巴丹吉林沙漠及周边地区晚第四纪湖泊年代学与气候背景
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摘要
中国西北地区晚第四纪湖泊演化和水文循环是研究的热点。探讨西北干旱区该时期的湖泊演化过程及其气候和水文背景可以对开展干旱区水循环与水资源演变研究提供基础资料,同时亦可对干旱区环境演变过程和机制提供新的证据。基于上述原因,本论文以阿拉善高原地区巴丹吉林沙漠及周边地区为研究对象,复原晚第四纪特征时期湖面波动过程,并通过水量与能量平衡模型,在验证了现代过程的研究基础上,计算特征时段的黑河流域降水、下游径流量和沙漠腹地降水,探讨其高湖面时期的气候和水文背景,并比较了沙漠腹地湖泊群与周边内陆终端湖演化机制的差异。论文主要工作分为以下几个部分：
1、通过对阿拉善高原古湖泊的野外考察、岸堤测量及14C定年,在该区域晚更新世高湖面与大湖期的研究上,不仅获得了更多的地貌学、沉积学证据,而且对高湖面的形成时期有了新的认识。考察发现,居延海地区至少存在10道不同海拔高度的砂砾质岸堤,吉兰泰盐湖西北岸发现至少存在4道古湖岸堤,猪野泽东北岸存在9道砂砾质岸堤和一级湖成阶地。对上述古湖岸堤中遗存的瓣鳃类、腹足类生物壳体等14C测年结果及雅布赖盐湖地层年代进行分析,确证MIS3阶段阿拉善高原存在高湖面和大湖期。现有的OSL年代数据虽然与已报道的14C年代及本研究的14C年代结果存在较大分歧,甚至有些OSL年代结果不支持MIS3阶段存在高湖面,但不足以否定MIS3阶段存在高湖面的基本结论。这两种测年结果的差异很可能指示了两个不同时期在同一区域均存在高湖面,也暗示了阿拉善高原可能在MIS5阶段和MIS3阶段均存在高湖面。
2、沙漠腹地由于可供测年的物质稀少,一直是古环境与古气候年代学研究的难点区域。如何选择合适的测年物质,就成为解决这一问题的关键。本文对阿拉善高原腾格里沙漠分布的16处根管和巴丹吉林沙漠分布的14处根管进行了14C测年研究,并探讨了其环境意义。结果显示,在腾格里沙漠16个年代结果绝大部分落在中全新世。巴丹吉林沙漠14个根管样品中,有9个年代结果在MIS3a阶段,2个年代结果在MIS2阶段,3个年代结果在全新世中期。对年代结果进一步统计发现,作为无机物的根管受到硬水效应或其他因素的影响与贝壳基本相同,可以作为14C测年的材料。并且从目前现有的结果看,在全新世范围内,其千年尺度范围内年代结果准确度较高,而百年尺度可能受到其他因素的影响,年代结果准确性有待于加强。在万年尺度上,根管可以作为一种理想的14C测年材料进行测年,同时在MIS3a阶段,由于受到14C测年本身精度的控制,其千年尺度的准确性要明显低于全新世测年结果。此外,阿拉善高原沙漠根管主要形成于全新世中期和MIS3a阶段,表明根管主要形成于气候湿润期,可以指示当时的湿润气候。
3、如何选取合适的方法,对河流古径流量进行复原,一直是古气候学和古水文学研究的重点。同时,在干旱区建立古今接轨的水量与能量平衡模型中,如何评估参数的可靠性和模型的准确性,是需要进一步探讨的问题。本文以黑河下游至终端湖水体为研究对象,以器测资料为研究基础,通过改进的水量平衡模型和能量平衡模型,成功复原了2002-2008年黑河下游正义峡水文站的年平均径流量。结果显示,虽然复原的逐年径流与实测值存在一定的误差,但在多年平均径流的复原结果与实测结果的误差在10%以内。表明在干旱区,水量平衡模型与能量平衡模型可以很好的用于径流的复原。同时需要注意的是,由于地域差异,在建立了古今接轨的水量与能量平衡模型过程中,参数必须进行调试,否则容易引起较大的误差。另外,通过潜热和感热的计算,发现在干旱区湖泊水体的蒸发潜热大于水体的净辐射,该现象验证了“冷岛效应”的存在。
4、通过对居延海地区古湖泊岸堤的年代学研究和高程测量,结合1：5万数字化DEM,重建了MIS3a阶段黑河终端湖湖面波动情况。结果显示,在MIS3a阶段,黑河终端湖泊面积至少在7430km2以上。其中34cal ka时期湖泊面积最大,在26cal ka时期湖泊面积缩小到5400km2。通过水量平衡与能量平衡模型,定量重建MIS3a阶段黑河流域降水和下游古径流,其结果显示MIS3a阶段流域降水在180mm左右,是现代流域降水的1.3倍。水面蒸发是现在的30%左右。在34cal ka时期黑河下游年径流量约在61.95×108m3以上,是现代黑河出山径流的1.7倍。32-26cal ka时黑河下游径流量与现代黑河出山径流相差不大,是现代黑河下游年径流量的3.5-4倍。在MIS3a阶段流域高降水量和低蒸发量可能是形成该时期高湖面的主要原因。流域降水的分配可能影响了次一级湖面波动过程。
5、通过对巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊的考察,发现其广泛存在高湖面的地貌学和沉积学证据。在复原晚第四纪特征时期湖泊面积的基础上,通过水量平衡和能量平衡模型,计算了3l cal ka和7.4cal ka时期巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊的蒸发量,结果显示上述两个时期蒸发量分别在697mm和616mm,不足现代沙漠腹地蒸发皿蒸发量的一半。在31cal ka时期,巴丹吉林沙漠腹地降水约在260mm左右,7.4cal ka时期降水量约在200-250mm左右,均高于现代该地区的降水量。这一结果印证了在MIS3a阶段区域有效降水增加的事实,同时也揭示了该地区全新世中期湿润气候的特征。上述时段有效降水的增加,是沙漠腹地高湖面形成的重要因素。但沙漠腹地湖泊群与内陆终端湖泊在演化机制上存在着很大的不同,并非完全取决于气候的变化。由于大量地下水补给的存在,其湖面波动和面积变化受控于湖泊水量收支差额和湖泊总水量的大小。
6、通过对巴丹吉林108组古沙丘倾向的测量,复原了该地区末次冰期寒冷时期的古风向。结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠北部地区该时期盛行风向为西北风,有别于现代的盛行西风,揭示了蒙古高压较现代明显增强,冬季风强度增大的特点。同时控制该地区气候的环流并非西风气流,而是蒙古高压,西风气流的位置较现代偏南。
Lake evolution and hydrological cycle during the late Quaternary in NW China has been a focus of recent studies on the natural state of the Earth's climatic systems. Hence, this study not only provides the basic information for further research of the hydrologic cycle and water resources in arid region, but also provides new evidence for environment evolution and its mechanisms. This doctoral dissertation selected Badain Jaran Desert and its marginal area as the object of study, lake levels fluctuations were recovered during the characteristic periods in Late Quaternary. Based on parameters being debugged according to the field position observation and the water level observation data, Basin precipitation and lower reaches runoff in the Heihe River and precipitation in deep desert were calculated during the characteristic periods by the water and energy balance equations. At the same time, the lake hydrologic cycle evolutions respond to climate change were researched by high lake levels. Besides, the different mechanisms between lake groups in deep desert and close lakes in arid area were discussed. All of the doctoral dissertation works are below.
1Field investigations including lake shoreline measurement and14C chronology have been carried out on the Alashan Plateau to better understand the formation and evolution of the high lake levels in northwest China during the late Pleistocene. Comprehensive field investigations show that there are at least ten shorelines at different elevations at Juyan Lake, at least four on the northwest side of the Jilantai Salt Lake, and nine shorelines and one terrace on the northeast margin of Zhuye Lake. Stratigraphic correlations and chronological evidence indicate that the paleo-Iakes have the highest lake levels in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)3. Though the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) results which have been reported by some scholars don't support this view, the fact that the paleo-lakes have the highest lake levels in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)3can't be denied. Differences between OSL and14C results from this work might indicate that high lake levels existed on the Alashan Plateau during two different periods. It also suggests that the high lake levels may exist in both MIS5and early MIS3. This paper also provides the basic hydrological information for further water resources research in this arid region.
2Deep deserts are lack of chronology materials, which are always a hot and difficult point in palaeoclimate and palaeoenviromenet chorology research. Hence, selected suitable dating materials is the key factor of solving this question. In this doctoral dissertation, total30calcareous roots samples which were located in Alxa Plateau were collected for14C dating, and then their palaeoenviromenet significances were discussed. The14C dating results showed that most of16calcareous roots samples in Tengger Desert were formed during the Mid Holocene. In Badain Jaran Desert,9samples were formed during the MIS3a,2samples were formed during the MIS2and other3samples were formed during the Mid Holocene. Statistically, as the inorganic matter, calcareous roots were affected by hard water effect and others factors mostly as same as shells, which indicated that the calcareous roots are suit for14C dating. At the same time, the dating results showed that they were reliable in millennium scales during the Holocene, but the century scales results improvement were needed due to other factors. On time scale of104years, calcareous roots are suit for14C dating. However, during the MIS3a, because of14C dating accuracy and measurement limits for14C dating, veracity are lower than the Holocene results in millennium scales. Besides, most of calcareous roots on Alxa Plateau were formed during the MIS3a and Mid Holocene, which indicated that humid environment was suit for their formation; it's the same in reverse.
3The research on how to reconstruct the runoff of a river with a proper method has been the crucial part of paleo-climatology and paleo-hydrology. With a research object being from the lower reach of Heihe River to the terminal lake, using the measured data and the improved water and energy balance equations, this paper has managed to reconstruct the annual average runoff of zhengyi Gorges hydrological station in Heihe River lower reaches during a period from2002to2008. The result of it indicates that there exists an error between the reconstructed annual runoff and the measured values. However, the error between the reconstructed average runoff of several years and the measured value is within10percent, that means the water and energy balance equations are successfully used to reconstruct the runoff in arid regions. What is noted is that because of region difference, parameters must be debugged when applying water and energy balance equations, or it will result in great error. In addition, it is found that the latent heat of the evaporation of lakes in arid area is greater than their net radiation according to the calculation of the latent heat and the sensible heat, which demonstrates the existence of cold island effect.
4We examined the vestigial evidence of the extent of paleo-lakes, and using reasoning outline above, reconstructed the paleo-lakes. GPS co-ordinates measured on-site, and the paleo-lakes levels fluctuation plotted onto1:50,000scale topographic maps. The results showed that the area of terminal lake of the Heihe River was over7430km2during MIS3a. More specifically, there was the largest lake area during34cal ka, and then it retreated to5400km2 during26cal ka. Using water and energy balance equations, quantitative reconstruction of the lower paleo-runoff and basin precipitation in Heihe River showed that the basin precipitation was about180mm which was30%higher than today, beside the evaporation accounted for30%of today. During34cal ka, the annual lower runoff was more than61.95×108m3, which was1.7times than today. Moreover, during32～26cal ka the annual lower runoff was little difference from recent runoff of the river from the mountain areas, but3.5～4times than lower runoff. In that case, high basin precipitation and low evaporation may cause the high lake levels formation, the lake levels fluctuated on different time scales during MIS3a may influenced by the precipitation distributing variety in Heihe River Basin.
5There were many high lake levels evidence such as geomorphology and sedimentology in deep Badain Jaran Desert. Based on lake areas reconstructed during the characteristic periods in Late Quaternary, lake evaporation in the desert were calculated during31cal ka and7.4cal ka by water and energy balance equations. The results indicated that the evaporations were697mm and616mm respectively. They were both50%lower than pan evaporation in recent desert. Besides, the precipitations were260mm and200～250mm respectively, higher than modern precipitation in this region, which confirmed that effective precipitation increased during MIS3a and humid environment during the Mid Holocene. Hence, effective precipitation increasing is one of the key factors that high lake levels formation in deep desert. However, there were different mechanisms about lake evolution between deep desert and other inland area. The former's lake evolution wasn't only depended on climate change due to the lots of ground water recharge. It was controlled by the lake water budget and total amount of water.
6Palaoe wind direction during the cold periods in Last glacial was recovered by palaeo sand dune trends counting (total108groups). The results showed that prevailing wind direction was northwest during cold periods in the Last glacial, which was different from prevailing west wind today. It indicated that it was controlled by high atmospheric pressure from Mongolia and East Asian winter monsoon intensity increasing. Besides, the West wind located to the south.
1、通过对阿拉善高原古湖泊的野外考察、岸堤测量及14C定年,在该区域晚更新世高湖面与大湖期的研究上,不仅获得了更多的地貌学、沉积学证据,而且对高湖面的形成时期有了新的认识。考察发现,居延海地区至少存在10道不同海拔高度的砂砾质岸堤,吉兰泰盐湖西北岸发现至少存在4道古湖岸堤,猪野泽东北岸存在9道砂砾质岸堤和一级湖成阶地。对上述古湖岸堤中遗存的瓣鳃类、腹足类生物壳体等14C测年结果及雅布赖盐湖地层年代进行分析,确证MIS3阶段阿拉善高原存在高湖面和大湖期。现有的OSL年代数据虽然与已报道的14C年代及本研究的14C年代结果存在较大分歧,甚至有些OSL年代结果不支持MIS3阶段存在高湖面,但不足以否定MIS3阶段存在高湖面的基本结论。这两种测年结果的差异很可能指示了两个不同时期在同一区域均存在高湖面,也暗示了阿拉善高原可能在MIS5阶段和MIS3阶段均存在高湖面。
2、沙漠腹地由于可供测年的物质稀少,一直是古环境与古气候年代学研究的难点区域。如何选择合适的测年物质,就成为解决这一问题的关键。本文对阿拉善高原腾格里沙漠分布的16处根管和巴丹吉林沙漠分布的14处根管进行了14C测年研究,并探讨了其环境意义。结果显示,在腾格里沙漠16个年代结果绝大部分落在中全新世。巴丹吉林沙漠14个根管样品中,有9个年代结果在MIS3a阶段,2个年代结果在MIS2阶段,3个年代结果在全新世中期。对年代结果进一步统计发现,作为无机物的根管受到硬水效应或其他因素的影响与贝壳基本相同,可以作为14C测年的材料。并且从目前现有的结果看,在全新世范围内,其千年尺度范围内年代结果准确度较高,而百年尺度可能受到其他因素的影响,年代结果准确性有待于加强。在万年尺度上,根管可以作为一种理想的14C测年材料进行测年,同时在MIS3a阶段,由于受到14C测年本身精度的控制,其千年尺度的准确性要明显低于全新世测年结果。此外,阿拉善高原沙漠根管主要形成于全新世中期和MIS3a阶段,表明根管主要形成于气候湿润期,可以指示当时的湿润气候。
3、如何选取合适的方法,对河流古径流量进行复原,一直是古气候学和古水文学研究的重点。同时,在干旱区建立古今接轨的水量与能量平衡模型中,如何评估参数的可靠性和模型的准确性,是需要进一步探讨的问题。本文以黑河下游至终端湖水体为研究对象,以器测资料为研究基础,通过改进的水量平衡模型和能量平衡模型,成功复原了2002-2008年黑河下游正义峡水文站的年平均径流量。结果显示,虽然复原的逐年径流与实测值存在一定的误差,但在多年平均径流的复原结果与实测结果的误差在10%以内。表明在干旱区,水量平衡模型与能量平衡模型可以很好的用于径流的复原。同时需要注意的是,由于地域差异,在建立了古今接轨的水量与能量平衡模型过程中,参数必须进行调试,否则容易引起较大的误差。另外,通过潜热和感热的计算,发现在干旱区湖泊水体的蒸发潜热大于水体的净辐射,该现象验证了“冷岛效应”的存在。
4、通过对居延海地区古湖泊岸堤的年代学研究和高程测量,结合1：5万数字化DEM,重建了MIS3a阶段黑河终端湖湖面波动情况。结果显示,在MIS3a阶段,黑河终端湖泊面积至少在7430km2以上。其中34cal ka时期湖泊面积最大,在26cal ka时期湖泊面积缩小到5400km2。通过水量平衡与能量平衡模型,定量重建MIS3a阶段黑河流域降水和下游古径流,其结果显示MIS3a阶段流域降水在180mm左右,是现代流域降水的1.3倍。水面蒸发是现在的30%左右。在34cal ka时期黑河下游年径流量约在61.95×108m3以上,是现代黑河出山径流的1.7倍。32-26cal ka时黑河下游径流量与现代黑河出山径流相差不大,是现代黑河下游年径流量的3.5-4倍。在MIS3a阶段流域高降水量和低蒸发量可能是形成该时期高湖面的主要原因。流域降水的分配可能影响了次一级湖面波动过程。
5、通过对巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊的考察,发现其广泛存在高湖面的地貌学和沉积学证据。在复原晚第四纪特征时期湖泊面积的基础上,通过水量平衡和能量平衡模型,计算了3l cal ka和7.4cal ka时期巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊的蒸发量,结果显示上述两个时期蒸发量分别在697mm和616mm,不足现代沙漠腹地蒸发皿蒸发量的一半。在31cal ka时期,巴丹吉林沙漠腹地降水约在260mm左右,7.4cal ka时期降水量约在200-250mm左右,均高于现代该地区的降水量。这一结果印证了在MIS3a阶段区域有效降水增加的事实,同时也揭示了该地区全新世中期湿润气候的特征。上述时段有效降水的增加,是沙漠腹地高湖面形成的重要因素。但沙漠腹地湖泊群与内陆终端湖泊在演化机制上存在着很大的不同,并非完全取决于气候的变化。由于大量地下水补给的存在,其湖面波动和面积变化受控于湖泊水量收支差额和湖泊总水量的大小。
6、通过对巴丹吉林108组古沙丘倾向的测量,复原了该地区末次冰期寒冷时期的古风向。结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠北部地区该时期盛行风向为西北风,有别于现代的盛行西风,揭示了蒙古高压较现代明显增强,冬季风强度增大的特点。同时控制该地区气候的环流并非西风气流,而是蒙古高压,西风气流的位置较现代偏南。
Lake evolution and hydrological cycle during the late Quaternary in NW China has been a focus of recent studies on the natural state of the Earth's climatic systems. Hence, this study not only provides the basic information for further research of the hydrologic cycle and water resources in arid region, but also provides new evidence for environment evolution and its mechanisms. This doctoral dissertation selected Badain Jaran Desert and its marginal area as the object of study, lake levels fluctuations were recovered during the characteristic periods in Late Quaternary. Based on parameters being debugged according to the field position observation and the water level observation data, Basin precipitation and lower reaches runoff in the Heihe River and precipitation in deep desert were calculated during the characteristic periods by the water and energy balance equations. At the same time, the lake hydrologic cycle evolutions respond to climate change were researched by high lake levels. Besides, the different mechanisms between lake groups in deep desert and close lakes in arid area were discussed. All of the doctoral dissertation works are below.
1Field investigations including lake shoreline measurement and14C chronology have been carried out on the Alashan Plateau to better understand the formation and evolution of the high lake levels in northwest China during the late Pleistocene. Comprehensive field investigations show that there are at least ten shorelines at different elevations at Juyan Lake, at least four on the northwest side of the Jilantai Salt Lake, and nine shorelines and one terrace on the northeast margin of Zhuye Lake. Stratigraphic correlations and chronological evidence indicate that the paleo-Iakes have the highest lake levels in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)3. Though the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) results which have been reported by some scholars don't support this view, the fact that the paleo-lakes have the highest lake levels in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)3can't be denied. Differences between OSL and14C results from this work might indicate that high lake levels existed on the Alashan Plateau during two different periods. It also suggests that the high lake levels may exist in both MIS5and early MIS3. This paper also provides the basic hydrological information for further water resources research in this arid region.
2Deep deserts are lack of chronology materials, which are always a hot and difficult point in palaeoclimate and palaeoenviromenet chorology research. Hence, selected suitable dating materials is the key factor of solving this question. In this doctoral dissertation, total30calcareous roots samples which were located in Alxa Plateau were collected for14C dating, and then their palaeoenviromenet significances were discussed. The14C dating results showed that most of16calcareous roots samples in Tengger Desert were formed during the Mid Holocene. In Badain Jaran Desert,9samples were formed during the MIS3a,2samples were formed during the MIS2and other3samples were formed during the Mid Holocene. Statistically, as the inorganic matter, calcareous roots were affected by hard water effect and others factors mostly as same as shells, which indicated that the calcareous roots are suit for14C dating. At the same time, the dating results showed that they were reliable in millennium scales during the Holocene, but the century scales results improvement were needed due to other factors. On time scale of104years, calcareous roots are suit for14C dating. However, during the MIS3a, because of14C dating accuracy and measurement limits for14C dating, veracity are lower than the Holocene results in millennium scales. Besides, most of calcareous roots on Alxa Plateau were formed during the MIS3a and Mid Holocene, which indicated that humid environment was suit for their formation; it's the same in reverse.
3The research on how to reconstruct the runoff of a river with a proper method has been the crucial part of paleo-climatology and paleo-hydrology. With a research object being from the lower reach of Heihe River to the terminal lake, using the measured data and the improved water and energy balance equations, this paper has managed to reconstruct the annual average runoff of zhengyi Gorges hydrological station in Heihe River lower reaches during a period from2002to2008. The result of it indicates that there exists an error between the reconstructed annual runoff and the measured values. However, the error between the reconstructed average runoff of several years and the measured value is within10percent, that means the water and energy balance equations are successfully used to reconstruct the runoff in arid regions. What is noted is that because of region difference, parameters must be debugged when applying water and energy balance equations, or it will result in great error. In addition, it is found that the latent heat of the evaporation of lakes in arid area is greater than their net radiation according to the calculation of the latent heat and the sensible heat, which demonstrates the existence of cold island effect.
4We examined the vestigial evidence of the extent of paleo-lakes, and using reasoning outline above, reconstructed the paleo-lakes. GPS co-ordinates measured on-site, and the paleo-lakes levels fluctuation plotted onto1:50,000scale topographic maps. The results showed that the area of terminal lake of the Heihe River was over7430km2during MIS3a. More specifically, there was the largest lake area during34cal ka, and then it retreated to5400km2 during26cal ka. Using water and energy balance equations, quantitative reconstruction of the lower paleo-runoff and basin precipitation in Heihe River showed that the basin precipitation was about180mm which was30%higher than today, beside the evaporation accounted for30%of today. During34cal ka, the annual lower runoff was more than61.95×108m3, which was1.7times than today. Moreover, during32～26cal ka the annual lower runoff was little difference from recent runoff of the river from the mountain areas, but3.5～4times than lower runoff. In that case, high basin precipitation and low evaporation may cause the high lake levels formation, the lake levels fluctuated on different time scales during MIS3a may influenced by the precipitation distributing variety in Heihe River Basin.
5There were many high lake levels evidence such as geomorphology and sedimentology in deep Badain Jaran Desert. Based on lake areas reconstructed during the characteristic periods in Late Quaternary, lake evaporation in the desert were calculated during31cal ka and7.4cal ka by water and energy balance equations. The results indicated that the evaporations were697mm and616mm respectively. They were both50%lower than pan evaporation in recent desert. Besides, the precipitations were260mm and200～250mm respectively, higher than modern precipitation in this region, which confirmed that effective precipitation increased during MIS3a and humid environment during the Mid Holocene. Hence, effective precipitation increasing is one of the key factors that high lake levels formation in deep desert. However, there were different mechanisms about lake evolution between deep desert and other inland area. The former's lake evolution wasn't only depended on climate change due to the lots of ground water recharge. It was controlled by the lake water budget and total amount of water.
6Palaoe wind direction during the cold periods in Last glacial was recovered by palaeo sand dune trends counting (total108groups). The results showed that prevailing wind direction was northwest during cold periods in the Last glacial, which was different from prevailing west wind today. It indicated that it was controlled by high atmospheric pressure from Mongolia and East Asian winter monsoon intensity increasing. Besides, the West wind located to the south.
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