation andspatial heating. As to the strong thermal front in summertime off northeastern Taiwan, weconsider that it should be closely related to the upwelling of subsurface Kuroshio waters.
The Argo floats, which were launched in the middle of the Luzon Strait, often drift into thestrait; and the results of temperature-salinity profile data and near-surface trajectory informationshow that there exists some high salt Kuroshio water in the upper layer around the continentalslope in the northern South China Sea. The Kuroshio warm filaments southwest of Taiwan Islandare also captured by satellite-derived remote sensing SST data during the period of Argo floatsmeasurement. The Moored ADCPs with long-term observations are also deployed northwest ofLuzon Island. The current profile data indicates that the flow field is mainly west or northwest in the upper200m layers, whereas beneath this layer, the flow is eastward. This tendency impliesthat the Kuroshio frontal intrusion in this region should not be neglected.
The winter blooms with high Chlorophyll_a concentration is positive correlated with thecooling sea surface temperature index, and this phenomenon is maintained by the Luzon ColdEddy which seems to be an important vehicle for nutrient transport from depth to euphotic zone.This seasonal bloom is similar to a dissipative structure, and the Rossby wave works as theconveyor belt, which essentially changes the face of nutrient-depleted waters at a westernoffshore area of Luzon Island.
在本研究中，我们基于各类卫星资料和数据处理方法并结合理论分析，关注中国近海及黑潮流域范围内海洋锋的时空变化规律和动力机制特征等相关研究；探讨中尺度现象在生态学方面的响应；分析海洋调查信息，用实测数据证实和修正得到的结果。本研究主要结论如下：
1.东海黑潮与陆架水相互作用形成的海温锋具有显著的季节性特征，而同期水色锋的季节性变化并不明显，这说明使用水色数据来刻画海洋锋的结果更贴近于实际情况；对台湾东北海域夏季明显存在的强海温锋现象，我们认为是与黑潮次表层水涌升密切相关。
2.投放于吕宋海峡中部的Argo经常会漂移至南海内，对进入南海Argo浮标记录的轨迹信息和温-盐剖面数据进行分析，发现在南海北部陆坡附近的上层海洋中存在着高盐的黑潮水特征，且同期的海温遥感数据也在台湾岛西南海域捕捉到暖丝的现象。对吕宋海峡西南海域进行长时间序列的ADCP潜标观测，流速剖面数据显示200m层上方海流流向以西或西北为主，而在200m层以下则是东向流占优，这种现象说明该海域内黑潮锋面入侵的形态不容忽视。
3.在吕宋岛以西海域，中尺度涡旋和强海温锋的共同作用使得局地海温更接近于适宜海洋浮游植物生长和繁殖的区间范围，并在局部冷海域内形成高浓度叶绿素自组织核心，吕宋冷涡像是一个营养泵以维持叶绿素的形成，构成了关于叶绿素的耗散结构系统；Rossby波是与泵连接的传送带，辅助叶绿素的扩散，形成了吕宋岛以西冬季独特的叶绿素浓度分布。
The oceanic front is one of the typical ocean mesoscale phenomena, and it is an importantfactor to affect the flow field structures, heat exchanges, mass transports and ocean-atmosphereinteractions, and is also the control element for biogeochemical processes which should not beignored. Most oceanic fronts own the narrow banded spatial structures and character as a highlevel of gradient with different hydrological factors. Meanwhile, front is the place with intenseperformance for the ocean energy transfer from large scales to smaller ones. It is closelyassociated with other mesoscale phenomena in the ocean. The mesoscale eddies act on thefrontogenesis, accordingly, the frontal instability could also produce frontal eddies. The strongvertical gradient such as thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline should be considered as thefronts in vertical direction, and it is the basis of the generation of internal waves.
Using data analysis and theoretical methods for various types of satellite-derived data andother data resources, the studies in the following sections are mainly focused on thespatio-temporal variability of the oceanic front and its dynamic mechanism, and explore theresponse of the mesoscale phenomena in marine ecology. We also use in situ CTD data andmoored ADCP observations to confirm or modify the results.
The thermal front, formed between the Kuroshio and continental shelf water in the EastChina Sea, has a significant seasonal signal, whereas the corresponding ocean color front existswithout remarkable spatio-temporal changes. This result suggests that ocean color data seemmore suitable to depict the oceanic front because it is not affected by the solar radiation andspatial heating. As to the strong thermal front in summertime off northeastern Taiwan, weconsider that it should be closely related to the upwelling of subsurface Kuroshio waters.
The Argo floats, which were launched in the middle of the Luzon Strait, often drift into thestrait; and the results of temperature-salinity profile data and near-surface trajectory informationshow that there exists some high salt Kuroshio water in the upper layer around the continentalslope in the northern South China Sea. The Kuroshio warm filaments southwest of Taiwan Islandare also captured by satellite-derived remote sensing SST data during the period of Argo floatsmeasurement. The Moored ADCPs with long-term observations are also deployed northwest ofLuzon Island. The current profile data indicates that the flow field is mainly west or northwest in the upper200m layers, whereas beneath this layer, the flow is eastward. This tendency impliesthat the Kuroshio frontal intrusion in this region should not be neglected.
The winter blooms with high Chlorophyll_a concentration is positive correlated with thecooling sea surface temperature index, and this phenomenon is maintained by the Luzon ColdEddy which seems to be an important vehicle for nutrient transport from depth to euphotic zone.This seasonal bloom is similar to a dissipative structure, and the Rossby wave works as theconveyor belt, which essentially changes the face of nutrient-depleted waters at a westernoffshore area of Luzon Island.
引文
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