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重庆丘陵山区土地整理模式及其关键技术研究
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摘要
目前,土地整理正在运用自然环境格局、经济态势以及资金、技术、管理水平等创新驱动力,形成农村土地综合整治模式。西南丘陵山区是我国特殊的生态脆弱区,人地矛盾十分突出,农村土地整理实现项目选址判别、资源环境效应诊断、产业发展培育、生态景观再造等方面的创新,对区域社会经济发展具有重要意义。因此,在借鉴国内外先进的农村土地整治理论与技术的基础上,创新适合西南丘陵山区农村土地整治需求的新模式,是目前西南丘陵山区土地整理问题研究的主要方向。本研究以重庆丘陵山区柑橘园建设土地整理、蔬菜基地建设土地整理、粮油基地建设土地整理和农村土地综合整治为实例,针对丘陵山区土地整理的规划布局和工程设计面临的制约因素及困境进行系统分析,以期提出适宜于丘陵山区的土地整理模式及其关键技术,为实现丘陵山区可持续土地利用、提高土地生产力、改善农村生态环境以及相关建设规范和标准的制定提供理论依据。主要研究结果和结论如下:
     (1)柑橘园建设土地整理模式:以重庆市万州区甘宁镇永胜等(2)个村土地整理项目(柑橘园建设)为例,研究了柑橘园建设的改土工程、灌排工程以及道路工程,并提出了柑橘园建设土地整理的关键技术。(1)海拔低于500m,坡度控制在25°以内适宜种植柑橘的水田采用垄畦改土法;而旱地中土层较深的坡耕地采用定植穴改土法,土层较浅的坡瘠地采用壕沟改土法。(2)研究区水资源供大于需,根据各地块实际情况,设计排灌沟渠,布设一定量的周转池等,形成一个完善的综合排灌体系,以调节水资源时空分布不均造成季节性缺水现象的情况。(3)整修原有田间道,连通横跨研究区的主要对外交通道,进而与县城主干道连为一体;考虑到水田、旱地集中成片改建为果园,整修部分骨干生产便道,使其将田块与每条支田间道、主要对外交通相连接,使各级道路均与农田水利系统、田块、居民点、对外交通干道结合,构建完善田间道路网系统。(4)柑橘园建设土地整理关键技术:①采用定植穴改土(坡地)和垄畦型改土(水稻土),回填有机物料,达到土层深厚,有机质高,质地疏松,通透性、排水性良好;②采取修建壕沟、背沟及箱沟等多种沟渠构成排水系统,以一级主管道与蓄水池、天然河沟以及灌溉渠等水源相连接,并配套一定数量的阀门与二级管道连接,将水输送至田块实现灌溉;③生产作业道和生活便道宜采用平直式,当道路纵坡大于10°时宜采用凹槽防滑处理的平直与台阶结合式,以便于柑橘园内小型机械车、摩托车通行。通过土地整理建设柑橘园,坡耕地土层变深厚,耕作层结构改善,肥力水平提高,生态服务功能提升,并且,柑橘园能提供与耕地同等重要的产品,因此,柑橘园应作为耕地的一部分。
     (2)蔬菜基地建设土地整理模式:以重庆市璧山县璧北蔬菜基地建设土地整理项目为例,结合农业结构调整,发展区域优势品种,立足蔬菜生长特性,因地制宜进行宏观规划与微观土壤改良,并提出了蔬菜基地建设土地整理的关键技术。(1)大气、灌溉水质、土壤单项污染指数Pi均≤1,未受污染。大气质量综合污染指数为0.56,污染水平属清洁;灌溉水质综合污染指数为0.69,污染水平属尚清洁;土壤综合污染指数为0.74,污染水平属尚清洁。可见,大气、灌溉水质、土壤所有指标均合格,符合蔬菜生产质量管理规范中无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件,质量标准要求适合蔬菜基地的建立和选择。(2)依据地形、地貌、土壤和水系分布及产业发展定位,宏观上布局为“一心两基地四区一点”八个功能区,即种苗培育中心、设施蔬菜生产示范基地、蔬菜标准化生产示范基地、蔬菜良种试验示范区、农耕体验区、观光休闲区、综合配套服务区和农民新村点。(3)在农田规划上,首先,将研究区耕作田块设计为条田,条田可以改善农田生产环境,消除农田利用中对作物生长发育的限制因素,促进农田利用的有序化和集约化;其次,进行了水利管网系统以及配套管网建设,使灌排系统配套,使规划的田块具有保水、保肥的目的;最后,还设计了保障蔬菜销售运输和田间作业的完善快捷道路网体系。以此实现种植规模化、生产标准化、销售品牌化和经营产业化。(4)蔬菜基地建设土地整理的关键技术:①通过对环境空气质量、灌溉水质量与土壤环境质量进行监测与评价,以此检验是否适合建设蔬菜基地;②耕作田块修筑工程,以此消除农田利用中对作物生长发育的限制因素;③通过设计排除地面水和控制地下水结合使用的排水农沟,以实现田块保水保肥。④通过重点建设环状机耕道和板车道,完善道路交通网络,以解决运输问题。
     (3)粮油基地建设土地整理模式:以重庆合川区大石镇高川村等四村粮油基地土地整理项目为例,从制约因素,工程措施和效益分析等方面进行了研究,并提出了粮油基地建设土地整理的关键技术。(1)从基础设施条件、土地利用限制、士地适应性、水资源供需等四方面分析了研究区建设粮油基地的制约因素。研究区基础设施条件较差,且遭受一定程度的干旱、水土流失和洪涝灾害;研究区水资源总量上可实现供给平衡,但可能出现季节性和区域性干旱问题。为此,需要通过粮油基地土地整理来实现研究区田、水、路、林的改造,以实现旱涝保收、稳产高产、节水高效。(2)通过土地平整、农田水利、田间道路及其他工程等工程建设,以提高基础设施配套程度,改善农业机械化、规模化生产条件,增强抵御自然灾害能力,改善生态景观,提高粮食生产保障能力,促进粮油基地持续利用。(3)通过对田、水、路的综合治理,可产生较好的社会效益、生态效益和经济效益,基本实现稳产高产,优质高效,符合粮油基地要求。(4)粮油基地建设土地整理的关键技术:①丘陵山区耕作田块以修建梯田为主,田(地)面坡度水平(水田)或<6°(旱地),耕作层厚度>25cm,有效土层厚度>50cm;②充分利用水资源,完善灌溉体系,灌溉设计保证率不低于70%;水源受空间和时间限制不稳定区域的耕地,每亩耕地可用于补充灌溉的设施蓄水量宜在4m3以上。③田间道路面宽3.0m~4.0m,设置必要的错车道和回车道,同时应配套桥、涵和农机下田(地)设施,便于农机进出田间作业和农产品运输;主干田间道宜硬化;生产路采用横向、纵向交叉布置,路面宽宜为0.8m~2.0m。生产路可沿沟渠或田埂灵活设置,并形成网状。
     (4)农村土地综合整治模式:以重庆市合川区钱塘镇大柱村农村土地综合整治项目为例,对研究区的土地利用、产业发展、新居建设、基础设施建设进行了系统研究和规划,并提出了农村综合整治的关键技术。(1)结合当地实际进行产业规划,把研究区建设成以有机农业、现代设施农业和高新农业为核心的产业,并打造出了产业的休闲观光的多重功能,形成了蔬菜种植区、粮油种植区、林木种植区(包括果园、苗园)、养殖中心(包括家畜养殖中心、水产养殖中心)、中药种植区的现代农业发展格局。(2)通过农村土地综合整治,建成“钱塘人家”新型社区。通过农村居民点复垦,可补充耕地25.50hm2,有利于维持耕地占补平衡;农田土地整治实现田块规整,增加有效耕地面积,提高耕地质量,完善田间道路系统和农田灌溉系统,满足规模化经营、机械化作业,农业新技术能得到有效推广。(3)农村土地综合整治模式的目标与社会主义新农村建设的目标是基本一致的,二者之间是互相促进、互为基础的关系;研究区通过农村土地综合整治,土地质量将提高39.5%;生态环境水平将呈上升趋势,且年均生态环境综合水平进步显著;景观破碎度指数由综合整治前的0.0021降低为0.0013,聚集度指数由0.67增加为0.71。通过田块合并,渠、沟、路的重新布设,使原来破碎杂乱的斑块镶嵌格局进行了规整,总体格局趋于简单,斑块的团聚性得到增强。(4)农村土地综合整治的关键技术:①针对不同类型区的资源禀赋和农业产业规划,提出与产业协同的农村土地利用配置模式,编制符合“四生”(生态、生产、生活、生财)理念的农村土地整治规划;②针对山地耕地组织利用方式和耕地规模经营水平,实施耕作田块整治及耕地质量保育;③从自然、经济、社会、生态多角度,设计促进村镇建设用地潜力挖掘与释放。
     综上所述,本研究提出了重庆丘陵山区四种土地整理模式:柑橘园建设土地整理模式、蔬菜基地建设土地整理模式、粮油基地建设土地整理模式和农村土地综合整治模式及其关键技术,丰富和完善了丘陵山区土地整理实践研究。但以项目为载体的土地整理模式,缺乏对新形势下相关政策工具的运用。因此,将来应以项目、工程为载体结合政策工具的运用转变,特别是将农用地整理与城乡建设用地增减挂钩相结合进行丘陵山区土地整理模式研究。并且本研究提出的土地整理关键技术,还需在实践中验证,反映其适用性,推导其广适性。
Currently, a comprehensive consolidation model of rural land is being formed by using natural environmental pattern, economic situation as well as innovation driving forces, like funds, technology, management levels. Being the typical ecological fragile region to our country, there are very conspicuous human-land conflicts in hilly-mountainous region of southwestern China. Rural land consolidation, making the innovation of project location discriminant, resource and environment effect diagnosis, industry development cultivation, ecological landscape reconstruction and other aspects, will be significant to the regional social and economic development. Therefore, a new model suitable for the need of rural land consolidation based on referencing advanced rural land consolidation theory and technology from home and abroad is to be innovated and will be the main direction of research on land consolidation in hilly-mountainous region of southwestern China in the future. by analyzing the restrictive factors and predicament according to the planning layout and engineering design of land consolidation in hilly-mountainous region, land consolidations for Citrus Orchards construction, Vegetable Base construction, Grain and Oil Base construction and rural land in hilly-mountainous region of Chongqing were studied in this dissertation, in order to establish land consolidation model and the key engineering technologies suitable for hilly-mountainous region, and to provide theory basis for realizing sustainable land use in hilly-mountainous region, improving land productivity, improving rural ecological environment and other related construction regulations and standards. The main results and conclusions are as follows:
     1.Land consolidation model for Citrus Orchards construction
     The soil improvement engineering, the irrigation and drainage engineering, the road engineering for citrus orchards construction and their key technologies were studied based on the land consolidation projects (Citrus Orchards construction) in Yongsheng village, Ganning town, Wanzhou district of Chongqing.(1)The paddy fields with an altitude of lower than500m, and the gradient of the slope controlled within25°which are suitable for planting citrus in study area take the ridge and furrow soil improvement method, whereas the slope land of the dry land with deeper soil layer takes planting pit soil improvement method, and the slope barren land with shallower soil layer takes trench soil improvement method.(2)The supply of water resources is more than the demand in study area. Numbers of irrigation and drainage ditches and certain turnover pools should be designed according to local conditions to form a perfect integrated irrigation and drainage system finally, to adjust the phenomenon of seasonal water shortage caused by water resources uneven distributed in time and space in study area.(3)The original field roads are intended to be reconditioned to connect the main external transporting roads of study area and the main roads of the county to be one system. Because that the paddy fields and the dry land concentrated distributed are considered to be rebuilt to orchards, part of the main production roads should be rebuilt to connect the blocks with every branch of field roads and the main external transporting roads, and finally to combine roads of all levels with farmland and irrigation and water conversation system, blocks, residential points and the external transporting roads constructing a perfect field roads network system.(4) The key engineering technologies used in land consolidation for Citrus Orchards construction:①Adapting planting pit soil improvement method (the slope land) and ridge and furrow soil improvement method (the paddy fields),and by organic backfill to make the layers thickened and with high organic mature, looser texture, better permeability and drainage.②Trenches, dorsal ditches, box ditches and other ditches are built to connect the main pipelines of first level with reservoirs, natural hegou, irrigation ditches and other water resources, and certain amount valves are matched to pipelines of second level to transport water to fields irrigating.③Straight type should be adapted in production roads and living roads, and the type of integrated straight and steps should be adapted when longitudinal slope of the roads are more than10°to pass miniature mechanical vehicles and motorbikes in citrus orchards. Citrus Orchards should be regarded as farmland after land consolidation of Citrus Orchards construction for the increased thickness of soil layer of slope land, the improved structure of plough layer, the improved soil fertility, the promoted function of ecological service and the same important products supplied as farmland.
     2.Land consolidation model for Vegetable Base construction
     The key engineering technologies of vegetable base construction have been put forward based on land consolidation project of Bibei vegetable base construction in Bishan county of Chongqing, combining with the adjustment of agricultural structure developing regional dominant varieties, and keeping a foothold on the growth characteristics of vegetables and taking macroscopic plan and microscopic soil improvement under local conditions.(1) Single pollution index Pi of air, water, soil in study area is not more than1, which means unpolluted. The comprehensive pollution index of air quality is0.56, the degree of air pollution being clear. The comprehensive pollution index of irrigation water is0.69, the level of pollution within a limit standard. The comprehensive pollution index of soil is0.74, the degree of soil pollution being alert,. The indexes evaluated are all up to standard, matching the environment condition needed for pollution-free vegetable base of the quality management standards of vegetable production, and the quality standard needed for establishing a vegetable base.(2) Eight functional areas as "one center, two bases, four zones and one point", the center of seeding cultivation, the demonstration base of protected vegetable production, the demonstration base of standardized vegetable production, the demonstration zone of testing improved varieties of vegetables, the experience zone of aerial farming, the sightseeing and leisure zone, the integrated support service zone and the new peasant village point have been macro distributed according to topography, geomorphology, soil and water distribution as well as the positioning of industrial development.(3)About the farmland planning, firstly, cultivated land of study area is designed to become strip land to improvement the production environment of farmland, to eliminate limiting factors for crop growth in using farmland, to promote the ordering and intensive of farmland usage. Secondly, irrigation pipe network system and supporting pipe network have been builded to match the irrigation and drainage system and make the blocks better in water and fertilizer conservation. Finally, perfect and quick road network system is designed to ensure the transportation of vegetable sale and field operation, and then to realize large-scale farming, standardized production, brand development of sale and industrialized operation.(4) The key engineering technologies used in land consolidation of Vegetable Base construction:①The ambient environment quality, water quality for irrigation and soil environment quality have been monitored and evaluated to test whether study area suitable for establishing vegetable base.②Farmland engineering has been builded to eliminate limiting factors for crop growth in using farmland.③Sub lateral drainage ditch draining ground water and controlling groundwater has been designed to make the blocks better in water and fertilizer conservation.④Annular farm track and plate lane have been mainly constructed to improve road traffic network solving the problem of transportation.
     3.Land consolidation for Grain and Oil Base construction
     The key engineering technologies of grain and oil base construction have been put forward by studying the limiting factors, engineering measures and benefit analysis and other aspects in land consolidation for grain and oil base construction based on land consolidation projects of grain and oil base construction in four villages of Dashi town, Hechuan district of Chongqing.(1)The limiting factors of grain and oil base construction of study area are analyzed from the infrastructure condition, the restrictions of land use, the land adaptability, and the supply and demand of water resource. The infrastructure condition of study area is bad and easy to suffer from drought, soil erosion and floods of certain degree. Water resource of study area can make the balance of supply and demand in total amount, but there may be the problem of seasonal and regional droughts. Then, land consolidation for grain and oil base construction is needed to rebuild fields, water, roads and forests of study area,and to achieve dependable-yield, high and stable yield and high efficiency water saving.(2)Land leveling, irrigation and drainage, field roads and other construction are carried out to increase the matching degree of infrastructure, to improve the conditions of agricultural mechanization and large-scale production, to strengthen the ability of resisting natural disasters, to improve ecological landscape, to enhance the supporting ability of food production and to make the sustainable use of grain and oil base. After the grain and oil construction, agriculture especially the comprehensive ability of food production acquires stable increasing, basically realizes high and stable yield, high quality and efficiency, and significantly increased overall economic efficiency as well as social and ecological efficiency.(3)The comprehensive management of fields, water, and roads can make better social, ecological and economic benefits, basically realize high and stable yield, high quality and efficiency, and meet the requirement of grain and oil base.(4) The key engineering technologies used in land consolidation of Grain and Oil Base construction:①The blocks of which the size and shape do not meet the standards are to be merged or adjusted to adapt to the application of large-scale management, mechanized work, water saving and energy saving. The elevation of the land surface is controlled within a certain range to meet the technologic requirement of intensive cultivation, irrigation and drainage.②Making full use of water resource and improving the irrigation system, the designed irrigation guarantee rate should be no less than70%. The storage capacity of facility available for irrigation per mu should above4m3in the area where water resource distributed unstable for the limit of space and time.③The field roads are3.0m~4.0m wide, designed with necessary passing lanes and turning lanes, and the matching bridges, culverts and facilities for agricultural mechanism to fields which are convenient for field work and transportation of agricultural products. The main field roads should be hardened. The production roads should be designed transverse and longitudinal crossed with a width of0.8m-2.0m. The production roads can be designed along the ditches or balks to make a net.
     4.Comprehensive consolidation model for rural land
     The land use, industrial development, new home construction, infrastructure construction of study area have been researched and planned systematically based on the comprehensive consolidation project of rural land in Dazhu Village, Qiantang Town, Hechuan county of Chongqing.(1) Combined with the actual local industrial planning, the core industry of the study area have been constructed involving organic fanning, modern facilities agriculture and high-tech agricultural industry, and constructed sightseeing of multifunction of industries, forming the modern agricultural development pattern of vegetable growing area, grain and oil planting area, tree planting area (including orchards, seedling garden), breeding center (including livestock breeding center, aquaculture center), traditional Chinese medicine planting area.(2) New community type of "Qiantang Renjia" has been constructed by comprehensive consolidation of rural land. Rural residential areas reclamation can supply cultivated land with25.50hm2and is good for balancing the occupation and compensation of cultivated land. The farmland remediation puts the blocks in order, increases the effective arable land area, promotes the quality of cultivated land, improves the field roads system and farmland irrigation system, realizes the large-scale management and mechanized operation, and spreads the new agricultural technology effectively.(3) The goal of comprehensive consolidation model for rural land and the target of the construction of new socialist countryside are similar, mutually promoted and based on each other. The land quality of study area will improve39.5%by the rural comprehensive land consolidation. The ecological environment level will increase, and the comprehensive level of annual ecological environment has improved obviously. Landscape fragmentation index decreases from0.0013to0.0021before comprehensive improvement, aggregation index increases from0.67to0.71. Merging the blocks and re-laying the ditches and roads put the broken clutter inlaid pattern of plaques in order to make the overall pattern simple, strengthen the aggregation of plaques. Therefore, the key technologies used in rural comprehensive land consolidation are:①Rural land use allocation model coordinated with industry has been promoted aiming at resource endowments and agricultural industrial planning of different district classification to form the technique of drawing up rural land consolidation suitable for the concept of "ecology, production, living, earning".②The farming blocks remediation and quality conservation of cultivated land have been carried out aiming at the organization type of farmland in mountain area and the level of large-scale farmland operation.③The techniques to promote the mining and releasing of construction land in village and town are designed from the perspectives of nature, economy, society, ecology and so on.
     In a word, four kinds of land consolidation model in hilly-mountainous region of Chongqing are proposed in this dissertation:land consolidation model for Citrus Orchards construction, land consolidation model for Vegetable Base construction, land consolidation model for Grain and Oil Base construction, comprehensive consolidation model for rural land and their key engineering technologies, the study of land consolidation practice in hilly-mountainous region have been enriched and improved. But land consolidation model based on projects lacks utilization of relevant laws under new situation. Therefore, the study of land consolidation model suitable for hilly-mountainous region in the future should be based on projects and engineering combining the utilization of policy tool, especially to combine farmland consolidation and the pothook of city construction land increase and rural residential land decrease. The key technologies of land consolidation proposed in this dissertation still need test in practice to reflect their applicability, and then to derive their wide adaptability.
引文
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