地震作用下车桥耦合系统动力响应及振动控制研究
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摘要
我国是世界上地震灾害最严重的国家之一,近年来我国及周边地区发生的大区域地震预示着我国的许多工程设施正面临着严重的地震灾害威胁。一方面,为了适应经济快速发展的需要,铁路部门积极开展高速铁路的建设,高速铁路设计参数限制严格,对线路平顺性要求高,为减少周边环境因素的影响及保证列车运营安全舒适,所需建造的桥梁数目远远大于普通铁路,使得地震发生时,列车恰巧在桥上的几率大为增加。另一方面,随着我国综合实力的增强,大量长大桥梁得以兴建,这些现代重大桥梁体系复杂,结构轻柔,有关其地震动力灾变及对行车安全的影响研究较普通桥梁更具挑战性和学术价值。因此,地震作用下桥梁结构的动力响应及其对桥上车辆运行安全性的影响是一项重要的研究课题。本文在对国内外车桥系统动力相互作用、桥梁抗震及振动控制问题的发展历史和研究现状进行综述的基础上,总结和吸取已有研究成果,建立了车一桥系统动力相互作用的地震反应分析模型,编制了相应分析程序,较为全面地进行了地震作用下车桥系统耦合振动研究,并探讨了调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)和磁流变阻尼器(MRD)对车桥振动响应的控制效果。主要研究内容包括：
(1)建立较完善的地震作用下车桥耦合振动控制分析模型
采用常规的空间有限元方法建立桥梁动力分析模型；将车辆模拟成由弹簧和阻尼器连接的多刚体系统,以两轴四轮汽车和二系悬挂的四轴列车为研究对象,介绍了建立汽车和列车空间振动分析模型所需的参数,其中,汽车模型具有13个自由度,列车由车体、转向架和轮对等刚体组成,最多可考虑34个自由度；将路面粗糙度及轨道不平顺视为平稳随机过程,在选定其功率谱密度函数后,采用三角级数法通过自编的计算机程序模拟其样本值；根据给定的目标反应谱,采用谱适合的方法人工拟合地震动,并编制了相应的分析程序；根据TMD和MRD的减振原理,通过优化设计确定其参数,建立TMD和MRD振动控制模型。
(2)推导地震作用下车桥耦合空间振动控制方程
将车辆(包括汽车和列车)和桥梁看作为一个相互作用的整体系统,基于地震作用下车桥耦合振动控制分析模型,分别计算对应于桥梁、汽车、列车、地震力和振动控制装置的虚功。根据虚功原理,按照“对号入座”法则,建立地震作用下车桥耦合系统的空间振动控制方程。
(3)编制地震作用下车桥耦合系统动力响应及振动控制分析程序
基于Visual Fortran6.5,利用Fortran语言编制了车桥耦合系统的分析程序。该程序功能较为全面,能进行结构的静力分析、动力分析、自振特性分析、地震反应分析、车桥耦合振动分析等,并能输出结构模型的CAD图。通过与通用有限元软件的计算结果进行对比,验证了程序的正确性。
(4)研究地震作用下高速铁路简支梁桥的动力响应及行车安全性
以高速铁路桥梁中的简支梁为例,利用自编的车桥地震反应分析程序,先后对列车荷载、地震荷载和二者共同作用于桥梁的全过程进行了仿真计算,系统地分析了各参数的影响,研究了TMD或MRD的振动控制效果。
(5)分析地震作用下大跨度公轨两用斜拉桥的动力响应
以某大跨度公轨两用斜拉桥为研究对象,研究汽车、轻轨车和二者同时运行于桥上三种工况下车桥的动力响应,探讨汽车和轻轨车同时运行时相互之间的影响,计算了一致激励和行波效应作用下大跨度斜拉桥的空间地震响应,分析了该桥在轻轨车、汽车和地震荷载同时作用下的车桥动力响应,在此基础上,研究TMD和MRD的振动控制效果。
China is one of the countries in which the earthquake disaster is the most serious. In recent years, a large regional earthquake have happened in China and the surrounding region, it indicates that engineering facilities in China are facing serious earthquake threat. On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of rapid economic development, the railway departments actively construct the high-speed railway. The high-speed railway design parameters is strictly limited, the requirements on the smoothness of line is high, to reduce the impact of environmental factors and ensure the safety and comfort of train running, the number of bridge required is far greater than ordinary railway, which greatly increases the probability of the trains on the bridge when earthquakes occur. On the other hand, with the reinforcement of China's composite strength, many long-span bridges are built, which are complicated and gentle. The analysis about earthquake response of long-span bridges and the influence on the traffic safety have more challenge and academic value. So the dynamic responses of vehicle-bridge system under earthquakes and their effects on the running safety of vehicles have become an important research subject. In this dissertation, based on the summary and general study of the predecessor's research experiences in China and abroad in the field of vehicle-bridge interaction, the bridge seismic design and vibration control, the dynamic model of coupled vehicle-bridge system subjected to earthquakes is established. A corresponding computer simulation program is developed. The coupled vibration of vehicle-bridge system is studied. The control effects of TMD and MRD on the vehicle-bridge system are discussed. The main contents are as follows:
(1) Establishment of a more reasonable dynamic analysis model for coupled vehicle-bridge system under vibration control condition subjected to earthquakes
The dynamic analysis model of bridge is built by conventional finite element method. The vehicle is modeled to multi-body systems which are connected with springs and dampers. The four-wheel car with two axles and four-axle train with two suspension systems on independent bogies are used for study, the required parameters of car and train spatial vibration analysis model are introduced, the car is modeled with13degrees of freedom, the train is composed of such rigid bodies as car body, bogie frame and wheel-set,34degrees of freedom of its model are considered at most. The surface roughness and track irregularity are taken as a stationary random process, after selecting the power spectral density function, their sample values are simulated by trigonometric series method with a computer program which is developed. According to a given target response spectrum, the artificial ground motion is obtained with spectral fitting method, and corresponding analytical procedures are developed. Based on the damping principles of TMD and MRD, the parameters of TMD and MRD are gotten by optimization design, the vibration control model of TMD and MRD is established.
(2) Derivation for spatial vibration control equation of coupled vehicle-bridge system under earthquakes
The vehicles (including cars and trains) and the bridge are integrated as a whole interaction system, based on the vibration control analysis model of vehicle-bridge system which is subjected to earthquakes, by calculating the virtual work which is corresponded to the bridge, cars, trains, seismic force and vibration control device. According to the principle of virtual work, with the fully computerized approach for assembling matrices, the spatial vibration control equation of the coupled vehicle-brrdge system under earthquake is established.
(3) Vibration analysis program of the coupled vehicle-bridge system is developed
Based on Visual Fortran6.5, a coupled vehicle-bridge system analysis program is made. Its functions are relatively comprehensive which include the structural static analysis, dynamic analysis, vibration characteristic analysis, seismic response analysis and vibration analysis of coupled vehicle-bridge system, it also can map out the structural CAD model. And the correctness of the program is verified through comparison with the results of general finite element software.
(4) Dynamic response and running safety of simple beam bridge on high-speed railway under seismic load is studied
For simple beam bridges on high-speed railway, with the vibration analysis program of the coupled vehicle-bridge system, the whole process of train load, seismic load and both of them loading on them are simulated. The effect of each parameter and vibration control effect of TMD and MRD are analyzed.
(5) Dynamic response of long-span rail-cum-road cable-stayed bridge under seismic load is analyzed
Take a long-span rail-cum-road cable-stayed bridge as an example, dynamic responses of three cases which are conditions under automobile, LRV and both automobile and LRV are studied. When the automobile and LRV run on the bridge at the same time, the influence between them is discussed, the spatial earthquake responses under uniform excitation and multi-support excitation are calculated. The dynamic responses of the coupled vehicle-bridge system are analyzed when the automobile load, LRV load and seismic load affect on the bridge. Also vibration control effect of TMD and MRD is researched.
(1)建立较完善的地震作用下车桥耦合振动控制分析模型
采用常规的空间有限元方法建立桥梁动力分析模型；将车辆模拟成由弹簧和阻尼器连接的多刚体系统,以两轴四轮汽车和二系悬挂的四轴列车为研究对象,介绍了建立汽车和列车空间振动分析模型所需的参数,其中,汽车模型具有13个自由度,列车由车体、转向架和轮对等刚体组成,最多可考虑34个自由度；将路面粗糙度及轨道不平顺视为平稳随机过程,在选定其功率谱密度函数后,采用三角级数法通过自编的计算机程序模拟其样本值；根据给定的目标反应谱,采用谱适合的方法人工拟合地震动,并编制了相应的分析程序；根据TMD和MRD的减振原理,通过优化设计确定其参数,建立TMD和MRD振动控制模型。
(2)推导地震作用下车桥耦合空间振动控制方程
将车辆(包括汽车和列车)和桥梁看作为一个相互作用的整体系统,基于地震作用下车桥耦合振动控制分析模型,分别计算对应于桥梁、汽车、列车、地震力和振动控制装置的虚功。根据虚功原理,按照“对号入座”法则,建立地震作用下车桥耦合系统的空间振动控制方程。
(3)编制地震作用下车桥耦合系统动力响应及振动控制分析程序
基于Visual Fortran6.5,利用Fortran语言编制了车桥耦合系统的分析程序。该程序功能较为全面,能进行结构的静力分析、动力分析、自振特性分析、地震反应分析、车桥耦合振动分析等,并能输出结构模型的CAD图。通过与通用有限元软件的计算结果进行对比,验证了程序的正确性。
(4)研究地震作用下高速铁路简支梁桥的动力响应及行车安全性
以高速铁路桥梁中的简支梁为例,利用自编的车桥地震反应分析程序,先后对列车荷载、地震荷载和二者共同作用于桥梁的全过程进行了仿真计算,系统地分析了各参数的影响,研究了TMD或MRD的振动控制效果。
(5)分析地震作用下大跨度公轨两用斜拉桥的动力响应
以某大跨度公轨两用斜拉桥为研究对象,研究汽车、轻轨车和二者同时运行于桥上三种工况下车桥的动力响应,探讨汽车和轻轨车同时运行时相互之间的影响,计算了一致激励和行波效应作用下大跨度斜拉桥的空间地震响应,分析了该桥在轻轨车、汽车和地震荷载同时作用下的车桥动力响应,在此基础上,研究TMD和MRD的振动控制效果。
China is one of the countries in which the earthquake disaster is the most serious. In recent years, a large regional earthquake have happened in China and the surrounding region, it indicates that engineering facilities in China are facing serious earthquake threat. On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of rapid economic development, the railway departments actively construct the high-speed railway. The high-speed railway design parameters is strictly limited, the requirements on the smoothness of line is high, to reduce the impact of environmental factors and ensure the safety and comfort of train running, the number of bridge required is far greater than ordinary railway, which greatly increases the probability of the trains on the bridge when earthquakes occur. On the other hand, with the reinforcement of China's composite strength, many long-span bridges are built, which are complicated and gentle. The analysis about earthquake response of long-span bridges and the influence on the traffic safety have more challenge and academic value. So the dynamic responses of vehicle-bridge system under earthquakes and their effects on the running safety of vehicles have become an important research subject. In this dissertation, based on the summary and general study of the predecessor's research experiences in China and abroad in the field of vehicle-bridge interaction, the bridge seismic design and vibration control, the dynamic model of coupled vehicle-bridge system subjected to earthquakes is established. A corresponding computer simulation program is developed. The coupled vibration of vehicle-bridge system is studied. The control effects of TMD and MRD on the vehicle-bridge system are discussed. The main contents are as follows:
(1) Establishment of a more reasonable dynamic analysis model for coupled vehicle-bridge system under vibration control condition subjected to earthquakes
The dynamic analysis model of bridge is built by conventional finite element method. The vehicle is modeled to multi-body systems which are connected with springs and dampers. The four-wheel car with two axles and four-axle train with two suspension systems on independent bogies are used for study, the required parameters of car and train spatial vibration analysis model are introduced, the car is modeled with13degrees of freedom, the train is composed of such rigid bodies as car body, bogie frame and wheel-set,34degrees of freedom of its model are considered at most. The surface roughness and track irregularity are taken as a stationary random process, after selecting the power spectral density function, their sample values are simulated by trigonometric series method with a computer program which is developed. According to a given target response spectrum, the artificial ground motion is obtained with spectral fitting method, and corresponding analytical procedures are developed. Based on the damping principles of TMD and MRD, the parameters of TMD and MRD are gotten by optimization design, the vibration control model of TMD and MRD is established.
(2) Derivation for spatial vibration control equation of coupled vehicle-bridge system under earthquakes
The vehicles (including cars and trains) and the bridge are integrated as a whole interaction system, based on the vibration control analysis model of vehicle-bridge system which is subjected to earthquakes, by calculating the virtual work which is corresponded to the bridge, cars, trains, seismic force and vibration control device. According to the principle of virtual work, with the fully computerized approach for assembling matrices, the spatial vibration control equation of the coupled vehicle-brrdge system under earthquake is established.
(3) Vibration analysis program of the coupled vehicle-bridge system is developed
Based on Visual Fortran6.5, a coupled vehicle-bridge system analysis program is made. Its functions are relatively comprehensive which include the structural static analysis, dynamic analysis, vibration characteristic analysis, seismic response analysis and vibration analysis of coupled vehicle-bridge system, it also can map out the structural CAD model. And the correctness of the program is verified through comparison with the results of general finite element software.
(4) Dynamic response and running safety of simple beam bridge on high-speed railway under seismic load is studied
For simple beam bridges on high-speed railway, with the vibration analysis program of the coupled vehicle-bridge system, the whole process of train load, seismic load and both of them loading on them are simulated. The effect of each parameter and vibration control effect of TMD and MRD are analyzed.
(5) Dynamic response of long-span rail-cum-road cable-stayed bridge under seismic load is analyzed
Take a long-span rail-cum-road cable-stayed bridge as an example, dynamic responses of three cases which are conditions under automobile, LRV and both automobile and LRV are studied. When the automobile and LRV run on the bridge at the same time, the influence between them is discussed, the spatial earthquake responses under uniform excitation and multi-support excitation are calculated. The dynamic responses of the coupled vehicle-bridge system are analyzed when the automobile load, LRV load and seismic load affect on the bridge. Also vibration control effect of TMD and MRD is researched.
引文
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