塔北隆起西段构造特征与油气成藏
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摘要
塔北隆起是典型的古生界克拉通台地和中新生界前陆盆地前缘叠置的潜伏隆起，历经多期复杂的构造演化过程，形成上部中新生代平缓翘倾构造层及下部古生代褶皱构造层的组合。轮台断隆位于塔北隆起的北部，为库车坳陷的前缘隆起，是塔北隆起下古生界隆起最高的部位。塔北隆起东西段地层和构造差异很大，东段为统一的隆起构造，西段则发育多个独立的小规模凸起，古生界相对较完整，其上覆侏罗-白垩系厚度也明显减薄，反映前侏罗纪发育隆起构造。
塔北隆起是塔里木盆地石油和天然气最富集的地区，西段又是塔北隆起上的主要油气富集区，已经在9个层系发现了油气藏，油气成藏条件非常优越，具有勘探目的层系多、出油层系多、油气藏类型多等特点，是黑油增储上产的现实地区。由于西段构造活动强烈，地层剥蚀严重，目前勘探面临以下难题：（1）西段油气分布规律及油气复式成藏模式认识；（2）针对复杂潜山探索有效的地层识别和储层预测技术；（3）多期构造活动叠加改造与油气成藏关系研究。因而结合西段构造特征与演化认识、碳酸盐岩储层发育主控因素分析和储层地震预测技术探索等方面工作，分析西段碳酸盐岩油气成藏模式和分布规律，进而明确勘探方向和有利区带，具有重要的理论价值与勘探实践意义。
构造特征分析表明，塔北隆起西段大致历经4期构造演化：震旦纪-中奥陶世的斜坡阶段、晚奥陶世末-三叠纪的逆冲阶段、侏罗-古近纪的反转阶段和新近纪-第四纪的改造阶段，不同演化阶段的构造作用与储层发育、圈闭形成及油气运聚成藏关系密切。总体上形成古生界和中、新生界两大构造层，两大构造层之间以侏罗系或者白垩系底部区域性不整合面接触，古生界构造层为南倾单斜构造面貌，与中、新生界构造层的北倾单斜构造构成“入”字形地层格架，为南北两侧油气聚集奠定了基础；北部古生界抬升遭受剥蚀，形成碳酸盐岩潜山，为风化壳岩溶作用发生创造了条件；多期地层不整合和断裂持续活动不仅在不同构造带形成不同层系上下叠置发育的不同类型圈闭，同时为了油气横向和纵向运移提供了输导通道。
储层特征分析表明，塔北隆起西段寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩主要由白云岩和灰岩组成，发育潜山风化壳储层和潜山内幕型储层。风化壳储层在中寒武统、上寒武统及中下奥陶统均有发育；内幕型储层主要分布在奥陶系一间房组和鹰山组一段。储层空间类型主要为溶蚀孔洞和裂缝，在内幕斜坡区地震反射特征为“串珠状”。储层发育与岩相、岩性关系密切，潜山风化壳岩溶作用和晚期构造裂缝作用极大地改善了碳酸盐岩的储集性能。
储层预测技术分析认为，塔北隆起西段复杂潜山构造非常复杂，从复杂潜山上覆的白垩系卡普沙良群泥岩向下开时窗，采用地震相与地震多属性聚类分析技术对潜山不同岩性进行了识别和有效区分，明确了白垩系下伏地层的分布范围和意义，特别是侏罗系的分布直接导致潜山油气的漏失。有利储层主要分布在上寒武统白云岩潜山、英买7以北下奥陶统灰质云岩潜山以及志留系柯坪塔格组沥青砂岩段。
综合上述三个方面分析结果，塔北隆起西段是一个复式油气聚集区，分为北部潜山风化壳含油系统和南部潜山内幕含油系统。不同构造带由于剥蚀程度和垂向断裂活动的差异，油气主要沿着古构造、不整合面以及断裂阶梯状运聚，各构造带纵向发育不同的含油气层系组合，含油气层系上下叠置分布。油气成藏总体上表现出“双凹联合供烃，流体复式输导，油气多层系叠置成藏”的特征。
油气总体上分布于各个构造带及斜坡高部位，主要分布在古隆起及斜坡高部位，靠近油气输导系统的储层发育区，碳酸盐岩上覆往往有区域性盖层分布。碳酸盐岩有利勘探区主要分布在北部潜山的英买7-32构造带、牙哈断裂构造带和南部内幕区的英买2号构造和哈拉哈塘地区。北部玉东低凸起奥陶系是重点勘探方向，牙哈断裂构造带寒武系潜山北斜坡也值得关注；南部地区以奥陶系桑塔木组尖灭线为界，南北两侧围绕一间房组和鹰山组一段是内幕区奥陶系勘探的重要方向。
Tabei uplift, which is a typical buried uplift characterized by superimposition ofPaleozoic Cratonic platform and the front part of Meso-Cenozoic foreland basin, hasexperienced multi-period complex tectonic evolution and formed a combination ofMeso-Cenozoic gently tilting structural layer in the upper and Paleozoic foldedstructural layer in the bottom. Luntai Salient, located in the north of Tabei uplift, is thefront uplift of Kuqa depression as well as the top of lower Paleozoic part of Tabei uplift.There is great difference in layer and structure characters between the eastern sectionand the western section of Tabei uplift. The eastern section is unified uplift structure;yet the western section develops multiple independent small-scale salient. ThePaleozoic in the west is comparatively complete with obvious reduction of thethickness of the overlaid Jurassic-Cretaceous layer and hereby it is the proof that thedevelopment of uplift structure is in the pre-Jurassic.
Tabei uplift in Tarim Basin has the richest oil and gas, yet its western section is themain oil-gas enrichment area and oil-gas reservoirs have been found in nine series ofstrata and highly favorable hydrocarbon accumulation conditions are characteristic of agreat many exploration targets, plenty oil bearing formation, rich hydrocarbon reservoirtypes, and so on in this section, hereby this section is indeed a realistic black-oilreservoir of increasing reserves and production. Because of fierce tectonic movementand serious strata denudation in this section, current oil&gas exploration is facing thefollowing challenges:①the understanding of hydrocarbon distribution regulation andcomplex reservoir-formation model in the west;②the research on effectiveidentification of formation and reservoir prediction technologies aiming at complexburied hill;③the study of the relationship between superimposed reformation ofmultiple tectonic movement and hydrocarbon accumulation. Hence,on the combination of the structural characteristics and tectonic evolution in the west, the analyses on maincontrolling factors of carbonate reservoir development and the research on reservoirseismic prediction technologies, it is of great value on theory and practical meaning toanalyze carbonate reservoir-formation model and distribution regulation and determineexploration direction and favorable zone in the west of Tabei uplift.
The analyses of structural features indicate that the western section of Tabei uplifthas experienced four periods of tectonic evolution: slope stage during theSinian-middle Ordovician, thrust stage during the end of late Ordovician to Triassic,inversion stage during the Jurassic-Paleogene and reforming stage during theNeogene-Quaternary. Tectonism in different evolution period has a close relationshipwith reservoir development, trap formation, hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.On the whole there are two major structural layers including the Paleozoic and theMesozoic-Cenozoic. Regional unconformities of the bottom of Jurassic or Cretaceousformation can be found between the two layers. Tectonic feature of the Paleozoic issouth-inclined single-slope configuration but that of the Mesozoic-Cenozoicnorth-inclined single-slope configuration, thus the two layers form a “入”-shapedstratigraphic framework which lays the foundation for oil gas accumulation in bothnorth and south sides; the formation of carbonate buried hill creates the condition forweathering curst karstification due to strata denudation during the uplifting of the northsection of the Paleozoic; multiple stratigraphic unconformity and continued activitiesof fault not only cause the development of traps of different types which are superposedvertically in different tectonic zone but also provide transporting pathway for lateraland vertical hydrocarbon migration.
The analyses of reservoir characteristics indicate that the Cambrian-Ordoviciancarbonate of the western Tabei uplift is mainly composed of dolomite and limestoneand develops weathering crust reservoir in burried hill and inner buried hill reservoirs.The development of weathering crust reservoir occurs in the middle Cambrian, upperCambrian and lower-middle Ordovician; most inner buried hill reservoirs distribute inYijianfang Group and Yingshan Group of the Ordovician. The type of reservoir spacemainly includes solution pore and fracture of which the seismic reflection featureappears as the shape of “string beads” in the inner slope area. Reservoir developmentprincipally depends on lithofacies and lithology thus it is buried hill weatheredcrustkarstification and late structural fracture that greatly improves carbonate reservoirproperty.
The analyses of reservoir prediction technique indicate that complicated buried hill structure is highly complicated in the west of Tabei uplift. By opening time windowdownward from the overlying mudstone of Cretaceous Kapushaliang Group, withseismic facies and seismic multi-attribute clustering analysis technique, identificationof and effective decision on various lithology of buried hill clarifies the distributionrange of Cretaceous underlying formation and its importance, especially it is shownthat buried hill hydrocarbon leakage is resulted directly by the distribution of theJurassic. Hence, the distribution of favorable reservoir mostly appears in the upperCambrian dolomite buried hill, the lower Ordovician marlite dotomites on the north ofYm7well and bitumen-bearing sandstone member in Kepingtage Group of Silurian.
By all there analysis results above, the western Tabei uplift is a compound oil andgas accumulation zone which is divided into buried hill weathered crust oil-containingsystem in the north and inner buried hill oil-containing system in the south. Owing tothe difference of denudation degree and vertical fault activities in various tectoniczones, the step migration-accumulation of oil and gas occurs along paleostructures,unconformities and faults; various oil and gas bearing series groups develop verticallywith superimposed distribution. Overall the reservoir formation in the west ischaracteristic of hydrocarbon supplying mode of bi-direction oil source from thePaleozoic Manjiaer marine sag in the south and Mesozoic and Cenozoic Kuqadepression in the north, fluid passage utilizing many ways of unconformities and faults,hydrocarbon enrichment in multiple vertical overlap layers.
The distribution of oil and gas is generally in the high position of each structuralbelt and slope, but mainly in the paleo-uplift and the high position of slope which isclose to reservoir growing area of hydrocarbon transportation system and frequentlyhas regional caps overlying carbonate rocks. The distribution of favorable carbonateexploration area is mostly in Ym7-32structural zone of the northern buried hill, Yahafault structural zone, and Ym2structural belt and Halahatang area of the southerninside region. In the north, the Ordovician of Yudong lower uplift is the target forfurther exploration however the Cambrian of buried hill northern slope in Yaha faultstructural zone also deserves attention; in the south, bounded by the Ordovicianpinch-out boundary of Sangtamu Group, the segment of Yijianfang Group andYingshan Group around the north and south sides is the target for further exploration ofthe Ordovician inside region.
塔北隆起是塔里木盆地石油和天然气最富集的地区，西段又是塔北隆起上的主要油气富集区，已经在9个层系发现了油气藏，油气成藏条件非常优越，具有勘探目的层系多、出油层系多、油气藏类型多等特点，是黑油增储上产的现实地区。由于西段构造活动强烈，地层剥蚀严重，目前勘探面临以下难题：（1）西段油气分布规律及油气复式成藏模式认识；（2）针对复杂潜山探索有效的地层识别和储层预测技术；（3）多期构造活动叠加改造与油气成藏关系研究。因而结合西段构造特征与演化认识、碳酸盐岩储层发育主控因素分析和储层地震预测技术探索等方面工作，分析西段碳酸盐岩油气成藏模式和分布规律，进而明确勘探方向和有利区带，具有重要的理论价值与勘探实践意义。
构造特征分析表明，塔北隆起西段大致历经4期构造演化：震旦纪-中奥陶世的斜坡阶段、晚奥陶世末-三叠纪的逆冲阶段、侏罗-古近纪的反转阶段和新近纪-第四纪的改造阶段，不同演化阶段的构造作用与储层发育、圈闭形成及油气运聚成藏关系密切。总体上形成古生界和中、新生界两大构造层，两大构造层之间以侏罗系或者白垩系底部区域性不整合面接触，古生界构造层为南倾单斜构造面貌，与中、新生界构造层的北倾单斜构造构成“入”字形地层格架，为南北两侧油气聚集奠定了基础；北部古生界抬升遭受剥蚀，形成碳酸盐岩潜山，为风化壳岩溶作用发生创造了条件；多期地层不整合和断裂持续活动不仅在不同构造带形成不同层系上下叠置发育的不同类型圈闭，同时为了油气横向和纵向运移提供了输导通道。
储层特征分析表明，塔北隆起西段寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩主要由白云岩和灰岩组成，发育潜山风化壳储层和潜山内幕型储层。风化壳储层在中寒武统、上寒武统及中下奥陶统均有发育；内幕型储层主要分布在奥陶系一间房组和鹰山组一段。储层空间类型主要为溶蚀孔洞和裂缝，在内幕斜坡区地震反射特征为“串珠状”。储层发育与岩相、岩性关系密切，潜山风化壳岩溶作用和晚期构造裂缝作用极大地改善了碳酸盐岩的储集性能。
储层预测技术分析认为，塔北隆起西段复杂潜山构造非常复杂，从复杂潜山上覆的白垩系卡普沙良群泥岩向下开时窗，采用地震相与地震多属性聚类分析技术对潜山不同岩性进行了识别和有效区分，明确了白垩系下伏地层的分布范围和意义，特别是侏罗系的分布直接导致潜山油气的漏失。有利储层主要分布在上寒武统白云岩潜山、英买7以北下奥陶统灰质云岩潜山以及志留系柯坪塔格组沥青砂岩段。
综合上述三个方面分析结果，塔北隆起西段是一个复式油气聚集区，分为北部潜山风化壳含油系统和南部潜山内幕含油系统。不同构造带由于剥蚀程度和垂向断裂活动的差异，油气主要沿着古构造、不整合面以及断裂阶梯状运聚，各构造带纵向发育不同的含油气层系组合，含油气层系上下叠置分布。油气成藏总体上表现出“双凹联合供烃，流体复式输导，油气多层系叠置成藏”的特征。
油气总体上分布于各个构造带及斜坡高部位，主要分布在古隆起及斜坡高部位，靠近油气输导系统的储层发育区，碳酸盐岩上覆往往有区域性盖层分布。碳酸盐岩有利勘探区主要分布在北部潜山的英买7-32构造带、牙哈断裂构造带和南部内幕区的英买2号构造和哈拉哈塘地区。北部玉东低凸起奥陶系是重点勘探方向，牙哈断裂构造带寒武系潜山北斜坡也值得关注；南部地区以奥陶系桑塔木组尖灭线为界，南北两侧围绕一间房组和鹰山组一段是内幕区奥陶系勘探的重要方向。
Tabei uplift, which is a typical buried uplift characterized by superimposition ofPaleozoic Cratonic platform and the front part of Meso-Cenozoic foreland basin, hasexperienced multi-period complex tectonic evolution and formed a combination ofMeso-Cenozoic gently tilting structural layer in the upper and Paleozoic foldedstructural layer in the bottom. Luntai Salient, located in the north of Tabei uplift, is thefront uplift of Kuqa depression as well as the top of lower Paleozoic part of Tabei uplift.There is great difference in layer and structure characters between the eastern sectionand the western section of Tabei uplift. The eastern section is unified uplift structure;yet the western section develops multiple independent small-scale salient. ThePaleozoic in the west is comparatively complete with obvious reduction of thethickness of the overlaid Jurassic-Cretaceous layer and hereby it is the proof that thedevelopment of uplift structure is in the pre-Jurassic.
Tabei uplift in Tarim Basin has the richest oil and gas, yet its western section is themain oil-gas enrichment area and oil-gas reservoirs have been found in nine series ofstrata and highly favorable hydrocarbon accumulation conditions are characteristic of agreat many exploration targets, plenty oil bearing formation, rich hydrocarbon reservoirtypes, and so on in this section, hereby this section is indeed a realistic black-oilreservoir of increasing reserves and production. Because of fierce tectonic movementand serious strata denudation in this section, current oil&gas exploration is facing thefollowing challenges:①the understanding of hydrocarbon distribution regulation andcomplex reservoir-formation model in the west;②the research on effectiveidentification of formation and reservoir prediction technologies aiming at complexburied hill;③the study of the relationship between superimposed reformation ofmultiple tectonic movement and hydrocarbon accumulation. Hence,on the combination of the structural characteristics and tectonic evolution in the west, the analyses on maincontrolling factors of carbonate reservoir development and the research on reservoirseismic prediction technologies, it is of great value on theory and practical meaning toanalyze carbonate reservoir-formation model and distribution regulation and determineexploration direction and favorable zone in the west of Tabei uplift.
The analyses of structural features indicate that the western section of Tabei uplifthas experienced four periods of tectonic evolution: slope stage during theSinian-middle Ordovician, thrust stage during the end of late Ordovician to Triassic,inversion stage during the Jurassic-Paleogene and reforming stage during theNeogene-Quaternary. Tectonism in different evolution period has a close relationshipwith reservoir development, trap formation, hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.On the whole there are two major structural layers including the Paleozoic and theMesozoic-Cenozoic. Regional unconformities of the bottom of Jurassic or Cretaceousformation can be found between the two layers. Tectonic feature of the Paleozoic issouth-inclined single-slope configuration but that of the Mesozoic-Cenozoicnorth-inclined single-slope configuration, thus the two layers form a “入”-shapedstratigraphic framework which lays the foundation for oil gas accumulation in bothnorth and south sides; the formation of carbonate buried hill creates the condition forweathering curst karstification due to strata denudation during the uplifting of the northsection of the Paleozoic; multiple stratigraphic unconformity and continued activitiesof fault not only cause the development of traps of different types which are superposedvertically in different tectonic zone but also provide transporting pathway for lateraland vertical hydrocarbon migration.
The analyses of reservoir characteristics indicate that the Cambrian-Ordoviciancarbonate of the western Tabei uplift is mainly composed of dolomite and limestoneand develops weathering crust reservoir in burried hill and inner buried hill reservoirs.The development of weathering crust reservoir occurs in the middle Cambrian, upperCambrian and lower-middle Ordovician; most inner buried hill reservoirs distribute inYijianfang Group and Yingshan Group of the Ordovician. The type of reservoir spacemainly includes solution pore and fracture of which the seismic reflection featureappears as the shape of “string beads” in the inner slope area. Reservoir developmentprincipally depends on lithofacies and lithology thus it is buried hill weatheredcrustkarstification and late structural fracture that greatly improves carbonate reservoirproperty.
The analyses of reservoir prediction technique indicate that complicated buried hill structure is highly complicated in the west of Tabei uplift. By opening time windowdownward from the overlying mudstone of Cretaceous Kapushaliang Group, withseismic facies and seismic multi-attribute clustering analysis technique, identificationof and effective decision on various lithology of buried hill clarifies the distributionrange of Cretaceous underlying formation and its importance, especially it is shownthat buried hill hydrocarbon leakage is resulted directly by the distribution of theJurassic. Hence, the distribution of favorable reservoir mostly appears in the upperCambrian dolomite buried hill, the lower Ordovician marlite dotomites on the north ofYm7well and bitumen-bearing sandstone member in Kepingtage Group of Silurian.
By all there analysis results above, the western Tabei uplift is a compound oil andgas accumulation zone which is divided into buried hill weathered crust oil-containingsystem in the north and inner buried hill oil-containing system in the south. Owing tothe difference of denudation degree and vertical fault activities in various tectoniczones, the step migration-accumulation of oil and gas occurs along paleostructures,unconformities and faults; various oil and gas bearing series groups develop verticallywith superimposed distribution. Overall the reservoir formation in the west ischaracteristic of hydrocarbon supplying mode of bi-direction oil source from thePaleozoic Manjiaer marine sag in the south and Mesozoic and Cenozoic Kuqadepression in the north, fluid passage utilizing many ways of unconformities and faults,hydrocarbon enrichment in multiple vertical overlap layers.
The distribution of oil and gas is generally in the high position of each structuralbelt and slope, but mainly in the paleo-uplift and the high position of slope which isclose to reservoir growing area of hydrocarbon transportation system and frequentlyhas regional caps overlying carbonate rocks. The distribution of favorable carbonateexploration area is mostly in Ym7-32structural zone of the northern buried hill, Yahafault structural zone, and Ym2structural belt and Halahatang area of the southerninside region. In the north, the Ordovician of Yudong lower uplift is the target forfurther exploration however the Cambrian of buried hill northern slope in Yaha faultstructural zone also deserves attention; in the south, bounded by the Ordovicianpinch-out boundary of Sangtamu Group, the segment of Yijianfang Group andYingshan Group around the north and south sides is the target for further exploration ofthe Ordovician inside region.
引文
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