新生代农民工市民化问题研究
摘要
农民工是改革开放进程中成长起来的一支新型劳动大军,是现代产业工人的组成部分,是我国现代化建设的重要力量。而近年来,农民工群体已经发生了变化,年轻一代农民工日益成为农民工的先行者和主要群体。与传统农民工相比,他们有一些新的特点。新生代农民工尽管在城镇就业和居住,有的已经成家在城里生活多年,由于他们的户口还是农业户口,因此还不能享有和城镇居民同等的就业和福利待遇。实现新生代农民工市民化,既是破除城乡分割二元体制改革的需要,又是推进城镇化快速健康发展的需要。加速新生代农民工市民化是从根本上解决好三农问题的需要,是推进城镇化健康发展的需要,是扩大内需、促进国民经济平稳较快发展的需要,是加快产业结构优化升级的需要,是促进社会和谐发展的需要。
本研究对新生代农民工的相关概念和理论基础进行了解释,并对新生代农民工的特征进行了分析。通过对相关概念农民工、新生代农民工、市民、市民化进行界定,并且提出了市民化的标准。针对相关理论基础如：推力-拉力理论、双重劳动力市场理论、新古典经济学理论、发展经济学说中的人口迁移理论、年龄-迁移率模型等进行了解释。最后总结了新生代农民工的年龄结构特点、性别结构特点、婚姻状况特点、文化技能特点、外出动因特点、维权意识特点等等。
通过分析新生代农民工的特点可知,新生代农民工是个比较年轻的群体,男性多于女性,未婚者居多,他们的文化程度相对较高,但是职业技能仍然缺乏,外出动因注重自身发展,维权意识增强。研究新生代农民工必须清楚这个群体的特点,有助于针对他们的特点进行市民化问题方面的研究探索。
本研究分析了国外农民市民化的经验。分析西方发达国家如英美和日本等国家的剩余劳动力的转移历史经验,以及部分发展中国家和地区的转移模式如韩国模式所采取的措施,希望找到可取之处。首先从总体上分析国外农民市民化的模式类型并进行了对比,介绍了发达国家农民市民化的经验和教训,并对美国、英国、日本、韩国的情况进行了分析；并且指出了世界各国情况对中国农民工市民化的启示。
在分析国外农民市民化的基础上,对我国的农民工市民化的历史进行回顾和未来趋势进行分析。通过对我国农民工市民化发展历程的简要回顾,分析农民工市民化进程中体现出哪些我国特有的特性,对我国新生代农民工市民化的未来发展趋势进行具体分析。对农民工市民化的历史、现状、与趋势进行了分析。首先分析了以劳动力转移动因为依据的农村劳动力转移阶段,然后分析了以改革开放为界的改革开放前后的农民市民化阶段。进而对我国新生代农民工市民化的现状进行了分析,得出现阶段由于我国城市化水平低于世界水平,城市化水平滞后于工业化发展水平,制约了市民化的发展。最后针对我国新生代农民工市民化的未来趋势进行了分析,我国新生代农民工的规模会趋于稳定,并且市民化的制度会更加完善。
重点是对新生代农民工市民化的现状和影响因素的分析。主要结合问卷分析,利用SPSS软件的统计结果分析新生代农民工市民化过程中存在的问题。从职业边缘化、经济地位边缘化、居住边缘化、社会身份边缘化、意识行为边缘化方面进行分析。进一步分析了新生代农民工的就业状况、收入状况、消费状况、居住状况、自我认同和社会认同状况,以及他们的社会保障状况,心理状况,最后分析了新生代农民工的市民化的进程,得出新生代农民工市民化仍处于低级阶段的结论。
在分析新生代农民工市民化现状的基础上,归纳了影响新生代农民工市民化的影响因素包括制度因素、新生代农民工的自身因素、社会环境因素。制度因素包括土地流转制度、户籍制度、就业制度、社会保障制度等等,新生代自身的素质如文化技能、心理素质等等,社会环境因素包括城市化的进程缓慢、市民接纳新生代农民工的态度、及城市接纳新生代农民工的公共服务体系建设等等。最后对影响新生代农民工留城意愿的因素进行了相关分析。
最后主要针对促进新生代农民工市民化提出了相应的对策。包括完善社会保障体系,养老保险制度、医疗保险制度、失业保险制度、工伤保险制度等等；破除户籍壁垒,提出制定出台户籍法,积分制管理引导新生代农民工融入城市,创建动态的户籍管理；住房制度改革：教育手段促进新生代农民工市民化,面向新生代农民工开展有效的继续教育,新生代农民工子女受教育实现公平化；土地流转制度改革；完善就业制度；发挥政府、社区、公共组织的作用；最后提出进行小城镇建设。
本研究内容是在作者主持的课题《新生代农民工的城市适应性研究》的基础上,以黑龙江省的新生代农民工作为实证分析与研究对象,运用文献查阅法、问卷调查法、描述性统计方法、个案访谈法、实地考察法、比较研究法对新生代农民工的市民化现状、影响新生代农民工市民化的因素等问题进行分析与研究,从而提出促进新生代农民工市民化的策略。目的在于探讨促进农民工就业、定居、促进社会整合的可行性策略,促进中国城镇化的健康协调发展,消除我国城乡之间、工业与农业之间的差距,提高农民工的社会地位,改善他们的生活,推进城乡一体化进程,推进我国的现代化进程,提升我国社会总体发展水平,从而对科学转移农村劳动力起到一定程度上的指导作用。
Migrant workers is a new labor force, who grew up in the process of reform and opening up. as an integral part of modern industrial workers, is an important force in China's modernization. In recent years, the groups of migrant workers has a change, the younger generation of migrant workers are increasingly becoming a pioneer and major groups of migrant workers. They have some new features. The new generation of migrant workers are obtaining employment and residing in urban, and some of them have achieved the family moved to cities, their accounts are accounts of agricultural, they can't enjoy the same employment and benefits as urban residents. Accelerate the realization of the new generation of migrant workers into urban residents, it is not only the needs of the reform of getting rid of urban and rural split, but also the needs of promoting the healthy development of urbanization. Promote the new generation of migrant workers to become city residents, it is the needs of a fundamental solution to the three rural issues, the needs of promoting the healthy development of urbanization, and the needs of expanding domestic demand and promoting steady and rapid economic development, also the needs of speeding up the industrial structure optimization and upgrading of and the needs of promoting social harmony and development.
This study explained the relevant concepts and theoretical basis of the new generation of migrant workers, and analyzed the characteristics of the new generation of migrant workers. Defined the related concepts of migrant workers, the new generation of migrant workers, citizen, citizenization, and made a standard of citizenization. Explained the basis of the theory, such as: Thrust-pull theory, dual labor market theory, the theory of population migration in the neo-classical economic theory, development economics, age-mobility model. Finally summarized the characteristics of the age structure of the new generation of migrant workers, the structural characteristics of gender, marital status characteristics, the characteristics of cultural skills, foreign dispatched due to the characteristics, rights awareness features.
the new generation of migrant workers is a relatively young group, more men than women, mostly unmarried, their educational level is relatively high, and vocational skills are still lacking, outside mobilized to focus on their own development, human rights conscious is enhanced.
Research the new generation of migrant workers must be aware of the characteristics of this group, it is help to explore the citizenization issue.
This study analyzed the experience of foreign countries. Analyzed the historical experience of transferring surplus labor of the Western developed countries such as England, American, Japan and other countries as well as the measures taken by the mode of transfer of some developing countries and regions such as South Korea model, hoping to find the merits.
The review on the history and future trends of the people of migrant workers in China were analyzed on the basis of the analysis of foreign farmers to the citizenization. A brief review on the history of the development of transferring surplus labor in China, analyzed the citizenization process of migrant workers the unique characteristics of China, analyzed specifically the new generation of migrant workers' future development trends.
Analyzed the history of migrant workers, the status quo, and the trend, first analyzed the transfer phase as the basis to different reasons, and then analyzed the stage of citizenization before and after the reform and opening up. Thus analyzed the status of the citizenization of the new generation of migrant workers in China, due to the level of urbanization in China is lower than the world level and the level of urbanization lags behind the level of industrialization, which restricts the development of citizenization.
Finally, analyzed the future trend of citizenization for the China's new generation of migrant workers, the size of the new generation of migrant workers in China will stabilize and that the public system will be more perfect.
The stresses of analysis are the citizenization status quo and influencing factors, Combined of questionnaire analysis, used the statistical results of the SPSS software to analyze the problems that exist in the citizenization process of generation of migrant workers. Analyzed from several aspects: such as occupation marginalization, economic marginalization, living marginalization, social status marginalization, the conscious behavior marginalization.
Fatherly analyzed of the new generation of migrant workers' employment status, income and consumer status, living status, self-identity and social identity status, and their social security status, psychological status, finally analyzed the citizenization process of the new generation of migrant workers, and concluded the new generation of people of migrant workers is still at a low level.
Summarized in the influencing factors that including institutional factors, factors of the new generation of migrant workers of themselves, social and environmental factors. Institutional factors, including the land transfer system, the household registration system, employment system, social security system, the quality of the new generation of its own, such as cultural skills, psychological quality, social and environmental factors including the slow process of urbanization, the citizen accepted the new generation of migrant workers attitude, and the public service system construction. Finally, had a correlation analysis on influencing factors of the new generation of migrant workers staying will.
Proposed countermeasures in order to promote the citizenization the new generation of migrant workers, including improve the social security system, such as endowment insurance system, medical insurance system, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance system, etc.; get rid of household registration barriers proposed to develop the introduction of the Household Registration Law, the points system management to guide the generation of migrant workers into the city, create dynamic household management; housing system reform; for the
本研究对新生代农民工的相关概念和理论基础进行了解释,并对新生代农民工的特征进行了分析。通过对相关概念农民工、新生代农民工、市民、市民化进行界定,并且提出了市民化的标准。针对相关理论基础如：推力-拉力理论、双重劳动力市场理论、新古典经济学理论、发展经济学说中的人口迁移理论、年龄-迁移率模型等进行了解释。最后总结了新生代农民工的年龄结构特点、性别结构特点、婚姻状况特点、文化技能特点、外出动因特点、维权意识特点等等。
通过分析新生代农民工的特点可知,新生代农民工是个比较年轻的群体,男性多于女性,未婚者居多,他们的文化程度相对较高,但是职业技能仍然缺乏,外出动因注重自身发展,维权意识增强。研究新生代农民工必须清楚这个群体的特点,有助于针对他们的特点进行市民化问题方面的研究探索。
本研究分析了国外农民市民化的经验。分析西方发达国家如英美和日本等国家的剩余劳动力的转移历史经验,以及部分发展中国家和地区的转移模式如韩国模式所采取的措施,希望找到可取之处。首先从总体上分析国外农民市民化的模式类型并进行了对比,介绍了发达国家农民市民化的经验和教训,并对美国、英国、日本、韩国的情况进行了分析；并且指出了世界各国情况对中国农民工市民化的启示。
在分析国外农民市民化的基础上,对我国的农民工市民化的历史进行回顾和未来趋势进行分析。通过对我国农民工市民化发展历程的简要回顾,分析农民工市民化进程中体现出哪些我国特有的特性,对我国新生代农民工市民化的未来发展趋势进行具体分析。对农民工市民化的历史、现状、与趋势进行了分析。首先分析了以劳动力转移动因为依据的农村劳动力转移阶段,然后分析了以改革开放为界的改革开放前后的农民市民化阶段。进而对我国新生代农民工市民化的现状进行了分析,得出现阶段由于我国城市化水平低于世界水平,城市化水平滞后于工业化发展水平,制约了市民化的发展。最后针对我国新生代农民工市民化的未来趋势进行了分析,我国新生代农民工的规模会趋于稳定,并且市民化的制度会更加完善。
重点是对新生代农民工市民化的现状和影响因素的分析。主要结合问卷分析,利用SPSS软件的统计结果分析新生代农民工市民化过程中存在的问题。从职业边缘化、经济地位边缘化、居住边缘化、社会身份边缘化、意识行为边缘化方面进行分析。进一步分析了新生代农民工的就业状况、收入状况、消费状况、居住状况、自我认同和社会认同状况,以及他们的社会保障状况,心理状况,最后分析了新生代农民工的市民化的进程,得出新生代农民工市民化仍处于低级阶段的结论。
在分析新生代农民工市民化现状的基础上,归纳了影响新生代农民工市民化的影响因素包括制度因素、新生代农民工的自身因素、社会环境因素。制度因素包括土地流转制度、户籍制度、就业制度、社会保障制度等等,新生代自身的素质如文化技能、心理素质等等,社会环境因素包括城市化的进程缓慢、市民接纳新生代农民工的态度、及城市接纳新生代农民工的公共服务体系建设等等。最后对影响新生代农民工留城意愿的因素进行了相关分析。
最后主要针对促进新生代农民工市民化提出了相应的对策。包括完善社会保障体系,养老保险制度、医疗保险制度、失业保险制度、工伤保险制度等等；破除户籍壁垒,提出制定出台户籍法,积分制管理引导新生代农民工融入城市,创建动态的户籍管理；住房制度改革：教育手段促进新生代农民工市民化,面向新生代农民工开展有效的继续教育,新生代农民工子女受教育实现公平化；土地流转制度改革；完善就业制度；发挥政府、社区、公共组织的作用；最后提出进行小城镇建设。
本研究内容是在作者主持的课题《新生代农民工的城市适应性研究》的基础上,以黑龙江省的新生代农民工作为实证分析与研究对象,运用文献查阅法、问卷调查法、描述性统计方法、个案访谈法、实地考察法、比较研究法对新生代农民工的市民化现状、影响新生代农民工市民化的因素等问题进行分析与研究,从而提出促进新生代农民工市民化的策略。目的在于探讨促进农民工就业、定居、促进社会整合的可行性策略,促进中国城镇化的健康协调发展,消除我国城乡之间、工业与农业之间的差距,提高农民工的社会地位,改善他们的生活,推进城乡一体化进程,推进我国的现代化进程,提升我国社会总体发展水平,从而对科学转移农村劳动力起到一定程度上的指导作用。
Migrant workers is a new labor force, who grew up in the process of reform and opening up. as an integral part of modern industrial workers, is an important force in China's modernization. In recent years, the groups of migrant workers has a change, the younger generation of migrant workers are increasingly becoming a pioneer and major groups of migrant workers. They have some new features. The new generation of migrant workers are obtaining employment and residing in urban, and some of them have achieved the family moved to cities, their accounts are accounts of agricultural, they can't enjoy the same employment and benefits as urban residents. Accelerate the realization of the new generation of migrant workers into urban residents, it is not only the needs of the reform of getting rid of urban and rural split, but also the needs of promoting the healthy development of urbanization. Promote the new generation of migrant workers to become city residents, it is the needs of a fundamental solution to the three rural issues, the needs of promoting the healthy development of urbanization, and the needs of expanding domestic demand and promoting steady and rapid economic development, also the needs of speeding up the industrial structure optimization and upgrading of and the needs of promoting social harmony and development.
This study explained the relevant concepts and theoretical basis of the new generation of migrant workers, and analyzed the characteristics of the new generation of migrant workers. Defined the related concepts of migrant workers, the new generation of migrant workers, citizen, citizenization, and made a standard of citizenization. Explained the basis of the theory, such as: Thrust-pull theory, dual labor market theory, the theory of population migration in the neo-classical economic theory, development economics, age-mobility model. Finally summarized the characteristics of the age structure of the new generation of migrant workers, the structural characteristics of gender, marital status characteristics, the characteristics of cultural skills, foreign dispatched due to the characteristics, rights awareness features.
the new generation of migrant workers is a relatively young group, more men than women, mostly unmarried, their educational level is relatively high, and vocational skills are still lacking, outside mobilized to focus on their own development, human rights conscious is enhanced.
Research the new generation of migrant workers must be aware of the characteristics of this group, it is help to explore the citizenization issue.
This study analyzed the experience of foreign countries. Analyzed the historical experience of transferring surplus labor of the Western developed countries such as England, American, Japan and other countries as well as the measures taken by the mode of transfer of some developing countries and regions such as South Korea model, hoping to find the merits.
The review on the history and future trends of the people of migrant workers in China were analyzed on the basis of the analysis of foreign farmers to the citizenization. A brief review on the history of the development of transferring surplus labor in China, analyzed the citizenization process of migrant workers the unique characteristics of China, analyzed specifically the new generation of migrant workers' future development trends.
Analyzed the history of migrant workers, the status quo, and the trend, first analyzed the transfer phase as the basis to different reasons, and then analyzed the stage of citizenization before and after the reform and opening up. Thus analyzed the status of the citizenization of the new generation of migrant workers in China, due to the level of urbanization in China is lower than the world level and the level of urbanization lags behind the level of industrialization, which restricts the development of citizenization.
Finally, analyzed the future trend of citizenization for the China's new generation of migrant workers, the size of the new generation of migrant workers in China will stabilize and that the public system will be more perfect.
The stresses of analysis are the citizenization status quo and influencing factors, Combined of questionnaire analysis, used the statistical results of the SPSS software to analyze the problems that exist in the citizenization process of generation of migrant workers. Analyzed from several aspects: such as occupation marginalization, economic marginalization, living marginalization, social status marginalization, the conscious behavior marginalization.
Fatherly analyzed of the new generation of migrant workers' employment status, income and consumer status, living status, self-identity and social identity status, and their social security status, psychological status, finally analyzed the citizenization process of the new generation of migrant workers, and concluded the new generation of people of migrant workers is still at a low level.
Summarized in the influencing factors that including institutional factors, factors of the new generation of migrant workers of themselves, social and environmental factors. Institutional factors, including the land transfer system, the household registration system, employment system, social security system, the quality of the new generation of its own, such as cultural skills, psychological quality, social and environmental factors including the slow process of urbanization, the citizen accepted the new generation of migrant workers attitude, and the public service system construction. Finally, had a correlation analysis on influencing factors of the new generation of migrant workers staying will.
Proposed countermeasures in order to promote the citizenization the new generation of migrant workers, including improve the social security system, such as endowment insurance system, medical insurance system, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance system, etc.; get rid of household registration barriers proposed to develop the introduction of the Household Registration Law, the points system management to guide the generation of migrant workers into the city, create dynamic household management; housing system reform; for the
引文
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjfx/fxbg/t20110310_402710032.htm.
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