低活化钢中析出型相变及其对力学性能的影响
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摘要
低活化钢作为未来聚变堆包层结构材料长期在高温强磁场下服役。高温强磁场下材料组织的稳定性影响聚变堆的服役安全。本论文以低活化钢为原型进行合金设计和组织调控，首先研究低活化实验钢的析出相变行为，掌握低活化钢中析出演化过程对力学性能的影响规律，然后通过控制析出行为来改善低活化钢的力学性能，最后研究高温强磁场下析出相变行为及其力学性能的影响。
本论文首先研究了奥氏体化条件、微合金元素对未溶碳化物溶解过程的影响，利用扩散动力学模型模合理解释了奥氏体化过程中TaC颗粒溶解过程与原奥氏体晶粒长大之间的关系。然后系统研究了低活化实验钢中碳化物析出、粗化、演变规律。利用Langer-Schwartz等理论构建TaC的形核、长大和粗化的动力学演化过程的理论模型，揭示了界面能、扩散系数、平衡浓度等参数对析出长大过程的影响规律。
研究了冶炼工艺和高温时效对低活化钢析出行为及力学性能的影响。真空感应熔炼+电渣自耗重熔工艺使低活化钢的冲击韧性和蠕变韧性显著改善。随着碳化物的尺寸和形态比减小，冲击韧性和高温蠕变性能显著提高。提出一种新型中间热处理工艺和适量增加Ta含量的方法来细化低活化钢中的M_(23)C_6，使M_(23)C_6的平均尺寸由常规热处理工艺的150nm减小到70nm。低活化钢中Ta含量的增加也使得M_(23)C_6平均尺寸减小，甚至抑制M_(23)C_6析出。
最后，研究650℃高温下10T强磁场对析出相的稳定性、相界面特征、析出长大过程的影响。使用Weiss分子场模型计算650℃、10T强磁场下碳化物/铁素体的界面能增加值为0.03J/m~2。外加强磁场导致低活化钢中长杆状的M_(23)C_6出现明显球化，析出相的颗粒密度降低，平均尺寸增大。利用Langer-Schwartz理论构建物理模型定量地描述磁场强度对形核、长大的动力学过程的影响，对比实验观察研究强磁场对析出相变行为的影响，合理预测了强磁场对低活化钢的析出长大行为及力学性能的影响。
Reduced activation ferritic steels are selected as the most promising structuralmaterial for fusion reactors. Long-term exposures of these steels under serviceconditions of high temperatures and strong magnetic fields lead to microstructuralchanges. The microstructure evolution can severely influence the mechanicalproperties of the steels and hence the safety of the fusion reactors. The aim of thiswork is to systematically and quantitatively investigate the influence of such serviceconditions on the precipitation behavior of carbides in reduced activation steels andhow the size and distribution of these carbides influence the steels mechanicalproperties, in order to further understand the service behaviors of the steels and toimprove the safety of fusion reactors.
This work first focuses on adjusting the austenitizing processes based on a betterunderstanding of the dissolution mechanism of TaC. When the austenitizingtemperature is raised above1150℃, TaC particles disappear in the matrix, and thesize of homogenous grains abruptly increases. A thermodynamic model for thedissolution of TaC particles during austenitizing is applied to interpret these results.Subsequently, the precipitation behavior of these carbides in the steels is investigatedby means of experimental investigations and theoretical modeling. A continuousmodel based on the Langer-Schwartz theory for nucleation, growth and coarsening isdeveloped for both homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation. The effects ofdifferent thermodynamic parameters on the evolution of the precipitates in the steelsare discussed.
Mechanical properties of the steels melted by vacuum induction melting (VIM)and vacuum induction melting followed by consumable electrode remelting(VIM+ESR) are studied. The impact and creep properties of the steels are noticeablyimproved by the VIM+ESR process. In addition, thermal ageing treatments arecarried out at550℃to simulate in-service condition and at600℃toprovide heavyover-ageing up to5000h. The relationship between precipitation behavior and fracture is thus evaluated. From these results, some processing procedures areproposed that can improve the steels mechanical properties by controlling itsprecipitation behavior. In particular, a special intermediate heat treatment is exploredin order to obtain a dispersed distribution of fine M_(23)C_6carbides in the steels. Resultsindicate that TaC rather than M_(23)C_6precipitates first formed with an intermediate heattreatment at850℃, which lead to a reduced mean size of M_(23)C_6from150nm to70nm. Increasing the Ta content in the steels can also result in the formation of TaC anda decreased M_(23)C_6mean size; in that case, most of the carbon in the steels are presentin TaC, so the carbon concentration decreases in the carbon-supersaturatedmartensitic matrix, resulting in the decrease of the M_(23)C_6mean size. The purpose ofthese studies is to master the precipitation behavior in the steels in order to improveits mechanical properties, and eventually provide a theoretical foundation for theoptimization of the mechanical properties and lifetime of the reduced activationsteels.
Lastly, the influence of high temperature along with a high magnetic field on theprecipitation behavior of carbides and the subsequent mechanical properties of thesteels is studied. As-quenched steels are tempered at650℃for3h with and withouta10T magnetic field. Applications of the Weiss molecular field theory to calculatethe difference in interfacial energy caused by the high magnetic field, and of theLanger-Schwartz theory to model the metal carbide (TaC) precipitation behaviorunder the magnetic field are described. Results indicate that the density of TaC isdecreased by nearly an order of magnitude and its mean size increased by40%owing to an increase of0.03J/m~2of the carbide/ferrite interfacial energy. Moreover,an improvement of the formula that describes the relationship between the yieldstrength of the steels and the mean size of the precipitates is made. The newlydeveloped model is able to predict the effect of precipitate coarsening on the yieldstrength of reduced activation steels.
本论文首先研究了奥氏体化条件、微合金元素对未溶碳化物溶解过程的影响，利用扩散动力学模型模合理解释了奥氏体化过程中TaC颗粒溶解过程与原奥氏体晶粒长大之间的关系。然后系统研究了低活化实验钢中碳化物析出、粗化、演变规律。利用Langer-Schwartz等理论构建TaC的形核、长大和粗化的动力学演化过程的理论模型，揭示了界面能、扩散系数、平衡浓度等参数对析出长大过程的影响规律。
研究了冶炼工艺和高温时效对低活化钢析出行为及力学性能的影响。真空感应熔炼+电渣自耗重熔工艺使低活化钢的冲击韧性和蠕变韧性显著改善。随着碳化物的尺寸和形态比减小，冲击韧性和高温蠕变性能显著提高。提出一种新型中间热处理工艺和适量增加Ta含量的方法来细化低活化钢中的M_(23)C_6，使M_(23)C_6的平均尺寸由常规热处理工艺的150nm减小到70nm。低活化钢中Ta含量的增加也使得M_(23)C_6平均尺寸减小，甚至抑制M_(23)C_6析出。
最后，研究650℃高温下10T强磁场对析出相的稳定性、相界面特征、析出长大过程的影响。使用Weiss分子场模型计算650℃、10T强磁场下碳化物/铁素体的界面能增加值为0.03J/m~2。外加强磁场导致低活化钢中长杆状的M_(23)C_6出现明显球化，析出相的颗粒密度降低，平均尺寸增大。利用Langer-Schwartz理论构建物理模型定量地描述磁场强度对形核、长大的动力学过程的影响，对比实验观察研究强磁场对析出相变行为的影响，合理预测了强磁场对低活化钢的析出长大行为及力学性能的影响。
Reduced activation ferritic steels are selected as the most promising structuralmaterial for fusion reactors. Long-term exposures of these steels under serviceconditions of high temperatures and strong magnetic fields lead to microstructuralchanges. The microstructure evolution can severely influence the mechanicalproperties of the steels and hence the safety of the fusion reactors. The aim of thiswork is to systematically and quantitatively investigate the influence of such serviceconditions on the precipitation behavior of carbides in reduced activation steels andhow the size and distribution of these carbides influence the steels mechanicalproperties, in order to further understand the service behaviors of the steels and toimprove the safety of fusion reactors.
This work first focuses on adjusting the austenitizing processes based on a betterunderstanding of the dissolution mechanism of TaC. When the austenitizingtemperature is raised above1150℃, TaC particles disappear in the matrix, and thesize of homogenous grains abruptly increases. A thermodynamic model for thedissolution of TaC particles during austenitizing is applied to interpret these results.Subsequently, the precipitation behavior of these carbides in the steels is investigatedby means of experimental investigations and theoretical modeling. A continuousmodel based on the Langer-Schwartz theory for nucleation, growth and coarsening isdeveloped for both homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation. The effects ofdifferent thermodynamic parameters on the evolution of the precipitates in the steelsare discussed.
Mechanical properties of the steels melted by vacuum induction melting (VIM)and vacuum induction melting followed by consumable electrode remelting(VIM+ESR) are studied. The impact and creep properties of the steels are noticeablyimproved by the VIM+ESR process. In addition, thermal ageing treatments arecarried out at550℃to simulate in-service condition and at600℃toprovide heavyover-ageing up to5000h. The relationship between precipitation behavior and fracture is thus evaluated. From these results, some processing procedures areproposed that can improve the steels mechanical properties by controlling itsprecipitation behavior. In particular, a special intermediate heat treatment is exploredin order to obtain a dispersed distribution of fine M_(23)C_6carbides in the steels. Resultsindicate that TaC rather than M_(23)C_6precipitates first formed with an intermediate heattreatment at850℃, which lead to a reduced mean size of M_(23)C_6from150nm to70nm. Increasing the Ta content in the steels can also result in the formation of TaC anda decreased M_(23)C_6mean size; in that case, most of the carbon in the steels are presentin TaC, so the carbon concentration decreases in the carbon-supersaturatedmartensitic matrix, resulting in the decrease of the M_(23)C_6mean size. The purpose ofthese studies is to master the precipitation behavior in the steels in order to improveits mechanical properties, and eventually provide a theoretical foundation for theoptimization of the mechanical properties and lifetime of the reduced activationsteels.
Lastly, the influence of high temperature along with a high magnetic field on theprecipitation behavior of carbides and the subsequent mechanical properties of thesteels is studied. As-quenched steels are tempered at650℃for3h with and withouta10T magnetic field. Applications of the Weiss molecular field theory to calculatethe difference in interfacial energy caused by the high magnetic field, and of theLanger-Schwartz theory to model the metal carbide (TaC) precipitation behaviorunder the magnetic field are described. Results indicate that the density of TaC isdecreased by nearly an order of magnitude and its mean size increased by40%owing to an increase of0.03J/m~2of the carbide/ferrite interfacial energy. Moreover,an improvement of the formula that describes the relationship between the yieldstrength of the steels and the mean size of the precipitates is made. The newlydeveloped model is able to predict the effect of precipitate coarsening on the yieldstrength of reduced activation steels.
引文
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